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Causal Research, Also Called Explanatory Research Is The Investigation of

Causal research aims to determine cause-and-effect relationships by observing changes in a variable assumed to cause changes in another variable. Other influences must be controlled to accurately assess the causal relationship. Three conditions are necessary for causality: concomitant variation between variables, the cause preceding the effect in time, and eliminating other possible causal factors. Experimental designs range from pre-experimental to true experiments to quasi-experiments and statistical designs, with true experiments providing the strongest evidence of causality but being more complex, time-consuming and expensive to conduct.

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40 views2 pages

Causal Research, Also Called Explanatory Research Is The Investigation of

Causal research aims to determine cause-and-effect relationships by observing changes in a variable assumed to cause changes in another variable. Other influences must be controlled to accurately assess the causal relationship. Three conditions are necessary for causality: concomitant variation between variables, the cause preceding the effect in time, and eliminating other possible causal factors. Experimental designs range from pre-experimental to true experiments to quasi-experiments and statistical designs, with true experiments providing the strongest evidence of causality but being more complex, time-consuming and expensive to conduct.

Uploaded by

Pankaj Kumar Sharma
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CAUSAL RESEARCH DESIGN: EXPERIMENTATION

Submitted by: Group A2

Causal research, also called explanatory research is the investigation of cause-and-effect


relationships. To determine causality, it is important to observe variation in the variable assumed
to cause the change in the other variable, and then measure the changes in the other variable.
Other confounding influences must be controlled for so they don't distort the results, either by
holding them constant in the experimental creation of data, or by using statistical methods. This
type of research is very complex and the researcher can never be completely certain that there are
no other factors influencing the causal relationship, especially when dealing with peoples
attitudes and motivations.
Conditions for Causality
1. Concomitant Variation it establishes the relationship i.e. the condition for
inferring that led to the cause-and-effect analysis. It is similar to a correlation between
two variables.
2. Time Order of occurrence of variables- It can be attributed to the Newtons law:
For every action, there is a reaction. In every relationship, the cause would precede
the effect.
3. Elimination of other possible causal factors- This condition deals with the fact that
while determining the relationship between two variables, the other probable causes
must be held as constant so that a perfect correlation is established. This would also
prevent the ambiguity about the relationship between those two variables.
Classification of Experimental Designs

1. Pre-experimental design
a) One-shot case study: A group of test units are exposed to a treatment and a single
measurement is taken.
b) One-group Pre-test Post-test: A group of test units is measured before and after the
exposure to treatment. The difference in the measurement is the effect.
c) Static Group: One group (experimental group) is measured after exposure to a treatment
while the other group (control group) is measured without any treatment.
2. True experimental design
a) Pre-test Post-test control group: test units are randomly assigned and a pre-treatment
measure is taken for both the groups. Experimental group is exposed to the treatment
and then post-treatment measure is taken for both groups. Then the effect is measured as
difference of change in measurement of both groups.
b) Post-test-only control group:
c) Solomon four group: The testing effects under study and the extraneous variables are
explicitly controlled. It is very expensive and time consuming.
3. Quasi-experimental design
a) Time series: A series of measurement is taken before and after the administration of the
treatment. This provides a partial control for several extraneous variables.
b) Multiple time series: It is similar to time series except that there are two groups, one
experimental and the other control group.
4. Statistical design:
Here, the effects of more than one independent variable can be measured and extraneous
variables can be controlled and economical designs can be formulated.
a) Randomized blocks: One significant external variable is identified and the groups are
made such that the effect of that variable is blocked.
b) Latin square design: Two external variables can be controlled while manipulating the
independent variable.
c) Factorial design: Two or more independent variables are measured at various levels and
interaction between the variables are allowed.
The limitation of experimental designs are Time consuming Expensive and difficult to
administer. Design of experimentation is conducted by Computers in modern days.

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