WEEK 6

Semi-structured
Data Design
(RDF & JSON)
Week 6
Sep 26 Oct 2
IS/ICT 303 Online Fall 2016
UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY, SCHOOL OF INFORMATION SCIENCE

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AGENDA
1. XML XPath

2. Semantic Web and RDF

3. JSON

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ANNOUNCEMENT QUIZ 1
Next week, there is a first online quiz (Quiz 1).
20 questions (true/false, multiple choice,
short answer questions)
120 minutes
You can start the quiz online anytime
between Oct. 3rd 12pm and Oct. 9th 11:59pm.
All questions will be from the lecture notes.

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XML XPATH

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XPath
XPath

XPath is used to navigate through elements and

attributes in an XML document.

XPath is a language for finding information in an

XML document.

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XPath
XPath
XQuery

XPoint
XPath
XLink

XSLT

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XPath
XPath

Think of XML as a Tree. XPath is navigation through a tree.

BOOKSTORE

BOOK

Title

Authors

Author

BOOK

BOOK

Price

Author

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XPath
XPath

BOOKSTORE

Basic Constructs

BOOK

Title

(root element)

/BOOK

(element)

Authors

Author

BOOK

BOOK

Price

Author

/BOOK/Title (element)

*
@

(match anything in a current element)

(attribute)

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XPath
XPath

XPath expressions look very much like the

expressions you see when you work with a
traditional computer file system.

/bookstore/book/title

/menu/food/description

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XPath Nodes
Xpath Root Element Nodes
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<bookstore> Root Element Node / " or " /bookstore"
<book>
lang="en">Harry Potter</title>
The<title
xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
points to the official W3C
XSLT
namespace.
you use this namespace, you must also include the attribute
<author>J
K.If Rowling</author>
version="1.0".
<year>2005</year>
<price>29.99</price>
</book>
</bookstore>

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XPath Nodes
Xpath Element Nodes, Attribute Nodes
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<bookstore>
<book>
Element Node "/bookstore/book"
lang="en">Harry Potter</title>
The<title
xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
points to the official W3C
XSLT
namespace.
you use this namespace, you must also include the attribute
<author>J
K.If Rowling</author>
version="1.0".
<year>2005</year> Element
Node
<price>29.99</price>
"/bookstore/book/year"
</book>
</bookstore>

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Relationship of Nodes
Parent - Children
- Each element can have only one parent
- Element nodes may have zero, one or more children.
<bookstore>
<book>
The
<title lang="en">Harry
Potter</title>
xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
<author>J K. Rowling</author>
points to the official W3C XSLT namespace. If you use
this<year>2005</year>
namespace, you must also include the attribute
<price>29.99</price>
version="1.0".
</book>
</bookstore>

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<bookstore> : Parent
<book> : Child
<book> : Parent
<title> : Child
<author> : Child
<year> : Child
<price> : Child

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Relationship of Nodes
Siblings
- Nodes that have the same parent.
<bookstore>
<book>
The
<title lang="en">Harry
Potter</title>
xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
<author>J K. Rowling</author>
points to the official W3C XSLT namespace. If you use
this<year>2005</year>
namespace, you must also include the attribute
<price>29.99</price>
version="1.0".
</book>
</bookstore>

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<title>
<author>
<year>
<price>

Siblings

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XPath Syntax
EXPRESSION

DESCRIPTION

nodename

Selects all nodes with the name "nodename"

/nodename

Selects from the node

//nodename

Selects nodes in the document from the current

node that match the selection no matter where
they are

Select attributes

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XPath Syntax

EXPRESSION
book
/bookstore
/bookstore/book

DESCRIPTION
Selects all nodes with the name
"bookstore"
Selects the root element bookstore
Select all book elements

//book

Select all book elements no matter

where they are in the document

//@lang

Selects all attributes that are named

"lang"

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XPath Syntax
Predicates (conditions)
- Predicates are used to find a specific node or a node that contains a
specific value. Predicates are always embedded in square brackets.
EXPRESSION

DESCRIPTION

/bookstore/book[1]

Selects the first book element that is the child of the

bookstore element.

/bookstore/book[last( )]

Selects the last book element that is the child of the

bookstore element

/bookstore/book[position( )<3]

Selects the first two book elements that are children

of the bookstore element

//title[@lang]

Selects all the title elements that have an attribute

named "lang"

//title[@lang="eng"]

Selects all the title elements that have an attribute

named lang with a value of "eng"

Selects all the book elements of the bookstore

/bookstore/book[price>35.00] element that have a price element with a value
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than 35.00

XPath Syntax
Selecting Several Paths
- By using the | operator in an XPath expression you can
select several paths.
PATH EXPRESSION
//book/title | //book/price

RESULT
Selects the title OR price elements of all book
elements

//title | //price

Selects the title OR price elements in the document

/bookstore/book/title | //price

Selects all the title elements of the book element of

the bookstore element OR all the price elements in
the document

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WEB DATA Modeling

RDF

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SEMANTIC WEB
"The Semantic Web is an extension of the
current web in which information is given welldefined meaning, better enabling computers
and people to work in cooperation.
(Tim Berners-Lee)"

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LINKED DATA
In Semantic Web terminology, Linked Data is
the term used to describe a method of
exposing and connecting data on the Web from
different sources.

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LINKED DATA

Rel

Rel

Rel

Rel

Rel
Rel

Rel

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LINKED DATA
name

name

Bday
Bday

Thing 1

Thing 2
Mood

Mood

Location

Location

Machine understands semantics

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LINKED DATA
Challenges

HTML, JSON,
XML, CSV, RDF
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Linking

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LINKED DATA
Web Data
Name

Nick

Birthday

2099-09-09

Job

Future baby

Location

Milwaukee
Name

Yuna

Name

Asada

Birthday

2014-03-27

Birthday

2009-02-02

Job

Student

Job

Programmer

Location

Seoul

Location Tokyo

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LINKED DATA
Web Data + Relationships
Name

Nick

Birthday

2099-09-09

Job

Future baby

Location

Milwaukee

Name

Asada

Birthday

2009-02-02

Job

Programmer

Name

Yuna

Birthday

2014-03-27

Job

Student

Location

Seoul

Location Tokyo

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LINKED DATA
Web Data + Relationships
http://mysite.fake.com/nick
Name

Nick

Birthday

2099-09-09

Job

Future baby

Location

Milwaukee

http://mysite.fake.co.kr/yuna
http://mysite.fake.co.jp/asada
Name

Asada

Birthday 2009-02-02
Job

Name

Yuna

Birthday

2014-03-27

Job

Student

Location

Seoul

Programmer

Location Tokyo

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WEB DATA Modeling

RDF

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WHAT IS RDF?

RDF stands for

Resource Description Framework

(RDF is a standard for describing Web resources)

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WHAT IS RDF?

RDF can be used to describe title,

author, content, copyright, and

any other information of web

pages
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WHAT IS RDF?

It has come to be used as a general method

for conceptual description or modeling of

information that is implemented in web

resources (Wikipedia)
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WHAT IS RDF?

RDF is designed to be read and understood by

computers, (not designed for being displayed to people)
RDF is written in XML
RDF is a part of the W3C's Semantic Web Activity
RDF is a W3C Recommendation

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WHAT IS RDF?

RDF was designed to provide a

common way to describe
information so it can be read and
understood by computer
applications.
RDF descriptions are not designed
to be displayed on the web.

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RDF TRIPLES
RDF Triples

Dave

(Subject)

like

(Predicate)

Cookie

(Object)

Statement: Dave likes cookies

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RDF TRIPLES
RDF Triples

Nick

hasCollegue

Yuna

Subject: Nick
Predicate: hasCollege
Object: Yuna
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RDF TRIPLES
RDF Triples
A Sentence

(Subject)

Jane

(Predicate)

(Object)

sells

books

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RDF RESOURCE

Resource Description Framework

Resource can be anything that has identify.
- Dave, Cookie
- Nick, Yuna
- Jane, Book
How does something get identity?
- URI (Unified Resource Identifiers)
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RDF DESCRIPTION
Resource

Description Framework

Description is really just a container holding

several statements describing the resource.
Q: Plz, describe Dave!
SEMANTIC
WEB
A: Dave likes cookies!

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RDF TRIPLES
RDF Triples
@prefix pref: <http://exampke.org/vocabulary#>
<#dave> <pref:likes> <#cookies>.

Dave

(Subject)

like

(Predicate)

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Cookie

(Object)

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RDF BASIC COMPONENTS

RDF Resource, Property, and Property Value
RESOURCE:
A resource is anything that can have a URI
(e.g., http://mywebpage.com/nick)
PROPERTY:
A property is a resource that has a name

PROPERTY VALUE:
A property value is the value of a Property

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RDF BASIC COMPONENTS

RDF Resource, Property, and Property Value

URI

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RDF EXAMPLE
Title

Artist

Country

Company

Price

Year

Empire Burlesque

Bob Dylan

USA

Columbia

10.90

1985

Hide your heart

Bonnie Tyler

UK

CBS Records

9.90

1988

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RDF USE EXAMPLE

Describing properties for shopping items, such as price

and availability
Describing time schedules for web events
Describing information about web pages (content,
author, created and modified date)
Describing content and rating for web pictures

Describing content for search engines

Describing electronic libraries

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UNIFORM RESOURCE IDENTIFIER

In computing, a uniform resource identifier
(URI) is a string of characters used to identify a

name of a web resource.

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UNIFORM RESOURCE IDENTIFIER

URI = URL + URN

Uniform Resource Name (URN): URN functions like a
person's name
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): URL resembles that
person's street address.

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RDF ELEMENTS

<RDF>
the root element

<Description>
identifies a resource

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RDF ROOT ELEMENT

<rdf: RDF> the root element
<rdf:RDF> is the root element of an RDF document.
It defines the XML document to be an RDF document. It also contains a
reference to the RDF namespace:
<?xml version="1.0">
<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
... Description goes here ...
</rdf:RDF>
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RDF ROOT ELEMENT

<rdf:Description>
The <rdf:Description> element identifies a resource with the about attribute.
The <rdf:Description> element contains elements that describe the resource:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:cd="http://www.recshop.fake/cd#">

<rdf:Description
rdf:about="http://www.recshop.fake/cd/Empire_Burlesque">
<cd:artist>Bob Dylan</cd:artist>
<cd:country>USA</cd:country>
<cd:company>Columbia</cd:company>
<cd:price>10.90</cd:price>
<cd:year>1985</cd:year>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>

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RDF ROOT ELEMENT

<?xml version="1.0"?>

The elements, artist, country,

company, price, and year, are
defined in the cd namespace

<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:cd="http://www.recshop.fake/cd#">
<rdf:Description
rdf:about="http://www.recshop.fake/cd/Empire_Burlesque">
<cd:artist>Bob Dylan</cd:artist>
<cd:country>USA</cd:country>
<cd:company>Columbia</cd:company>
<cd:price>10.90</cd:price>
<cd:year>1985</cd:year>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
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DUBLIN CORE METADATA

Dublin Core
The Dublin Core is a set of predefined properties
for describing documents.
The first Dublin Core properties were defined at the
Metadata Workshop in Dublin, Ohio in 1995 and is
currently maintained by the Dublin Core Metadata
Initiative.
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DUBLIN CORE METADATA

Dublin Core Elements

1. Title
2. Creator
3. Subject
4. Description
5. Publisher

6. Contributor
7. Date
8. Type
9. Format
10. Identifier

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11. Source
12. Language
13. Relation
14. Coverage
15. Rights

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DUBLIN CORE EXAMPLE

URI = http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cdm/ref/collection/af/id/37
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DUBLIN CORE EXAMPLE

Dublin Core Metadata Example

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DUBLIN CORE RDF

Chichicastenango, fruit vendor at outdoor market, Guatemala

URI = http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/catw/id/3185/rec/21
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DUBLIN CORE RDF

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">
<rdf:Description
rdf:about="http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cdm/singleitem/col
lection/catw/id/3185/rec/21">
<dc:title>Chichicastenango, fruit vendor at outdoor
market, Guatemala </dc:title>
<dc:creator>Forman, Harrison</dc:creator>
<dc:subject>People, City and town life</dc:subject>
<dc:date>1972</dc:date>
<dc:type>Image</dc:type>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>

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WEB DATA Modeling

JSON

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JSON
What is JSON?
It is a data interchange format.
Based on JavaScript Objects.

JavaScript Object Notation.

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JSON
What is JSON?
Like XML, JSON can be thought of
data model, an alternative to

relational model.

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WHY JSON?
Why use JSON?
Easy to read and write
Fast and compact
Ideal for ordered lists or key/value pairs
Maps perfectly to most programming

languages with multiple arrays

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JSON
Why use JSON? (continued)
Human-readable, useful for data
interchange.
Useful for representing & storing semi-

structured data.

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JSON
JSON in Web applications
Many web applications provide APIs in
the data format of JSON.

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JSON
Basic constructs
Objects { }
sets of label-value pairs
Arrays [ ]

lists of values

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JSON
Objects { }

sets of label-value pairs

JSON data is written as label/value pairs
A label/value pair consists of a field name
in double quotes, followed by a colon,
followed by a value:
"firstName" : "John"

"price" : 29.95

Character values require double quotes

T
Numeric values do not require any quotes

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JSON
Objects { }

sets of label-value pairs

JSON objects are written inside curly brackets.
Objects can contain multiple name/value pairs:

{ "firstName":"John" , "lastName":"Doe" }
T

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JSON
Arrays [ ]

lists of values
JSON arrays are written inside square brackets.
An array can contain multiple objects:
"employees": [
{ "firstName":"John" , "lastName":"Doe" },
{ "firstName":"Anna" , "lastName":"Smith" },
T
{ "firstName":"Peter" , "lastName":"Jones"
}]

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JSON
Example

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JSON
Example

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JSON
Relational Model versus JSON
Relational

JSON

Structure

Tables

Sets/ Arrays

Schema

Fixed in advance

Self-describing,
Flexible

Queries

Simple expressive
languages

Not widely used

yet

Ordering

None

Arrays

Implementation

Most information
systems

Coupled with
programming
languages

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JSON
XML versus JSON
XML

JSON

Complexity

More complex

Less complex

Validity

DTDs (widely used)

JSON schema (not

widely used)

Programming
interface

XML parsing

More directly
applicable to
programming
languages

Querying

Xpath
XQuery

JSON Path (not widely

used)

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ONLINE DISCUSSION

To earn full credits, upload at least one

quality post to the Week 6 discussion forum.

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ASSIGNMENT #5
JSON (Due: 10/3)
Create a json document (transform a table into a
json format document)
An example is provided in the instruction
Please use any of text editors, such as NotePad,
NotePad++, Oxygen XML Editor, TextWragler,
AdobeDreamweaver, etc.
Please see the instruction for details.

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Week 6 Office Hours

Monday (9/26): 12pm 2pm
Tuesday (9/27): 12pm 2pm

or By Appointment

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