HEAD AND NECK
Openings in the Base of the Skull and the Structures that pass through them
Opening in the Skull
Anterior Cranial Fossa
Perforations in cribriform plate
Middle Cranial Fossa
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Bone of Skull
Structure Transmitted
Ethmoid
Olfactory nerves
Lesser wing of sphenoid
Between lesser and greater wings
of sphenoid
Foramen rotundum
Greater wing of sphenoid
Foramen ovale
Greater wing of sphenoid
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Greater wing of sphenoid
Between petrous part of temporal
and sphenoid
Optic nerve, ophthalmic artery
Lacrimal, frontal, reochlear,
oculomotor, nasociliary, and
abducent nerves; superior
ophthalmic vein
Maxillary division of the trigeminal
nerve
Mandibular division of the
trigeminal nerve; lesser petrosal
nerve
Middle meningeal artery
Internal carotid artery
Posterior Cranial Fossa
Foramen magnum
Occipital
Hypoglossal canal
Jugular foramen
Occipital
Between petrous part of temporal
and condylar part of occipital
Internal acoustic meatus
Petrous part of temporal
Medulla oblongata, spinal part of
accessory nerve, and right and
left vertebral arteries
Hypoglossal nerve
Glossopharyngeal, vagus, and
accessory nerves; sigmoid sinus
becomes internal jugular vein
Vestibulocochlear and facial nerves
Cranial Nerves
Nerve
I. Olfactory
Components
Sensory
Function
Smell
II. Optic
III. Oculomotor
Sensory
Motor
IV.
Motor
Vision
Lifts upper eyelid, turns eyeball
upward, downward, and medially;
constricts pupil; accommodates eye
Assists in turning eyeball
Superior orbital fissure
downward and laterally
V.
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Ophthalmic division Sensory
Maxillary division Sensory
Mandibular division Motor
Sensory
Cornea, skin of forehead, scalp,
eyelids, and nose; also mucous
membrane of paranasal sinuses
and nasal cavity
Skin of face over maxilla and the
upper lip; teeth of upper jaw;
mucous membrane of nose, the
maxillary air sinus, and palate
Muscles of mastication, mylohyoid,
anterior belly of digastric, tensor
veli palatine, and tensor tympani
Skin of cheek, skin over mandible,
lower lip, and side of head; teeth
of lower jaw and
temporomandibular joint; mucous
Opening in Skull
Openings in cribriform
plate of ethmoid
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
VI. Abducent
VII. Facial
Motor
Motor
Sensory
Secretomotor
parasympathetic
Vestibulocochlear
Vestibular Sensory
Cochlear Sensory
IX. Glossopharyngeal
Motor
membrane of mouth and anterior
2/3 of tongue
Lateral rectus muscle: turns
eyeball laterally
Muscles of face, cheek, and scalp;
stapedius muscle of middle ear;
stylohyoid; and posterior belly of
digastrics
Taste from anterior 2/3 of
tongue, floor of mouth, and
palate
Submandibular and sublingual
salivary glands, lacrimal gland, ad
glands of nose and palate
Superior orbital fissure
Internal aucostic meatus;
facial canal; stylomastoid
foramen
VIII.
Secretomotor
parasympathetic
Sensory
X. Vagus
Motor
Sensory
XI.
Accessory
Cranial root Motor
Spinal root Motor
XII. Hypoglossal
Motor
Position and movement of head
Hearing
Stylopharyngeus muscle: assists
swallowing
Parotid salivary gland
General sensation and taste from
posterior third of tongue and
pharynx; carotid sinus and carotid
body
Constrictor muscles of pharynx
and intrinsic muscles of larynx;
involuntary muscle of trachea and
bronchi, heart, alimentary tract
from pharynx to splenic flexure
of colon; liver and pancreas
Taste from epiglottis and
vallecula and afferent fibers from
structures named above
Muscles of soft palate, pharynx,
and larynx
Sternocleidomsatoid and trapezius
muscles
Muscles of tongue controlling its
shape and movement (except
palatoglossus)
Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Jugular foramen
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Muscle of the Eyeball and Eyelids
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Extrinsic Muscles of Eyeball (Straited Skleletal Muscles)
Superior rectus
Tendinous ring on Superior surface
posterior wall of
of eyeball just
orbital cavity
posterior to
corneoscleral
junction
Inferior rectus
Tendinous ring on Inferior surface of
posterior wall of
eyeball just
orbital cavity
posterior to
corneoscleral
junction
Medial rectus
Tendinous ring on Medial surface of
posterior wall of
eyeball just
Nerve Supply
Action
Oculomotor nerve
(3rd cranial nerve)
Raises cornea upward
and medially
Oculomotor nerve
(3rd cranial nerve)
Depresses cornea
downward and medially
Oculomotor nerve
(3rd cranial nerve)
Rotates eyeball so that
cornea looks medially
orbital cavity
posterior to
corneoscleral
junction
Lateral rectus
Tendinous ring on Lateral surface of
posterior wall of
eyeball just
orbital cavity
posterior to
corneoscleral
junction
Superior oblique
Posterior wall of
Passes through
orbital cavity
pully and is
attached to
superior surface of
eyeball beneath
superior rectus
Inferior oblique
Floor of orbital
Lateral surface of
cavity
eyeball deep to
lateral rectus
Intrinsic Muscles of Eyeball (Smooth Muscles)
Sphincter papillae
of iris
Abducent nerve
(6th cranial nerve)
Rotates eyeball so that
cornea looks laterally
Trochlear nerve
(3rd cranial nerve)
Rotates eyeball so that
cornea looks downward
and laterally
Oculomotor nerve
(3rd cranial nerve)
Rotates eyeball so that
cornea looks upward and
laterally
Parasympathetic
via oculomotor
nerve
Sympathetic
Constricts pupil
Parasympathetic
via oculomotor
nerve
Controls shape of lens; in
accommodation, makes
lens more globular
Straited muscle
oculomotor nerve;
smooth muscle
sympathetic
Raises upper lid
Action
Dampens down vibrations
of tympanic membrane
Neck of stapes
Nerve Supply
Mandibular
division of
trigeminal nerve
Facial nerve
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Action
Epicranial
aponeurosis
Facial nerve
Moves scalp on skull and
raises eyebrows
Lateral palpebral
raphe
Facial nerve
Closes eyelids and dilates
lacrimal sac
Dilator papillae of
iris
Ciliary muscle
Muscles of Eyelids
Orbicularis oculi
Levator palpebrae
superioris
See Muscles of the Head
Back of orbital
Anterior surface
cavity
and upper margin
of superior tarsal
plate
Dilates pupil
Muscles of the Middle Ear
Muscle
Tensor tympani
Stapedius
Origin
Wall of auditory
tube and wall of
its own canal
Pyramid (bony
projection on
posterior wall of
middle ear)
Insertion
Handle of malleus
Dampens down vibrations
of stapes
Muscles of the Head
Muscle
Muscle of Scalp
Occipitofrontalis
Occipital belly
Origin
Highest nuchal
line of occipital
bone
Skin and
Frontal belly
superficial fascia
of eyebrows
Muscles of Facial Expression
Orbicularis oculi
Palpebral part Medial palpebral
ligament
Orbital part
Corrugator
supercilii
Compressor nasi
Dilator naris
Procerus
Medial palpebral
ligament and
adjoining bone
Superciliary arch
Loops return to
origin
Facial nerve
Skin of eyebrow
Facial nerve
Frontal process
of maxilla
Maxilla
Nasal bone
Aponeurosis of
bridge of nose
Ala ofnose
Skin between
eyebrows
Encircles oral
orifice
Facial nerve
Orbicularis oris
Maxilla; mandible;
skin
Dilator Muscles of Lips
Levator labii
Arise from bones and fascia around
superioris alaeque oral aperture and insert into substance
nasi
of lips
Levator labii
superioris
Zygomaticus
minor
Zygomaticus
major
Levator anguli
oris
Risorius
Depressor anguli
oris
Depressor labii
inferioris
Mentalis
Buccinator
Outer surfaces of
alveolar margins
of maxilla and
mandible and
pterydomandibular
ligament
Platysma
See Muscles of the Neck
Muscles of Matication
Masseter
Zygomatic arch
Lateral surface
ramus of mandible
Temporalis
Pterygoid
Lateral head
Medial head
Floor of temporal
fossa
Greater wing of
sphenoid; lateral
pterygoid plate
Tuberosity of
maxilla; lateral
pterygoid plate
Coronoid process
of mandible
Neck of mandible
and articular disc
Medial surface of
angle of mandible
Facial nerve
Facial nerve
Throws skin around orbit
into folds to protect
eyeball
Vertical wrinkles of
forehead (frowning)
Compresses mobile nasal
cartilages
Widens nasal aperture
Wrinkles skin of nose
Facial nerve
Compresses lips together
Facial nerve
Separate lips
Facial nerve
Compresses cheeks and
lips against teeth
Mandibular
division of
trigeminal nerve
Mandibular
division of
trigeminal nerve
Elevates mandible to
occlude teeth
Mandibular
division of
trigeminal nerve
Mandibular
division of
trigeminal nerve
Pulls neck of mandible
forward
Anterior & superior
fibers: elevate mandible;
Posterior fibers: retract
mandible
Elevates mandible
Muscles of the Neck
Muscle
Platysma
Origin
Deep fascia over
pectoralis major
and deltoid
Sternocleidomastoid Manubrium sterni
and medial third
of clavicle
Insertion
Body of mandible;
angle of mouth
Nerve Supply
Cervical branch
of facial nerve
Action
Depresses mandible;
Mastoid process of
temporal bone and
occipital bone
Spinal part of
accessory nerve;
C2-C3
Two muscles acting
together: extend head;
flex neck;
One muscle: rotates head
to opposite side
Intermediate
tendon is held to
hold by fascial
sling
Body of hyoid
bone
Body of hyoid
bone; fibrous
raphe
Body of hyoid
bone
Body of hyoid
bone
Oblique line on
lamina of thyroid
cartilage
Lower border of
body of hyoid
bone
Facial nerve
Depresses mandible;
elevates hyoid bone
1st cervical nerve
Depresses hyoid bone;
elevates larynx
Upper margin of
scapula;
suprascapular
ligament
Lower border of
body of hyoid
bone
Transverse
processes of C3C6
Intermediate
tendon is held to
clavicle and first
rib by fascial sling
Ansa cervicalis;
C1-C3
Depresses hyoid bone
1st rib
C4, 5, and 6
Scalenus medius
Transverse
processes of C1C6
1st rib
Anterior rami of
cervical nerves
Scalenus posterior
Transverse
processes of
lower cervical
vertebrae
2nd rib
Anterior rami of
cervical nerves
Elevates 1st rib; laterally
flexes and rotates
cervical part of vertebral
column
Elevates 1st rib; laterally
flexes and rotates
cervical part of vertebral
column
Elevates 2ndt rib; laterally
flexes and rotates
cervical part of vertebral
column
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Action
Median septum
and submucosa
Mucous membrane
Hypoglossal nerve
Alters shape of tongue
Digastric
Posterior belly
Anterior belly
Mastoid process
of temporal bone
Body of mandible
Stylohyoid
Styloid process
Mylohyoid
Mylohyoid line of
body of mandible
Geniohyoid
Inferior mental
spine of mandible
Manubrium sterni;
clavicle
Manubrium sterni
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
Inferior belly
Superior belly
Scalenus anterior
Oblique line of
lamina of thyroid
cartilage
Nerve to
mylohyoid
Facial nerve
Inferior alveolar
nerve
1st cervical nerve
Ansa cervicalis;
C1-C3
Ansa cervicalis;
C1-C3
Elevates hyoid bone
Elevates floor of mouth
and hyoid bone; depresses
mandible
Elevates hyoid bone;
depresses mandible
Depresses hyoid bone
Depresses larynx
Muscles of Tongue
Muscle
Intrinsic Muscles
Longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical
Extrinsic Muscles
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
Superior genial
spine of mandible
Body and greater
cornu of hyoid
bone
Styloid process of
temporal bone
Palatine
aponeurosis
Blends with other
muscles of tongue
Blends with other
muscles of tongue
Hypoglossal nerve
Blends with other
muscles of tongue
Side of tongue
Hypoglossal nerve
Insertion
With muscle of
other side, forms
palatine
aponeurosis
Palatine
aponeurosis
Nerve Supply
Nerve to medial
pterygoid from
mandibular nerve
Action
Tenses soft palate
Pharyngeal plexus
Raises soft palate
Side of tongue
Pharyngeal plexus
Pulls root of tongue
upward and backward;
narrows oropharyngeal
isthmus
Elevates wall of pharynx;
pulls palatopharyngeal
folds medially
Elevates uvula
Hypoglossal nerve
Pharyngeal plexus
Protrudes apex of tongue
through mouth
Depresses tongue
Draws tongue upward
and backward
Pulls roots of tongue
upward and backward;
narrows oropharyngeal
isthmus
Muscles of the Soft Palate
Muscle
Tensor veli
palatini
Origin
Spine of sphenoid;
auditory tube
Levator veli
palatini
Petrous part of
temporal bone;
auditory tube
Palatine
aponeurosis
Palatoglossus
Palatopharyngeus
Palatine
aponeurosis
Posterior border of
thyroid cartilage
Pharyngeal plexus
Musculus uvulae
Posterior border
of hard palate
Mucous membrane
of uvula
Pharyngeal plexus
Insertion
Pharyngeal
tubercle of
occipital bone;
raphe in midline
posteriorly
Nerve Supply
Pharyngeal plexus
Action
Aids soft palate in
closing off nasal
pharynx; propels bolus
downward
Pharyngeal raphe
Pharyngeal plexus
Propels bolus downward
Pharyngeal raphe
Pharyngeal plexus
Propels bolus downward
Muscles of the Pharynx
Muscle
Superior
constrictor
Middle constrictor
Inferior constrictor
Cricopharyngeus
Stylopharyngeus
Origin
Medial pterygoid
plate; pterygoid
hamulus;
pterygomandibular
ligament;
mylohyoid line of
mandible
Lower part of
stylohyoid
ligament; lesser
and greater
cornu of hyoid
bone
Lamina of thyroid
cartilage; cricoid
cartilage
Lowest fibers of
inferior
constrictor muscle
Styloid process of
temporal bone
Salpingopharyngeus Auditory tube
Sphincter at lower end
of pharynx
Posterior border
of thyroid
cartilage
Blends with
Glossopharyngeal
nerve
Elevates larynx during
swallowing
Pharyngeal plexus
Elevates pharynx
Palatopharyngeus
Palatine
aponeurosis
palatopharyngeus
Posterior border
of thyroid
cartilage
Pharyngeal plexus
Elevates wall of pharynx;
pulls palatopharyngeal
arch medially
UPPER EXTREMITIES
Muscles Connecting the Upper Limb to the Thoracic Wall
Muscle
Pectoralis Major
Origin
Clavicle; sternum;
upper 6 costal
cartilages
Nerve Supply
Medial and lateral
pectoral nerves
Action
Adducts and medially
rotates arm; clavicular
fibers: flex arm
3rd, 4th, and 5th
ribs
Insertion
Lateral lip of
bicipital groove of
humerus
(bicipital
intertubercular)
Coracoid process
of scapula
Pectoralis Minori
Medial pectoral
nerve
Subclavius
1st costal cartilage
Clavicle
Subclavial nerve
Serratus Anterior
(Boxers muscle)
Upper 8 ribs
Medial border and
inferior angle of
scapula
Long thoracic
nerve
Depresses point of
shoulder; if the scapula is
fixed, elevates ribs of
origin
Depresses clavicle;
steadies clavicle during
movements of shoulder
girdle
Draws the forward
anterior around the
thoracic wall; rotates
scapula
Muscles Connecting the Upper Limb to the Vertebral Column
Muscle
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major
Origin
Occipital bone;
ligamentum
nuchae; spine of
C7 and T1-T12
Iliac crest; lumbar
fascia; spines of
T7-T12; lower 3
or 4 ribs; inferior
angle of scapula
Transverse
processes of C1C4
Ligamentum
nuchae; spines of
C7 and T1
Spines of T2-T5
Insertion
Upper fibers of
the lateral third
of clavicle; middle
and lower fibers
into acromion;
spine of scapula
Floor of bicipital
groove of
humerus
Nerve Supply
Spinal part of
accessory nerve
(motor)
Medial border of
scapula
Medial border of
scapula
C3 and C4;
Dorsal scapular
nerve
Dorsal scapular
nerve
Medial border of
scapula
Dorsal scapular
nerve
C3 and C4
(sensory)
Thoracodorsal
nerve
Action
Upper fibers: elevate the
scapula;
Middle fibers: pull scapula
medially; Lower fibers:
pull medial border of
scapula downward
Extends, adducts and
medially rotates arm
Raises medial border of
scapula
Raises medial border of
scapula upward and
medially
Raises medial border of
scapula upward and
medially
Muscles Connecting the Scapula to the Humerus
Muscle
Deltoids
Origin
Lateral third of
clavicle; acromion;
spine of scapula
Supraspinatus
(Rotator cuff)
Supraspinous
fossa of scapula
Insertion
Middle of lateral
surface of shaft
of humerus
(Deltoid
tuberosity)
Greater tuberosity
of humerus;
capsule of
shoulder joint
Nerve Supply
Axillary nerve
Suprascapular
nerve
Action
Abducts arm;
Anterior fibers: flex and
medially rotate arm;
Posterior fibers: extend
and laterally rotate arm
Abducts arm and
stabilizes shoulder joint
Infraspinatus
(Rotator cuff)
Infraspinous fossa
of scapula
Teres major
Lower third of
lateral border of
scapula
Upper 2/3 of
lateral border of
scapula
Teres minor
(Rotator cuff)
Subscapularis
(Rotator cuff)
Subscapular fossa
Greater tuberosity
of humerus;
capsule of
shoulder joint
Medial lip of
bicipital groove of
humerus
Greater tuberosity
of humerus;
capsule of
shoulder joint
Lesser tuberosity
of humerus
Suprascapular
nerve
Laterally rotates arm and
stabilizes shoulder joint
Lower subscapular
nerve
Medially rotates and
adducts arm and
stabilizes shoulder joint
Laterally rotates arm and
stabilizes shoulder joint
Upper and lower
subscapular
nerves
Medially rotates arm and
stabilizes shoulder joint
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Action
Radial tuberosity;
Bicipital
aponeurosis into
deep fascia of
forearm
Medial aspect of
shaft of humerus
Coronoid process
of ulna
Musculocutaneous
nerve
Supinator of forearm;
flexor of elbow joint;
weal flexor of shoulder
joint
Musculocutaneous
nerve
Musculocutaneous
nerve
Flexor and weak
adductor of arm
Flexor of elbow joint
Olecranon process
of ulna
Radial nerve
Extensor of elbow joint
Axillary nerve
Muscles of the Arm
Muscle
Origin
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT
Biceps brachii
Supraglenoid
Long head
tubercle of
scapula
Coracoid process
Short head
of scapula
Coracobrachialis
Coracoid process
of scapula
Brachialis
Front of lower
half of humerus
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT
Triceps
Infraglenoid
Long head
tubercle of
scapula
Upper half of
Lateral head
posterior surface
of shaft of
humerus
Lower half of
Medial head
posterior surface
of shaft of
humerus
Muscles of the Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Forearm
MUSCLE
ORIGIN
SUPERFICIAL LAYER
Pronator teres
Humeral head Medial epicondyle
of humerus
Medial border of
Ulnar head
coronoid process
of ulna
Flexor carpi
Medial epicondyle
radialis
of humerus
Palmaris longus
Medial epicondyle
of humerus
INSERTION
NERVE SUPPLY
ACTION
Lateral aspect of
shaft of radius
Median nerve
Pronation and flexion of
forearm
Bases of 2nd and
3rd metacarpal
bones
Flexor retinaculum
and palmar
aponeurosis
Median nerve
Flexes and abducts hand
at wrist joint
Median nerve
Flexes hand
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Humeral head Medial epicondyle
of humerus
Medial aspect of
Ulnar head
olecranon process
and posterior
INTERMEDIATE LAYER
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Medial epicondyle
Humeroulnar
of humerus;
head
medial border of
coronoid process
of ulna
Oblique line on
Radial head
anterior surface
of shaft of radius
DEEP LAYER
Flexor pollicis
Anterior surface
longus
of shaft of radius
Pisiform bone;
hook of hamate;
base of 5th
metacarpal bone
Ulnar bone
Flexes and adducts hand
at wrist joint
Middle phalanx of
medial 4 fingers
Median nerve
Flexes middle phalanx of
fingers; assists in flexing
proximal phalanx and
hand
Distal phalanx of
thumb
Deep branch of
median nerve
(Anterior
interosseous
nerve)
Ulnar (medial
half) and median
(lateral half)
nerves
Deep branch of
median nerve
(AIN)
Flexes distal phalanx of
thumb
Flexor digitorum
profundus
Anteromedial
surface of shaft
of ulna
Distal phalanges
of medial 4
fingers
Pronator
quadratus
Anterior surface
of shaft of ulna
Anterior surface
of shaft of radius
Flexes distal phalanx of
fingers; assists in flexion
of middle and proximal
phalanges and wrist
Pronates forearm
Muscles of the Lateral Fascial Compartment of the Forearm
MUSCLE
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
ORIGIN
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge of humerus
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge of humerus
INSERTION
Base of styloid
process of radius
NERVE SUPPLY
Radial nerve
Posterior surface
of base of 2nd
metacarpal bone
Radial nerve
ACTION
Flexes forearm at elbow
joint; rotates forearm to
the midprone position
Extends and abducts
hand at wrist joint
(Radial deviation)
Muscles of the Posterior Fascial Compartment of the Forearm
MUSCLE
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
ORIGIN
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus
Extensor digitorum Lateral epicondyle
of humerus
INSERTION
Posterior surface
of base of 3rd
metacarpal bone
Extensor digiti
minimi
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus
Extensor carpi
ulnaris
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus
Middle and distal
phalanges of
medial 4 fingers
Extensor
expansion of little
finger
Base of 5th
metacarpal bone
Anconeus
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus
Lateral surface
of olecranon
NERVE SUPPLY
Deep branch of
radial nerve
(Posterior
Interosseous
Nerve)
Deep branch of
radial nerve
(PIN)
Deep branch of
radial nerve
(PIN)
Deep branch of
radial nerve
(PIN)
Radial nerve
ACTION
Extends and abducts hand
at wrist joint
Extends fingers and hand
Extends metacarpal
phalangeal joint of little
finger
Extends and adducts hand
at wrist joint
Extends elbow joint
Supinator
process of ulna
Neck and shaft
of radius
Extensor pollicis
brevis
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus;
anular ligament of
proximal
radioulnar joint;
ulna
Posterior surface
of shafts of
radius and ulna
Posterior surface
of shaft of radius
Extensor pollicis
longus
Posterior surface
of shaft of ulna
Base of distal
phalanx of thumb
Extensor indicis
Posterior surface
of shaft of ulna
Extensor
expansion of
index finger
Abductor pollicis
longus
Base of 1st
metacarpal bone
Base of proximal
phalanx of thumb
Deep branch of
radial nerve
(PIN)
Supinator of forearm
Deep branch
radial nerve
(PIN)
Deep branch
radial nerve
(PIN)
Deep branch
radial nerve
(PIN)
Deep branch
radial nerve
(PIN)
of
Abducts and extends
thumb
of
Extends
metacarpophalangeal joints
of thumb
Extends distal phalanx of
thumb
of
of
Extends
metacarpophalangeal joint
of index finger
Small Muscles of the Hand
MUSCLE
Palmaris brevis
Lumbricals (4)
Interossei (8)
Palmar (4)
ORIGIN
Flexor
retinaculum;
palmar
aponeurosis
Tendons of flexor
digitorum
profundus
INSERTION
Skin of palm
NERVE SUPPLY
Superficial branch
of ulnar nerve
ACTION
Corrugates skin to
improve grip of palm
Extensor
expansion of
medial 4 fingers
1st and 2nd:
median nerve
3rd and 4th: deep
branch of ulnar
nerve
Flex metacarpophalangeal
joints and extend
interphalangeal joints of
fingers except thumb
Deep branch of
ulnar nerve
Adduct fingers toward
center of third finger; flex
metacarpophalangeal
joints; extend
interphalangeal joints
Deep branch of
ulnar nerve
Abduct fingers from
center of third finger; flex
metacarpophalangeal
joints; extend
interphalangeal joints
1st: arises from
base of 1st
metacarpal;
2nd-4th: arise
from anterior
surface of shafts
of 2nd, 4th, and
5th metacarpals
Contiguous sides
of shafts of
metacarpals bones
Proximal
phalanges of
thumb and index,
ring and little
fingers; dorsal
extensor
expansion of each
finger
Proximal
Dorsal (4)
phalanges of
index, middle, and
ring fingers;
dorsal extensor
expansion
SHORT MUSCLES OF THE THUMB (Thenar Muscles; pollicis
Abductor pollicis
Scaphoid;
Base of proximal
brevis
trapezium; flexor
phalanx of thumb
retinaculum
Flexor pollicis
Flexor
Base of proximal
brevis
retinaculum
phalanx of thumb
Opponens pollicis
Adductor pollicis
Oblique head
Flexor
retinaculum
2nd and 3rd
metacarpal bones
thumb)
Median nerve
Median nerve
Median nerve
Base of proximal
phalanx of thumb
Deep branch of
ulnar nerve
Abduction of thumb
Flexes
metacarpophalangeal joint
of thumb
Pulls thumb medially and
forward across palm
Adduction of thumb
3rd metacarpal
Transverse
bone
head
SHORT MUSCLES OF LITTLE FINGER (Hypothenar Muscles;
Abductor digiti
Pisiform bone
Base of proximal
minimi
phalanx of little
finger
Flexor digiti
Flexor
Base of proximal
minimi
retinaculum
phalanx of little
finger
Opponens digiti
Flexor
Medial border of
minimi
retinaculum
5th metacarpal
bone
digiti minimi 5th digit)
Deep branch of
Abducts little finger
ulnar nerve
Deep branch of
ulnar nerve
Flexes little finger
Deep branch of
ulnar nerve
Pulls 5th metacarpal
forward as in cupping the
palm
(Pinky flexion)
LOWER EXTREMITIES
Muscles of the Gluteal Region
MUSCLE
Gluteus maximus
ORIGIN
Outer surface of
ilium; sacrum;
coccyx;
sacrotuberous
ligament
Outer surface of
ilium
INSERTION
Iliotibial tract;
gluteal tuberosity
of femur
NERVE SUPPLY
Inferior gluteal
nerve
ACTION
Extends and laterally
rotates hip joint; through
iliotibial tract, it extends
knee joint
Lateral surface of
greater trochanter
of femur
Superior gluteal
nerve
Gluteus minimus
Outer surface of
ilium
Superior gluteal
nerve
Tensor fasciae
latae
Piriformis
Iliac crest
Anterior surface
of greater
trochanter of
femur
Iliotibial tract
Abducts thigh at hip joint;
tilts pelvis when walking
to permit opposite leg to
clear ground
Abducts thigh at hip joint;
tilts pelvis when walking
to permit opposite leg to
clear ground
Assists gluteus maximus in
extending the knee joint
Lateral rotator of thigh at
hip joint
Obturator internus
Gemellus superior
Inner surface of
obturator
membrane
Spine of ischium
Gemellus inferior
Ischial tuberosity
Quadratus femoris
Lateral border of
ischial tuberosity
Gluteus medius
Anterior surface
of sacrum
Upper border of
greater trochanter
of femur
Upper border of
greater trochanter
of femur
Upper border of
greater trochanter
of femur
Upper border of
greater trochanter
of femur
Quadrate tubercle
of femur
Superior gluteal
nerve
1st and 2nd
sacral nerves
Sacral plexus
Lateral rotator of thigh at
hip joint
Sacral plexus
Lateral rotator of thigh at
hip joint
Sacral plexus
Lateral rotator of thigh at
hip joint
Sacral plexus
Lateral rotator of thigh at
hip joint
Muscles of the Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Thigh
MUSCLE
Sartorius
ORIGIN
Anterior superior
iliac spine
INSERTION
Upper medial
surface of shaft
of tibia
NERVE SUPPLY
Femoral nerve
Iliacus
Iliac fossa of hip
bone
With psoas into
lesser trochanter
of femur
Femoral nerve
Psoas
Transverse
processes, bodies,
and intervertebral
discs of T12-L5
Superior ramus
of pubis
With iliacus into
lesser trochanter
of femur
Lumbar plexus
Upper end of linea
aspera of shaft of
femur
Femoral nerve
Quadriceps tendon
into patella, then
via ligamentum
patellae into
Femoral nerve
Pectineus
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris Straight head:
anterior inferior
iliac spine;
Reflected head:
ACTION
Flexes, abducts, laterally
rotates thigh at hip joint;
flexes and medially rotates
leg at knee joint
Flexes thigh on trunk; if
thigh is fixed, it flexes the
trunk on the thigh as in
sitting up from lying down
Flexes thigh on trunk; if
thigh is fixed, it flexes the
trunk on the thigh as in
sitting up from lying down
Flexes and adducts thigh at
hip joint
Extension of leg at knee
joint; flexes thigh at hip
joint
Vastus
lateralis
Vastus
medialis
Vastus
intermedius
ilium above
acetabullum
Upper end and
shaft of femur
Upper end and
shaft of femur
Anterior and
lateral surfaces
of shaft of femur
tubercle of tibia
Femoral nerve
Extension of leg at knee
joint
Extension of leg at knee
joint; stabilizes patella
Extension of leg at knee
joint;
Articularis genus: retracts
synovial membrane
Muscles of the Medial Fascial Compartment of the Thigh
MUSCLE
Gracilis
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Obturator
externus
ORIGIN
Inferior ramus of
pubis; ramus of
ischium
Body of pubis,
medial to pubic
tubercle
Inferior ramus of
pubis
Inferior ramus of
pubis; ramus of
ischium; ischial
tuberosity
Outer surface of
obturator
membrane ; pubic
and ischial rami
INSERTION
Upper part of
shaft of tibia on
medial surface
Posterior surface
of shaft of femur
(linea aspera)
Posterior surface
of shaft of femur
(linea aspera)
Posterior surface
of shaft of femur;
adductor tubercle
of femur
Medial surface of
greater trochanter
NERVE SUPPLY
Obturator nerve
ACTION
Adducts thigh at hip joint;
flexes leg at knee joint
Obturator nerve
Adducts thigh at hip joint;
assists in lateral rotation
Obturator nerve
Adducts thigh at hip joint;
assists in lateral rotation
Adductor
portion:
obturator nerve
Adducts thigh at hip joint;
assists in lateral rotation;
Obturator nerve
Laterally rotates thigh at
hip joint
Muscles of the Posterior Fascial Compartment of the Thigh
MUSCLE
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
ORIGIN
Long head: ischial
tuberosity
Short head: linea
aspera; lateral
supracondylar
ridge of shaft of
femur
Ischial tuberosity
Semimembranosus
Adductor magnus
(Hamstring
portion)
INSERTION
Head of fibula
Upper part of
medial surface of
shaft of tibia
Medial condyle of
tibia
Adductor tubercle
of femur
NERVE SUPPLY
Long head:
tibial portion of
sciatic nerve
Short head:
common
peroneal portion
of sciatic nerve
Tibial portion
of sciatic nerve
ACTION
Flexes and laterally rotates
leg at knee joint;
Long head: also extends
thigh at hip joint
Flexes and medially rotates
leg at knee joint; extends
thigh at hip joint
Extends thigh at hip joint
Muscles of the Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Leg
MUSCLE
Tibialas anterior
ORIGIN
Lateral surface of
shaft of tibia and
interosseous
membrane
INSERTION
Medial cuneiform
and base of 1st
metatarsal bone
NERVE SUPPLY
Deep peroneal
nerve
ACTION
Extends foot at ankle joint
(dorsiflexion); inverts foot
at subtalar and transverse
tarsal joints; holds up
Extensor
digitorum longus
Peroneus tertius
Anterior surface
of shaft of fibula
Extensor hallucis
longus
Extensor
digitorum brevis
Calcaneum
Extensor expansion
of lateral 4 toes
Base of 5th
metatarsal bone
Base of distal
phalanx of great
toe
By 4 tendons:
into the proximal
phalanx of the big
toe & long
extensor tendons
to 2nd to 4th toes
Deep peroneal
nerve
Deep peroneal
nerve
Deep peroneal
nerve
Deep peroneal
nerve
medial longitudinal arch of
foot
Dorsiflexion; extends toes
Dorsiflexion; everts foot
Dorsiflexion; extends big
toe; inverts foot
Extends toes
Muscles of the Lateral Fascial Compartment of the Leg
MUSCLE
Peroneus longus
ORIGIN
Lateral surface of
shaft of fibula
Peroneus brevis
INSERTION
Base of 1st
metatarsal; medial
cuneiform
Base of 5th
metatarsal bone
NERVE SUPPLY
Superficial
peroneal nerve
ACTION
Flexes foot at ankle joint
(plantar flexion); everts
foot; supports lateral
longitudinal and transverse
arches of foot
Muscles of the Posterior Fascial Compartment of the Leg
MUSCLE
Superficial Group
Gastrocnemius
ORIGIN
INSERTION
NERVE SUPPLY
ACTION
Lateral head:
lateral condyle of
femur;
Medial head:
above medial
condyle
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge of femur
Shafts of tibia
and fibula
Via tendo
calcaneus into
posterior surface
of calcaneum
Tibial nerve
Plantar flexion; flexes knee
Posterior surface
of calcaneum
Tibial nerve
Plantar flexion; flexes knee
Via tendo
calcaneus into
posterior surface
of calcaneum
Tibial nerve
Powerful plantar flexor;
provides main propulsive
force in walking and
running
Lateral surface of
lateral condyle of
femur
Posterior surface
of shaft of tibia
above soleal line
Tibial nerve
Flexor digitorum
longus
Posterior surface
of shaft of tibia
Bases of distal
phalanges of
lateral 4 toes
Tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis
longus
Posterior surface
of shaft of fibula
Base of distal
phalanx of big toe
Tibial nerve
Tibialis posterior
Posterior surface
of shafts of tibia
and fibula;
interosseous
Tuberosity of
navicular bone and
other neighboring
bones
Tibial nerve
Flexes knee; unlocks knee
joint by lateral rotation of
femur on tibia and slackens
ligaments of joints
Flexes distal phalanges of
lateral 4 toes; plantar
flexion; supports medial and
lateral longitudinal arches
Flexes distal phalanges of
big toe; plantar flexion;
supports medial and lateral
longitudinal arches
Plantar flexion; inverts foot;
supports medial and lateral
longitudinal arches
Plantaris
Soleus
Deep Group
Popliteus
membrane
Muscles of the Sole of the Foot
MUSCLE
First Layer
Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum
brevis
Abductor digiti
minimi
Second Layer
Quadratus plantae
Lumbricals (4)
Flexor digitorum
longus tendon
Flexor hallucis
longus tendon
Third Layer
Flexor hallucis
brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digiti
minimi brevis
Fourth Layer
Interossei
Dorsal (4)
ORIGIN
INSERTION
NERVE SUPPLY
ACTION
Medial tuberosity
of calcaneum;
flexor retinaculum
Medial tubercle of
calcaneum
Base of proximal
phalanx of big toe
Medial plantar
nerve
4 tendons to 4
lateral toes:
Inserted into
borders of middle
phalanx, tendons
perforated by
those of flexor
digitorum longus
Base of proximal
phalanx of 5th toe
Medial plantar
nerve
Flexes and abducts big toe;
braces medial longitudinal
arch
Flexes lateral 4 toes;
braces medial and lateral
longitudinal arches
Lateral plantar
nerve
Flexes and abductions 5th
toe; braces lateral
longitudinal arch
Tendon of flexor
digitorum longus
Lateral plantar
nerve
Assists flexor digitorum
longus in flexing lateral 4
toes
Extends toes at
interphalangeal joints
Medial and lateral
tubercles of
calcaneum
Medial and lateral
sides of
calcaneum
Tendons of flexor
digitorum longus
Dorsal extensor
expansion; bases
of proximal
phalanges of
lateral four toes
First lumbrical:
medial plantar
nerve
2nd to 4th
lumbricals:
lateral plantar
nerve
See MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR FASCIAL COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG
See MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR FASCIAL COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG
Cuboid; lateral
cuneiform; tibialis
posterior insertion
Oblique head
bases of 2nd-4th
metatarsal bone;
transverse head
from plantar
ligaments
Base of 5th
metatarsal bone
Adjacent sides of
metatarsal bones
Medial tendon:
medial side of
base of proximal
phalanx of big
toe;
Lateral tendon:
lateral side of
base of proximal
phalanx of big toe
Lateral side of
base of proximal
phalanx of big toe
Medial plantar
nerve
Flexes metatarsophalangeal
joint of big toe; supports
medial longitudinal arch
Deep branch
lateral plantar
nerve
Flexes metatarsophalangeal
joint of big toe; holds
together metatarsal bones
Lateral side of
base of proximal
phalanx of little
toe
Lateral plantar
nerve
Flexes metatarsophalangeal
joint of little toe
Dorsal extensor
expansion;
Lateral plantar
nerve
Abduction of toes; flexes
metatarsophalangeal joints;
Plantar (3)
Peroneus longus
Tibialis posterior
tendon
Bases of proximal
extends interphalangeal
phalanges:
joints
1st: medial side of
2nd toe
2nd-4th: lateral
sides of 2nd-4th
toes
Inferior surface
Medial side of
Lateral plantar
Adduction of toes; flexes
of 3rd-5th
bases of proximal
nerve
metatarsophalangeal joints;
metatarsal bone
phalanges of
extends interphalangeal
lateral 3 toes
joints
See MUSCLES OF THE LATERAL FASCIAL COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG
See MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR FASCIAL COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG
Muscles of the Dorsum of the Foot
MUSCLE
Extensor
digitorum brevis
ORIGIN
Anterior part of
upper surface of
the calcaneum;
inferior extensor
retinaculum
INSERTION
By 4 tendons:
Proximal phalanx
of big toe;
Long extensor
tendons: 2nd-4th
toes
NERVE SUPPLY
Deep peroneal
nerve
ACTION
Extends toes
