SECTION 206: EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL FOR CULVERTS AND MINOR

STRUCTURES
206.1 DESCRIPTION
This Work consists of excavating, placing and compacting select backfill, and disposing
of material related to construction of box and pipe Culverts, storm drains, cattle guards, and
other drainage Structures. Excavation includes dewatering, pumping, bailing, draining,
sheeting, bracing, and Incidentals required for proper execution of the Work. Ditches required
at Culvert inlets and outlets, and other locations indicated in the Plans are included under the
item for Unclassified Excavation.
206.2 MATERIALS
206.2.1 Select Backfill
Select backfill Material is composed of stone, crushed stone, crushed or screened gravel,
caliche, sand, or a combination of these Materials; and must be free of organic matter, silt,
clay balls, lumps or stones (2-inch diameter or greater), and other Deleterious Materials.
Provide Materials that are in accordance with AASHTO soil classifications A-1 or A-2-4as
determined by AASHTO M 145, unless otherwise specified in the Contract. Do not use
Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as select backfill Materials.
206.2.2 Flowable Fill
The Contractor may substitute flowable fill for select backfill in accordance with
Section 516, Flowable Fill, at no additional cost to the Department. Secure Culverts and
minor Structures to prevent flotation.
206.2.3 Bedding
Bedding Material is composed of loose sand or sandy soil meeting the gradation
requirements of Table 206.2.3:1, Sand Bedding. The Material shall be non-plastic.
Table 206.2.3:1
Sand Bedding
Standard Sieve Percent Passing
3/8 inch 100%
No. 4 95% - 100%
No. 16 50% 85%
No. 30 25% 60%
No. 50 5% - 30%
No.100 0% - 10%
206.3 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
206.3.1 General
Remove unstable foundation material below the specified bottom-of-structure elevation
and replace with approved Material, as directed by the Project Manager. Use backfill Material
to backfill Culverts in accordance with Section 206.2.1, Select Backfill, or Section 206.2.2,
Flowable Fill, unless otherwise shown on the Plans. Ensure the moisture content of the soil,
at the time of compaction, is not greater than or five percent (5%) less than the optimum level.
Compact the top six (6) inches of existing ground to at least 95% of maximum density in
accordance with AASHTO T 180 (Modified Proctor), Method D (TTCP Modified). Maintain the
density, approved surface elevation, and shape of the foundation immediately before placing
Structures and forms. Distribute backfill Material in uniform layers, each no more than eight
(8) inches deep (loose measurement), and compact to 95% of maximum density at optimum
moisture to optimum moisture +/- three percent (3%) in accordance with AASHTO T 180
(Modified Proctor), Method D (TTCP Modified) and AASHTO T 224. Test for field density and
moisture content using nuclear methods in accordance with AASHTO T 310. Before placing
Section 206: Excavation and Backfill for Culverts and Minor Structures Page 109
backfill Material against new masonry or concrete Structures, wait until the concrete has
developed its specified design strength as determined in Section 510.3.5.1, Concrete
Strength. Maintain Structure alignment and integrity during backfill compaction. Do not place
backfill on frozen earth or with frozen Materials. Suspend operations until Material is thawed
and dried so that the moisture content meets requirements above. Remove sheeting and
bracing before placing backfill.
The Project Manager may reduce the density requirement if the deflections for pipe
exceed the manufacturers tolerances.
206.3.2 Pipe Culverts, Storm Drains, and Structural Plate Pipe
Remove rock and other unyielding foundation material a minimum of four (4) inches
(maximum 12 inches) below the bottom of the Structure. Backfill this added depth with an
approved Material as identified in the Contract. Excavate trenches wide enough to allow for
pipe joining and compaction of the bedding and backfill Material under and around the pipe in
accordance with Section 206.3.1, Construction Requirements, General. Ensure that the
trench width for pipes and Culverts conforms to the trench widths requirements in Section
570.3.2. Uniformly compact the trench for its full length and width. If specified in the Plans,
provide the longitudinal camber of the specified magnitude for cross drains.
206.3.3 Box Culverts and Other Drainage Structures
Excavate material to the elevations established by the Contract Plans. Do not remove
material, except unstable material, below the final grade, if placing footings on excavated
surfaces other than rock. Remove rock and other unyielding foundation material a maximum
12 inches below the bottom of the Structure. Clean rock seams and cavities, and fill with
concrete or grout. Use concrete (of the same class as the footing) to backfill areas outside the
neat lines or below the final grade of the footing bottom, at no additional cost to the
Department. Notify the Project Manager after each footing excavation. Do not place footings
until the Project Manager approves the excavation depth and the foundation material.
Maintain the density and the approved surface elevation and shape of the foundation before
installing reinforcing steel.
206.4 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT
The Project Manager will measure the in-place quantity of Unstable Material Excavation
below the bottom-of-structure elevation.
206.5 BASIS OF PAYMENT
Pay Item Pay Unit
Unstable Material Excavation Cubic Yard
The Department will pay for rock excavation in accordance with Section 203,
Excavation, Borrow, and Embankment.
206.5.1 Work Included in Payment
Excavation, disposal of unstable material, backfill and select backfill material, placement
and compaction of select backfill for Culverts, storm drains, other drainage Structures, box
Culverts, and minor Structures shall be included in the Contract unit price per linear foot of
Culvert. Excavation shall include all dewatering, pumping, bailing, draining, sheeting, bracing,
and Incidentals required for proper execution of the Work. Select backfill shall include the use
of Section 516, Flowable Fill. Backfilling with concrete of the same class as the footings
where the Contractor excavates below the established final elevation for bottom of footings or
beyond the neat lines of the footings in rock or other hard foundation material shall be included
in the Contract unit price per linear foot of Culvert. Unrippable rock or unyielding material will
be defined and paid for as covered in Section 203, Excavation, Borrow, and Embankment.
Section 207: Subgrade Preparation Page 110
SECTION 207: SUBGRADE PREPARATION
207.1 DESCRIPTION
This Work consists of compacting and finishing the Subgrade.
207.2 MATERIALSReserved
207.3 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Maximum dry density of all soil types encountered or used will be determined in
accordance with AASHTO T 180 (Modified Proctor), Method D (TTCP Modified) and AASHTO
T 224.
Ensure the top two (2) ft of the finished Subgrade contains material with the design Rvalue.
For Subgrade material not meeting design R-value, perform subexcavation in
accordance with section 203.3.6.
Compact the top six (6) inches of the Roadbed to 95% of maximum density.
Ensure the soil moisture content (at the time of compaction) is from optimum to optimum
minus five percent (5%). For soils with a PI of 15 or greater, ensure the moisture content of
the soil at the time of compaction is from optimum moisture to optimum moisture plus four
percent (4%).
Conduct field density tests at locations according to Minimum Testing Requirements, in
accordance with AASHTO T 310, or by other Department-approved methods.
207.3.1 Tolerances
Ensure the top surface of the finished Subgrade is within 0.10 ft of the Plan Subgrade
elevation. The Department will measure tolerances on the finished surface at right angles to
the centerline.
207.4 METHOD OF MEASUREMENTReserved
207.5 BASIS OF PAYMENT
Pay Item Pay Unit
Subgrade Preparation Square Yard
207.5.1 Work Included in Payment
No payment will be made for rehandling or reworking material to meet moisture and
density requirements.
Section 208: Linear Grading Page 111
SECTION 208: LINEAR GRADING
208.1 DESCRIPTION
This Work consists of constructing, or restoring and shaping Roadbeds and side ditches
to the specified grade and typical section.
208.2 MATERIALSReserved
208.3 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
208.3.1 General
Use a motor grader to move existing material in the Roadway Prism to bring the existing
Roadbed surfaces to grade and section. Material haul of more than 200 ft is not required.
Use Material that is free of Deleterious Material and frozen lumps for constructing or reshaping
the Roadbed.
208.3.2 Compaction
Compact the top six (6) inches of the Roadbed to 95% of maximum density per AASHTO
T180 Method D (TTCP Modified).
208.3.3 Tolerance
The horizontal distance, for a typical section, from the Roadbed centerline to the
completed edge of the Shoulder shall not differ by more than six (6) inches from the dimension
shown on the Plans.
208.4 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT
The Project Manager will measure Linear Grading along the Roadbed centerline.
208.5 BASIS OF PAYMENT
Pay Item Pay Unit
Linear Grading Mile
Section 209: Blading and Reshaping Page 112
SECTION 209: BLADING AND RESHAPING
209.1 DESCRIPTION
This Work consists of restoring existing Roadbed to the specified grade and typical
section.
209.2 MATERIALSReserved
209.3 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Bring the surface of the existing Roadbed to the specified grade with approved Materials.
Reshape Shoulders to the specified width.
209.3.1 Compaction
Perform the following to the top six (6) inches of the Roadbed, after restoring the grade
and typical section:
1. Scarify the surface;
2. Water, when required;
3. Compact to 95% of maximum density per AASHTO T180 Method D (TTCP
Modified);
4. Smooth and finish the Roadbed to a uniform grade and typical section.
209.4 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT
The Department will measure Blading and Reshaping along the Roadbed centerline.
209.5 BASIS OF PAYMENT
Pay Item Pay Unit
Blading and Reshaping Mile
Section 210: Excavation and Backfill for Major Structures Page 113