Triple Beam Balance

Instructions on use
• The triple beam balance is used to measure masses very precisely; the reading error is
0.05 gram.
• With the pan empty, move the three sliders on the three beams to their leftmost positions,
so that the balance reads zero. If the indicator on the far right is not aligned with the fixed
mark, then calibrate the balance by turning the set screw on the left under the pan.
• Once the balance has been calibrated, place the object to be measured on the pan.
• Move the 100 gram slider along the beam to the right until the indicator drops below the
fixed mark. The notched position immediately to the left of this point indicates the
number of hundreds of grams.
• Now move the 10 gram slider along the beam to the right until the indicator drops below
the fixed mark. The notched position immediately to the left of this point indicates the
number of tens of grams.
• The beam in front is not notched; the slider can move anywhere along the beam. The
boldface numbers on this beam are grams and the tick marks between the boldface
numbers indicate tenths of grams.
• To find the mass of the object on the pan, simple add the numbers from the three beams.
• As with a ruler, it is possible to read the front scale to the nearest half tick mark.
Pulley
by Daniel
A pulley is made from a wheel and a rope. It is used to make lifting
easier. A single pulley changes the direction of the lifting force. For
example, if you are lifting a heavy object with a single pulley anchored to
the ceiling, you can pull down on the rope to lift the object instead of
pushing up. The same amount of effort is needed as without a pulley, but
it feels easier because you are pulling down. If you add a second pulley,
the amount of effort to lift the heavy object is much less -- half as much.
However, you will have to pull the rope further. A double pulley can help
you to lift objects you could never lift without it.
Pulleys are also used on elevators. Remember the elevator in the book? If you would like
to build an elevator using K'nex, click here . Pulleys are also used on cranes to hoist
things up. Can you think of other pulleys you have seen? Look at the pictures below to see
some pulleys I found. To see animated pulleys

Projectile Launcher

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U10360

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Projectile Launcher
Experiment topics :
• Vertical, angled and horizontal launch
• Recording of the trajectory with an angled launch
• Determination of range and height from the projection angle
• Determination of launch speed from the range and height
• Determination of launch speed using a ballistic pendulum
• Elastic and inelastic collisions
Experimental equipment for the quantitative investigation of projectile laws: vertical horizontal and angled
launch, recording of flight trajectories depending on launch angle and projectile range.
Three different reproducible launch speeds, continuously adjustable launch angles, constant height of
trajectory at various angles since the launch point is coincident with pivot point of the cannon. Projectile is
launched with almost no spin.
The encapsulated design and the use of spherical plastic projectiles ensure that experiments are safe.
The launcher is attached to a table via clamp U10361 or can be used in conjunction with ballistic pendulum
U10362.
Horizontal projectile range (Launch angle 45°): 1.1 m, 2.3 m and 4.5 m
Launch angle: 0° – 90°
Reproducibility at 45°: standard deviation less than1%
Standard deviation of launch ranges: < 1%
Diameter of projectiles: 25 mm
Mass of projectiles: 7 g
Dimensions: 205x65x60 mm³ approx.
Mass: 480 g approx.

Caliper
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

For other uses, see Caliper (disambiguation).

A vernier caliper

A caliper (British spelling also calliper) is a device used to measure the distance between two
symmetrically opposing sides. A caliper can be as simple as a compass with inward or outward-
facing points. The tips of the caliper are adjusted to fit across the points to be measured, the
caliper is then removed and the distance read by measuring between the tips with a measuring
tool, such as a ruler.
They are used in many fields such as metalworking, mechanical engineering, gunsmithing,
handloading, woodworking, woodturning and in
Micrometer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

This article is about the measuring device. For the unit of length, see micrometre.

Outside, inside, and depth micrometers

A micrometer (pronounced /maɪˈkrɒmɨtər/, US dict: mī·krŏm′·ĭ·tər), sometimes known as a

micrometer screw gauge, is a device used widely in mechanical engineering and machining as
well as most mechanical trades for precision measurement, along with other metrological
instruments such as dial calipers and vernier calipers. Micrometers are often, but not always, in
the form of calipers.

How is a set of weights used in the

laboratory?
In: Physics [Edit categories]
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To weigh things using a balance.

Lboratory weights are used for two-pan balances. (the zodiac sign Libra is shown holking one
type of two-pan balance) The object to be weighed is placed on one pan, and weights are placed
on the other pan until the scale is balanced. The weights add up to the weight of the contents of
the other pan. Weights are also used to calibrate and/or check the accuracy of other weighing
instruments
Procedure:
Forces are applied to
the small ring on the
force table by strings,
to which different
weights can be
attached. The total
force on a string is
simply the weight of
the masses hanging
off the end plus the
weight of the hanger
itself. Hence,
Fon string = mhanger g +
mweights
where g = 9.81 m/s2
is the acceleration
due to gravity on
Earth. Note that the Figure 1: Labelled Force Table
magnitude of the
force on each string
can be changed by
adding or removing
different weights, and
the direction of the
force can be changed
by moving the arms
on the force machine.
The pin at the centre
serves as a reference
point for centering
the ring and also
prevents the ring
from falling off the
table in highly
unbalanced
situations.
Using three strings
instead of four is a
simpler way to do this Figure 2: Example of balanced/unbalanced forces
experiment, so
remove one of the
four hangers. The
three strings should
initially be about
symmetrical. Make
sure that the strings
are centred properly
on the ring (i.e. slide
the knots so that the
strings aren't twisted
around the ring).
Then load the three
hangers with three
different amounts of
weight (note: try to
use pretty heavy
weights; the
experiment works
better then).
Most likely you will
find that the ring will
not be centred. That
means that it is not in
static equilibrium - if
the forces from the
three strings exactly
balanced, then the
ring would be
perfectly centred on
the table. Instead, it
is being pulled to one
side or the other
because it is feeling a
net force; if the
central pin weren't
there, the ring would
accelerate right off
the end of the force
table in accordance
with Newton's second
law.

Move the strings until the ring is free of the pin and nearly centred. Gently tap on the force
table to temporarily eliminate friction, which will allow the ring to move more freely to its
new position. Re-adjust the positions of the strings and repeat the tapping until the ring is
well-centred and remains there. The ring is now in static equilibrium, since the vector
components of all three forces cancel one another out - there is no net force acting on the
ring.
Record the total weight on each hanger (including the hanger itself) and the direction of
each string, which is the angle written on the force table. Be sure to number each string and
its corresponding weight and angle. Make a sketch of your force table.
Illustration of Atwood machine, 1905.
The Atwood machine (or Atwood's machine) was invented in 1784 by Rev. George Atwood as
a laboratory experiment to verify the mechanical laws of motion with constant acceleration.
Atwood's machine is a common classroom demonstration used to illustrate principles of physics,
specifically mechanics.
The ideal Atwood Machine consists of two objects of mass m1 and m2, connected by an
inextensible massless string over an ideal massless pulley. [1]
When m1 = m2, the machine is in neutral equilibrium regardless of the position of the weights.
When m1 ≠ m2 both masses experience uniform acceleration.

Contents
[hide]
• 1 Equation for uniform acceleration
• 2 Equation for tension
• 3 Equations for a pulley with inertia and friction
○ 3.1 Practical implementations
• 4 See also
• 5 Notes

[edit] Equation for uniform acceleration

The free body diagrams of the two hanging masses of the Atwood machine. Our sign convention,
depicted by the acceleration vectors is that m1 accelerates downward and that m2 accelerates
upward, as would be the case if m1 > m2
We are able to derive an equation for the acceleration by using force analysis. If we consider a
massless, inextensible string and an ideal massless pulley, the only forces we have to consider
are: tension force (T), and the weight of the two masses (W1 and W2). To find an acceleration we
need to consider the forces affecting each individual mass. Using Newton's second law (with a
sign convention of m1 > m2) we can derive a system of equations for the acceleration (a).