ABSTRACT

This project work aims at determining the performance improvement of vapour

injection system over ordinary vapour compression system. In this experiment,

capillary tube is used to provide expansion to an intermediate stage. The expanded

liquid- vapour mixture of the refrigerant is fed into a flash tank, where it separates into
liquid and vapour phases. The former is sent to the evaporator and the latter to the

intermediate compressor pocket. Thus the mixture sent to the evaporator has more share
of liquid than ordinary system. Vapour injection system, through experiments was

found to give more COP, refrigeration effect, compressor work and less discharge
temperature than ordinary system.

INDEX
1

Introduction

1.1

Thermodynamics Of Ideal Vapour Compression Cycle

1.2

Injection Refrigeration Cycle

1.2.1

Liquid-Injection Cycle

1.2.2

Vapour-Injection Cycle

1.3

Objective

Literature Review

Experimental Setup

11

3.1

Test System Setup

11

3.2

Instruments And Measurements

17

3.2.1

Temperature Measurements

17

3.2.2

Pressure Measurements

17

3.2.3

Flow Rate Measurement

17

3.3

Experimental Procedure

17

Result and Discussion

20

4.1

Observations

20

4.2

Performance Analysis

20

Conclusion

25

Reference

26

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1.1

Schematic of an ideal vapour-compression cycle

Fig 1.2

Liquid injection cycle

Fig 1.3

Schematic of an internal heat exchanger vapour-injection cycle

Fig 1.4

Schematic of a flash tank vapour-injection cycle

Fig 3.1

Schematic of the flash tank vapour-injection system

Fig 3.2

Arrangement of capillary tubes for intermediate expansion

Fig 3.3

Experimental Setup

Fig 3.4

Experimental Setup

Fig 4.1

Refrigeration cycle on PH diagram

Fig 4.3

Compressor power Vs Injection pressure

Fig 4.2
Fig 4.4
Fig 4.5

Refrigeration effect Vs Injection pressure

COP Vs Injection pressure

Compressor discharge temperature Vs Injection pressure

LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1

Specification and details of components

Table 3.2

Details and specifications of measuring instruments.

Table 4.1

Observations

Table 4.2

Performance Analysis

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Vapour compression refrigeration cycle is the most common an d wi de l y u s ed

thermodynamic cycle in air conditioners. Therefore a small improvement in this cycle

produces a wide reduction in total energy consumption in the world.

Researches have been going on for improving the performance of vapour compression

cycle. Refrigerant injection is an economization technique that has developed in vapour

compression refrigeration system. There are two types of refrigerant injection
techniques- liquid and vapour injection. In liquid refrigerant injection technique,
refrigerant bled from high pressure line, which may in liquid form, inject directly to

suction line, where as in vapour injection technique, bled refrigerant from exit of
condenser expands to an intermediate pressure and refrigerant in vapour form fed to
compressor. Internal heat exchanger economization and fl as h tank economization are
some of the significant methods developed in vapour injection technique. These
techniques demand multi staging of compressor. But the improved performance so far
is not good enough to offset the cost of multistage compressors. Scroll compressor with

multiple injection ports replaced multi stage compressor and opened a new area of
economization. Here an attempt is made to improve the performance of vapour

compression refrigeration cycle by flash chamber economization with scroll

compressor.

1.1 Thermodynamics of Ideal vapour compression cycle

Ideal vapour compression cycle consists of four processes as shown in figure 1.1. They
are isentropic compression in a compressor (1 to 2), isobaric heat rejection in a
condenser (2 to 3), isenthalpic expansion in an expansion device (3 to 4) and isobaric
heat absorption in an evaporator (4 to 1).

In the ideal vapour compression cycle, as shown in figure.1.1, the working fluid

(refrigerant) is compressed isentropically by compressor from state 1 as saturated

vapour to state 2 as high-pressure and superheated vapour. The discharged refrigerant

vapour enters the condenser, and rejects heat at constant pressure to the hightemperature reservoir, so that it condenses to state 3 as saturated liquid. The condensed

refrigerant liquid passes the expansion valve, and becomes state 4 as low-pressure and
1

low-temperature saturated liquid-vapour mixture. This process can be considered as an

isenthalpic process. The two-phase flow enters the evaporator, in which it absorbs heat

from the low-temperature reservoir, and fully evapourates to state 1 as saturated

vapour. This process is a constant pressure process. The saturated refrigerant

vapour re-enters the compressor, and repeats the cycle.

Fig 1.1 Schematic of an ideal vapour-compression cycle

Performance of the cycle is measured by a parameter called coefficient of performance

(COP). It represents the ratio of desired effect (cooling or heating) to the total work

input to the system. In fig.1.1, desired effect is represented by process 4-1 and work
input is process 1-2.

Where is

the net desired effect and

is the net work input to the system.

1.2 Injection refrigeration cycle

1.2.1 Liquid-injection cycle

In liquid- injection cycle a small portion of liquid refrigerant from the outlet of
condenser is split and expanded to intermediate pressure (figure. 1.2). This liquid

refrigerant, which has low temperature than that from the evaporator outlet, is injected
to compressor pressure pocket. Injecting refrigerant while it passing through the

compressor wall, absorb heat and converted to vapour form. This reduction in
compressor wall temperature reduces compressing refrigerant temperature. In turn
reduced compression temperature reduces the degree of super heat.

Fig 1.2. Liquid injection cycle

1.2.2 Vapour-injection cycle

Internal heat exchanger vapour injection cycle and flash tank economized vapour
injection cycle are the two main classification of vapour injection refrigeration cycle.

Fig 1.3 shows the vapour injection cycle with internal heat exchanger (IHXC). Here an
additional heat exchanger is provided at the exit of condenser. A small amount of

refrigerant is bled out at the condenser outlet and is expanded adiabatically. This cold
refrigerant is fed to internal heat exchanger, which subcools the main stream refrigerant
before entering system expansion valve. The bled refrigerant is fed to compressor at

intermediate pressure pocket. Sub cooling provides additional cooling capacity for
evaporator.

Fig 1.3 Schematic of an internal heat exchanger vapour-injection cycle

Expansion process through expansion valve produces small amount of vapour with low
pressure liquid refrigerant. This produced vapour does not participate in cooling process

of evaporator. If it is able to remove this vapour before entering evaporator and feed
compressor intermediate pressure, significant improvement in system performance can

be achieved. Considering total expansion process as a number of infinitesimal small

expansions, after each expansion a small amount flash gas will be formed. Removing

this flash gas and feeding to corresponding compressor intermediate pressure will

produce pure liquid at the end of expansion. This is the concept of flash tank
economization. Flash tank is used to separate liquid and vapour refrigerant after

expansion. Due to practical difficulties, number of expansion process is limited to finite

number.

In flash tank economized vapour injection system (figure 1.4) liquid refrigerant from
4

condenser expand through two expansion valves. After the first expansion to an
intermediate

Fig 1.4: Schematic of a flash tank vapour-injection cycle

pressure, refrigerant enters a flash chamber where phase separation occurs. Separated

vapour refrigerant from the top of the flash chamber is fed to the compressor injection
port at intermediate pressure. Saturated liquid refrigerant from flash chamber expand
through second expansion valve to evaporator pressure and fed to evaporator. Phase

separation of refrigerant in flash chamber induce additional cooling capacity at

evaporator and intercooling of working fluid in compressor due to the mixing of two
streams of working fluid, one coming from flash chamber and other from evaporator,
at intermediate stage of compressor.

Vapour-injection method reduces the compressor discharge temperature and degree of

super heat. As a result it improves the compressor reliability and compressor life. In

addition to these advantages, vapour injection method increases system capacity due to
increased refrigerant enthalpy difference across the evaporator. In all these methods

compressor power consumption increased due to compression of additional refrigerant

at higher stages. This increased power consumption is offset by the increased cooling

capacity. So this method can be adaptable for performance improvement and

compressor with lesser displacement volume is enough to deliver same capacity.
5

In the present work experimental performance comparison of economized vapour

injection refrigeration system having a flash chamber with a normal vapour
compression refrigeration system has been carried out and the effect of injection
pressure on the performance of the system is also studied.

1.3 OBJECTIVE
Objective of this work is to compare performance of a common residential air condition
system with a modified vapour injection system with flash chamber economization
with R22 as refrigerant. It involves the following tasks:

Fabricate a conventional air conditioning system.

Conduct series of tests to evaluate performance as a baseline.
Modify the system as vapour injected cycle with flash tank
economization.

Evaluate the performance of a vapour injected cycle with flash tank

economization.

Compare the performance.

To plot following graphs
refrigeration effect Vs Injection pressure
Compressor power Vs Injection pressure
COP Vs Injection pressure
Compressor discharge temperature Vs Injection pressure

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

The liquid injection to the reciprocating compressor has been recorded since 1946
(Holtzapple, 1989). The vapour injection technique has been marketed for room air
conditioners since 1979 (Umezu et al., 1984 and Winandy et al., 2002 ).

Dutta et al.(2001) conducted theoretical and experimental studies on the effect of liquid
refrigerant injection to the performance of a scroll compressor. Keeping cooling oil
temperature constant, increasing injection ratio reduces discharge refrigerant

temperature, but increases the compressor power consumption. He also did the study
without controlling the oil temperature, where the compressor efficiency improved
slightly due to decrease of cylinder wall temperature.

Cho et al. (2003) also did performance study on scroll compressor by varying

parameters like speed, injection pressure, and injection angle. Liquid injection at higher
frequency showed better performance of compressor and also injection at an angle of
1800 showed better result than injection at 900.

Yuan et al. (2008) compared the heating performance of a conventional heat pump

equipped with sub-cooler and heat pump with a flash tank. Though heating capacity of

flash tank system reduces at low evaporator temperature, the reduction is at slower rate
than conventional system and has comparatively better efficiency.

Park(2002) carried out the thermodynamic study of refrigerant injection to a scroll

compressor at various compressor frequencies and validated with an experimental set

up without injection. He also studied the effect of refrigerant injection on the cycle

performance at various frequencies, injection conditions and injection geometry. He

showed that injection reduces discharge temperature.

Wang et al. (2012) did numerical as well as experimental study to reduce inner
compression loss when the air conditioning works under part load condition. A bypass

line from intermediate pressure pockets of scroll compressor to suction line of

compressor through a control valve which carry a part of refrigerant back to compressor
inlet. In the cooling mode with SGB up to 39% reduction in cooling capacity and 34%
enhancement in COP were achieved and in heating mode 27% of reduction in heating
7

capacity and 42% increment in efficiency obtained when it worked in part load
condition. Numerical result validated with experimental result.

For a constant evaporation and condensing temperatures, increase of mass in vapour

injection mass flow rate will increase the cycle capacity significantly (Margeraet et

al.,2010). He did theoretical study to predict the upper limit for the number of injection

port that can be provided to increase the vapour injection. He modeled infinite number
of injection port with equal pressure ratios on R-410A, R-134a and R-404A refrigerant

cycles. For R-410A system at evaporating temperature of -20oC and condensing

temperature of 50oC relative COP increases up to 44% with increase in number of

injection ports. First, second and third injection ports increase the relative COP around
21%, 8% and 4% respectively. But this increase in COP decreases with the increase of

evaporator temp or decrease of condenser temperature. Similar effect obtained for R134a system also. Since R-404A system works at much lower evaporator temperature,
VI technique got more significance and obtained improvement in relative COP about
51% when works at temperature range of -30oC and 40oC.

Chul Woo et al. (2011) experimentally evaluated the performance of an inverter driven

heat pump system with vapour injection into compressor mode as well as vapour

injection into accumulator mode. The vapourized refrigerant supplied at the top portion
of accumulator from which refrigerant fed to compressor. Test has been carried out at

different compressor frequencies and varying injection ratios. Though the heating

capacity of AVI system is less compared to the CVI system required work input is low.
Further it got highest COP at a compressor frequency of 60Hz.

Wang et al (2009) developed a numerical model for vapour injected vapour

compression system to study the variation of evaporator parameters with evaporator

inlet specific enthalpy. Also optimization of controllable parameters also discussed.

Decrease in inlet specific enthalpy, which is achieved by the gas injection, decrease

evaporator pressure and mass flow rate but increase COP significantly. As optimization
maximum cooling capacity obtained when evaporator refrigerant inlet temperature is

minimum. There is an optimum injection enthalpy for maximum cooling capacity

which is a function of outlet temperature of

condenser and optimal injection pressure (OIPcc). Maximum heating capacity obtained

when injection pressure less than OIPcc. Maximum cooling/ heating COP obtained
8

when injection pressure less than or equal to OIPcc. Injecting gas temperature is very
low than the condenser exit temperature. So he proposed a hybrid economizer which

includes both flash tank economization and IHX. He suggests the short and insulated

injection pipe with possible maximum diameter to achieve maximum injection

efficiency. Location of injection port for maximum heating/cooling capacity should be
close to starting position of compression and for maximum COP it should be at inner
pressure pockets.

Cho (2012) theoretically studied optimum injection hole diameter and optimum
injection angle for symmetric and asymmetric scroll compressor model. He observed

optimum injection angle at 3000 and 2600 for symmetric and asymmetric scroll

compressor. In both cases COP increases with increase in injection angle. The injection
period asymmetric scroll compressor is 2000 and 3400 in symmetric scroll compressor.
Injecting liquid refrigerants having an intermediate pressure to the sealed compression
chamber was effective to reduce the compressor discharge temperature. However,

injecting vapour refrigerants having an intermediate pressure to the seal compression

chamber could improve the capacity and the COP of the systems (Ozaki et al.,
1990[11]). The compression work under the refrigerant injection to the sealed
compression chamber was observed to increase since an additional charge was added

to the closed compression chamber. Literature review shows that the vapour injection
is an effective method to improve the system performance.

Torella et al. [5] studied IHX economization experimentally using R-404A. The results
show an improvement in coefficient of performance (COP) of approximately 20% over
the baseline cycle. Cho et al. [6] performed similar testing on a transcritical carbon

dioxide cycle. The results show an increase of 16.5% in the COP and a 5oC - 7oC
decrease in the compressor discharge temperature compared to the base cycle.

Experimental study of Xing Xu 2011, proposed a control strategy for R410A flash tank

refrigeration cycle. It was found that the injected vapour superheat can be effectively

used as the control signal of the upper-stage expansion valve (electronic expansion
vale). The EEV utilized the injected vapour superheat to control its opening. The effect
of different settings of superheat and heater power input on the system performance has

also studied. 4K-6K degrees of superheat is found to be a recommended value is the

best for system performance and reliability of controlling the flash tank liquid level.
9

For heating mode, 60 W heater power input is preferred to 90 W; for cooling mode,
30W heater power input is preferred to 60W and 90 W.

Ma et al (2003) established a test standard to investigate a R22 vapour injection system.

The system included a supplementary heat exchanger serving as a sub cooler to sub
cool the main stream refrigerant. The heating performance of vapour injection system

was studied and compared with the conventional system. He found that heating capacity
and COP of the system could improve by 8.6% and 6% respectively.

In the studies of He et al.(2006) did experimental studies on a R22 vapour injection heat

pump. The result showed that heating capacity and COP of the system improved by
34% and 6% respectively. Yamazaki et al. (2002) established a compression model
assuming injected liquids evaporates instantly after injection. The model was able to
predict compressor power consumption within 3% accuracy.

10

CHAPTER 3

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

An R22, 5 Ton domestic air conditioning system has been built to investigate the

performance of the air conditioner with a vapour-injected scroll compressor.

Refrigerant enthalpy method is applied to measure the capacity and the COP of the air
conditioning system. The experimental study on the air conditioning system
performance consists of a set of baseline tests and a series of vapour-injection tests.

3.1 Test system setup

The schematic of the experimental setup for flash tank cycle (FTC) is illustrated in Fig.
3.1. The air conditioning system consists of indoor unit, outdoor unit and electric
controllers. Indoor unit consist of an evaporator, thermostatic expansion valve (TXV)

and a blower. Outdoor unit consist of condenser unit and compressor. Both the units
are connected each other by copper tubes.

Fig 3.1 Schematic of the flash tank vapour-injection system

11

The air conditioner initially fitted out with a conventional scroll compressor. The given
conventional air conditioning system is converted into vapour injection system by
modifying the scroll compressor. The compressor is modified by machining vapour

injection supplementary hole to the intermediate pressure pocket at 6800 from the
suction end.

Selected vapour injection point on the compressor are welded to a copper pipe and other
end of this pipe is connected to the flash chamber. This line serves as the vapour

injection line. A flow control valve is provided in the injection line. Two pressure
gauges one for measuring compressor pocket pressure and other for measuring

refrigerant vapour pressure in the flash tank are also connected in the vapour injection
line.

The system can switch from base line to vapour injection mode by operating flow
control valve provided in the setup. Four two way valves are provided for the purpose.

After operating the valve, the base line is isolated from the system and refrigerant flow
through flash tank line.

In the vapour injection system an additional expansion device (capillary tube) and a

flash chamber is installed in the system. A set of three capillary tubes (0.09 , 0.07 ,
) provide three different expansions resulting in different intermediate pressures.

Flash tank is connected at the exit of the capillary tube and has a capacity of two litres.

Three pipes are connected to the flash tank- refrigerant inlet, refrigerant outlet and
vapour injection line.

Blower in the evaporator side pushes air through evaporator coil. Cold refrigerant in
the evaporator absorb heat from air for phase change. As a result air gets cooled and

this cold air supplied to conditioned room. Similarly outside air passes over the

condenser coils and condenser loose heat to the air. Copper tube heat exchangers with
aluminium fins are used as evaporator and condenser.

12

Fig 3.2 Arrangement of capillary tubes for intermediate expansion

13

Fig 3.3 Experimental Setup

14

Fig 3.4 Experimental Setup

A thermostatic expansion valve is used as expansion valve in base line and second
expansion valve in vapour injection system. Details of each component are given in the
table 3.1

15

Sl No.

Part

Specification

Compressor

Scroll type
Make- Copland
Volume-30.65 cc per rev.
Capacity 5 Tons
Injection hole

Condenser

3mm dia

Material copper pipe with aluminium fins

Heat exchanger rows - 1
Outer dia.- 9.43mm
Length - 60.64m

Evaporator

Material copper pipe with aluminium fins

Heat exchanger rows - 4
Outer dia.- 9.43mm
Length

Expansion Device

62.64m

Thermostatic Expansion valve ,

Capillary tube

Flash tank

Material- cast iron

Volume 2 L

Table 3.1 Specification and details of components

16

3.2 Instruments and measurements

Pressure and temperature are measured at different locations in the experimental setup

to calculate enthalpy at the locations. Power consumption of compressor also measured.

3.2.1 Temperature measurements

Thermometers are used to measure temperature at desired location in the setup as shown
in the fig 3.2. Thermocouples are connected to data acquisition system and temperature
readings are obtained. Further details are given in table 3.2.

3.2.2 Pressure measurements

Bourden tube type pressure gauges are connected as illustrated in fig. 3.2. The details
of pressure gauge are given in table 3.2

3.2.3 Flow rate measurement

R22 liquid glasstube rotameter is used to measure flow rate. Detailed specifications are
given in the table 3.2.

17

Sl No.

Parameter

Specification

Temperature

Thermometer

Pressure

Bourdon tube type pressure gauge

Range: -50to 800C

Make: Baba instruments

Range: 0-500 psi

Rotameter

Make: Eureka Industrial Equipments,

Pune

Refrigerent:R22

Maximum flow rate: 5.5 LPM

Pressure :250 psi

Temperature: 55C

Table 3.2 Details and specifications of measuring instruments.

18

3.3 Experimental procedure

Performance test involve comparison of enthalpy difference across compressor,

condenser and evaporator and power consumption of compressor with and without
vapour injection (base line mode). Enthalpy at desired points in the experimental setup

is calculated by measuring pressure and temperature at the locations. From the pressure
and temperature data, enthalpy can be directly measured from pressure enthalpy chart

for refrigerant R22. Enthalpy at evaporator inlet is calculated by assuming isenthalpic

expansion in the expansion valve.

Layout of experimental facility is shown in figs. 3.2-3.4. Base line test and modified
cycle tests were conducted on a single experimental setup. For base line test flash tank,

injection line and capillary tubes are isolated from the system by operating proper
valves provided in it. When base line experiments run, temperature and pressure are
measured for calculating enthalpy at locations shown in line diagram.

Effect of vapour injection on vapour compression cycle is calculated by injecting

vapour from flash chamber to supplementary injection hole provided on the

compressor. Different intermediate pressures are achieved by expanding through three

different capillary tubes, opening one at a time. Vapour injection pressure is varied
using valve provided in the vapour injection line.

19

CHAPTER 4

4.1 Observations

RESULTS AND DISCUSION

The pressure and temperature at the inlet and exit of each component are measured for
baseline and different injection pressures. Also mass flow rates are measured.
Observations are tabulated below
Sl. No.

Suction Discharge
P

psi

psi

psi

Flash
tank
Inlet

Condenser Evaporator
Outlet
Inlet
T

psi

psi

Injection
P

psi

Volume
flow rate

V1

V2

LPM

LPM

1) base
line

45

245

47

220

43

47

-13

CT

33

11

235

45

206

38

35

-20

125 20

122

20

2.5

CT

30

12

245

43

208

39

31

-23

120 17

115

19

2.3

1.9

CT

25

10

238

45

202

36

28

-23

102 12

100

18

2.2

1.9

CT-Capillary Tube

Table 4.1 Observations

4.2 Performance Analysis

Refrigeration effect, compressor work, COP and discharge temperature are calculated
for the baseline and different injection pressures. Results are tabulated below.
Sl. No.
1.Base line

2.Pi =100psi
3.Pi =115psi
4.Pi =122psi

Refrigeration
Effect
KW

173

Compressor
Work
KW

Discharge
temp
C

48

3.6

47

54.4

3.71

43.5

210

51.6

201

52.8

202

COP

3.8

Table 4.2 Performance Analysis

20

45
44

Sample Calculation (Sl. No. 2)

Fig 4.1 Refrigeration cycle on PH diagram

Where

12-

-Work done after injection point

-Work done by the compressor till the injection point

mass flow rate corresponding to volume flow rate v1=0.041 Kg/s

mass flow rate corresponding to volume flow rate v2=0.0236 Kg/s

21

Refrigeratino effect (KW)

Injection Pressure (psi)

Fig 4.2 refrigeration effect Vs Injection pressure
As expected, refrigeration effect in vapour injection system is remarkably more than
ordinary vapour compression system. Also the refrigeration effect decreases with
increasing injection pressure. This can be attributed to the decrease in the quality of

refrigerant mixture entering the evaporator. Hence more liquid is available to absorb
heat from the refrigerated space.

Compressor work increases with injection pressure mainly due to the increased mass

flow rate that the compressor has to deal with due to the refrigerant injection. The
discharge temperature is found to be less than vapour compression system. This is due
to the addition of low temperature gas (after intermediate expansion) during

compression. From fig. 4.5 it has to be deduced that at higher injection pressure, the
discharge temperature is less than that at lower injection pressure because the decreased

the increased mass flow rate compensates for the higher temperature at higher injection
pressure.

From the above discussion the increase in COP can also be explained

22

Compressor Work (KW)

Injection Pressure (psi)

COP

Fig 4.3 Compressor power Vs Injection pressure

Injection Pressure (psi)

Fig 4.4 COP Vs Injection pressure
23

Discharge temp (oC)

Injection Pressure(psi)
Fig 4.5 Compressor discharge temperature Vs Injection pressure

24

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

From the last chapter, it can be concluded that the vapour injection refrigeration system

gives a better performance than ordinary vapour compression system. COP

improvement is more than 5% for the former over the latter. Given refrigeration is a
sector that consumes large amount of power, this finding offers astounding possibilities.
An existing system can be retrofitted to vapour injection with not so much trouble. The

critical task is the incorporation of vapour injection hole in compressor without any
leak.

With sensors having more accuracy and resolution, a better analysis of the case is surely
possible. Analysis can be done on multi stage vapour injection and the results be
compared. There is much scope for further analysis

25

REFERENCE

[1] Baolong Wang, W. Shi, X. Li, Numerical analysis on the effects of refrigerant
injection on scroll compressor, Applied Thermal Engineering 29 (2009) 37-46

[2] E. L. Winandy, J. Lebrun, Scroll compressors using gas and liquid injection:
experimental analysis and modelling, International Journal of Refrigeration 25 (2002)
1143-1156

[3] R. J. Dossat, 2012, Principles of Refrigeration, Pearson Education Inc.

[4] Xing Xu, Y. Hwang, R. Radermacher, Transient and steady state experimental
investigation of flash tank vapour injection heat pump cycle control strategy,
International Journal of Refrigeration 34 (2011) 1922-1933

[5] Xudong Wang, Y. Hwang, R. Radermacher, Two stage heat pump system with

vapour-injected scroll compressor using R410A as refrigerant, International Journal of

Refrigeration 32 (2009) 1442-1451

[6] Y. C. Park, Y. Kim, H. Cho, Thermodynamic analysis on the performance of a

variable speed scroll compressor with refrigerant injection, International Journal of

Refrigeration 25 (2002) 1072-1082

26