.
Review Article International Ayurvedic Medical Journal ISSN:2320 5091
REVIEW ARTICLE ON VARAHIKANDA
Ashalatha M1, Lalitha B R2, Prathibha S Babshet3
1
Professor and HOD; 2Professor; 3PG Scholar;
Department of Dravyaguna, Government Ayurveda Medical College, Bengaluru,
Karnataka, India
ABSTRACT
Traditional medicine forms an integral part of health care system in many countries.
According to WHO statistics, about 25% of the medicines are derived from plants. 80% peo-
ple still depend upon traditional system of medicine. The practice of traditional medicines is
based on hundreds of years of belief and observation, which originated much before the de-
velopment of the modern medicine. The knowledge of traditional medicine throws light on
the discovery of new and potent medicine. Systematic documentation is lacking for many
medicinal plants in India. Varahikanda (Dioscorea bulbifera L.) possesses profound thera-
peutical potency, belongs to the family Dioscoreaceae which includes 9 genera and 220 spe-
cies which are distributed in tropical and warm temperate regions. It is attributed with
Vrushya (Aphrodisiac), Balya (Strength promoting), Rasayana (Rejuvinative) karmas. This
review highlights on all the classical references of Varahikanda.
Keywords: Dioscorea bulbifera, Dioscoreaceae, Vrushya, Balya, Rasayana
INTRODUCTION
Plants are one of the main sources Interest in Ayurveda, has increased
of medicine since time immemorial. Ayur- substantially in both developed and devel-
veda the science of life emphasizes on use oping countries over the past two decades.
of plants and strongly envisages that each Plants have been used as medicine exten-
and every dravya in the universe possesses sively. Its diverse healing modalities for
medicinal property. Utilization of natures millennia for anything from external to in-
wealth for prevention and cure of diseases ternal infections, mental and emotional im-
plays a big role in human civilization, with balances have increased the demand of
a dependency of large number of human plant based products.
population on herbs, particularly in devel- With onset of scientific research in
oping countries. The amazing journey of herbals, it is becoming clearer that the me-
Ayurveda from its divine origin to the pre- dicinal herbs have a potential in todays
sent day has left us wondering about the synthetic era, as number of medicines are
enormous potential this science possesses. becoming resistant. 60% of synthetic medi-
Its successful existence itself proves the cines owe their origin to plants. Ancient
value and the unique basic principles re- knowledge coupled with scientific princi-
main eternal. ples can come to the forefront and provide
us with powerful remedies to eradicate the
diseases. One such less explored drug is
Varahikanda (Dioscorea bulbifera Linn.)
Ashalatha et al: Mreview Article On Varahikanda
which possesses profound therapeutical called as Vaarahi and Gristika. Acharya
potency attributed with Vrushya (Aphrodis- Sushruta in Nivratasantapiya rasayana
iac), Balya (strength promoting), Rasayana adhyaya, includes Varahi among the ash-
(Rejuvinative) karmas. Diosgenin obtained tadasha somasamaveerya aushadha and de-
from Dioscorea species is one of the major scribed it as a tuber having the capacity to
sources for the commercial production of regenerate and looks like a black snake.
corticosteroids and steroidal contracep- Acharya Vagbhata has mentioned Pin-
tives. This plant is found in Western ghats, daaluka in Annaswarupavijnaniya adhyaya
Nort -Eastern region and Indo Burma re- where Arunadatta in his commentary men-
gion. It is cultivated in all the states in In- tions Pindaalu as Varahikanda. Vaktraalu,
dia and the major yam producing states are Shabarakanda, Mulakamulabha, Twak-
Kerala, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Ta- chadha are the synonyms.
milnadu, Assam, Rajasthan, Gujarat and NIGHANTU KALA4, 5, 6, 7
Maharashtra. Nighantus like Dhanvatari, Shoda-
la, Hridayadeepika, Madanapala, Ra-
CLASSICAL REVIEW OF VARAHI- janighantu and Kaiyadeva have mentioned
KANDA Varahikanda. Author of Siddhamantra
The word varaa means sasya (plant) and placed Varahi in kaphavatagna pittala var-
aahanti is that which destroys whatever ga. Kaiyadeva describes the tuber of Var-
comes in its way. Varaha is an animal ahikanda as that which is similar to the tes-
which destroys the plants in its way. tes of the pig in shape and possesses leaves
kanda means tuber. like taambula patra. Bhavaprakasha
Varahakanda is the tuber which is liked by Nighantu has mentioned Varahikanda as
the pigs. prathinidhidravya of Ruddhi and Vruddhi.
SAMHITA KALA: 1, 2, 3 The shape of the kanda resembles the head
Acharya Charaka in the context of of the pig .It is also called by the name
Unmada (psychological disorder) Chikitsa, Charmakaraluka and Gristika. Varahikan-
mentions Shukari as one of the ingredients dadi varga has been mentioned in Nighantu
of Mahapaishacha Ghrita and Chakrapani Adarsha.
commenting on this says Shukari is Var-
GANA/VARGA1-3, 4-13, 16-20
ahikanda. Acharya Sushruta has included
Table 1: Showing the classification of
Varahakanda in kanda varga and explains
Varahikanda according to various au-
the qualities of Varahakanda. Dalhana
thors.
commenting on this says Varahakanda is
famous by the name Bakaluka. It is also
Samhitas Gana /Varga
Sushruta samhita Kanda varga
Nighantu Varga
Dhanwantari Nighantu Karaveeradi
Shabdhachandrika Vrakshadhi
Shodala Nighantu Karaveeradi , Aamradi
Madhava dravyaguna Shakha
www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 3; Issue 9; September- 2015
Ashalatha et al: Mreview Article On Varahikanda
Siddhamantra Kaphavataghna -Pittala
Hrudayadeepika Nighantu Dvipaadi
Madanapala Nighantu Abhayadi
Raja Nighantu Moolakadi
Kaiyadeva Nighantu Oushadhi
Bhavaprakasha Nighantu Guduchyadi
Saraswati Nighantu Ulapa
Rajavallabha Nighantu Madhyanika paricheda
Saligrama nighantu Shakha
Nighantu adarsha Vaarahikandadi
Priya Nighantu Pippalyadi
Dravyaguna Samgraha Shakha varga
PARYAYA PADAANI: Badara: That which gives strength.
Gristi: It cures various diseases. It pos- Vruddhida: That which helps in de-
sesses madhura, sheeta properties. velopment of the tissues.
Potri: The shape of the tuber resembles Sukandaka: Tubers are beautiful
the face of the pig. Vishvaksenakanta: It is liked by Lord
Shukarakanda: The tuber is liked and Vishnu
eaten by the pig. VERNACULAR NAMES 14, 15
Shukari: Hairy tuber resembles that of Table 2: Showing Vernacular names of
hairy pig. Varahikanda.
Assam Katalu
Bengali Chupri alu
Bombay Chaina,Chopri alu, Khaumphal, Myoukphal, Safed kauphal
English Common yam, Humped yam, Water yam, Winged yam
Hindi Chupri alu, Khamalu
Kannada Tung-genasu
Konkani Kongadde
Malayalam Kachil-kilangu, Kaavathu
Sanskrit Vaarahikanda, Pindalu
Tamil Kayavalli, Perumvalli kizangu
Telugu Gunapendalamu, Pendalamu
Uriya Jhonka alu
5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 18, 19, 20
RASAPANCHAKA
Table 3: Showing Rasa panchaka of Varahikanda according to different authors
www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 3; Issue 9; September- 2015
Ashalatha et al: Mreview Article On Varahikanda
Rasa(Taste)
B.N D.N. K.N. R.N P.N Mp.N So.N Sa.N
Tikta(bitter) + + + + + + _ +
Katu(pungent) _ + + + _ + + +
Madhura(sweet) + _ + _ + + _ _
Veerya(Potency)
D.N M.D
Sheeta(cold) + -
Ushna(hot) - +
Vipaka(Taste at the end of digestion)
B.N D.N. K.N. R.N Mp.N M.D D.S
So.N
Katu(pungent) + + + _ _ + + +
DOSHAKARMA 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18.
Table 4: Showing Doshakarma of Varahikanda according to different authors
B.N D.N K.N R.N R.V Mp.N S.M M.D Sa.N
Vatahara + _ + _ _ + + _ _
Pittakara + _ + _ + _ + + +
Pittahara _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ _
Kaphahara + + + + + + + +
VARIETIES OF VARAHIKANDA5 Aaluka has been mentioned in Charaka
According to Kaiyadeva nighantu types of Samhita as well as Sushruta Samhita.
varahikanda are Acharya Charaka has told Aluka as
1. Shabarakanda ahitatama among the kanda and Acharya
2. Kharakanda Sushruta has mentioned aluka in kanda
3. Snukchadopama varga and has given 6 varieties of Aluka.
4. Kiri Both the commentators of Charaka and
5. Mulakamulabha Sushruta Samhitas have given limited in-
6. Shoukara formation regarding the morphological de-
7. Vadavaanala scriptions about these varieties.
SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERA- Acharya P.V. Sharma has correlated the
TION7 varieties mentioned in Sushruta and Ra-
Vrinda madhava mentions Charmakaralu- janighantu with different species of Di-
ka as substitute for Varahikanda. oscorea.
CONTROVERSY24, 25 Table 5: Showing Different types of
The controversy of Varahi might have Aluka according to Sushruta24,25
started with the word Aaluka. The word
TYPES-SUSHRUTA DESCRIPTION BOTANICAL SOURCE
Madhvaluka Romasha, Madhura Dioscorea esculenta
Pindaluka Familiar by the name aluka -
www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 3; Issue 9; September- 2015
Ashalatha et al: Mreview Article On Varahikanda
Kastaluka Different shaped tubers Dioscorea alata
Locally called as Katalu
Hastyaluka Similar to Kastaluka but the tu- Dioscorea hispida.
bers are bigger in size
Shankaluka Tubers are white in colour. Dioscorea glabra.
Raktaluka Tubers are red in colour. Dioscorea bulbifera.
Table 6: Showing Different types of Aluka according to Rajanighantu24,25
TYPES- DESCRIPTION ACC.TO ACHARYA BOTANICAL
RAJANIGHANTU P.V. SHARMA SOURCE
Mukhalu Mahakanda Hastyaluka Dioscorea hispida.
of Sushruta
Shubhralu Shuklakanda Shankhaluka Dioscorea glabra.
of Sushruta
Kaasalu - Dioscorea puber
Neelalu Neelavarna Dioscorea prazeri
Paniyalu Jaleeya pradesha - -
Phondalu Jaleeya pradesha - -
But Varahi is clearly described by IDENTITY OF DIFFERENT SPECIES
the commentator of Chakradatta in the OF DIOSCOREA15
context of Narasimha Choorna. The de- The confusion regarding the identity and
scription is as follows, nomenclature of the Indian species particu-
The creeper of Varahi has leaves similar to larly the cultivated species of Dioscorea
betel-leaves (taambula patra sadrashah). has been largerly resolved by the work of
Many bulbils are present on its stem. It has Prain and Burkill. These authors have clas-
flowers like Sarja and Arjuna. Shape of the sified the genus into 2 broad divisions.
tubers resemble the head of Varaha and the 1. Stem twining to the right
tubers are covered with hairs. Tubers have Dioscorea alata
bitter and pungent tastes. They are aro- Dioscorea glabra
matic like Lotus. The vines are found in the Dioscorea oppositifolia
forests and mountains. As per Dr. Bapalal 2. Stem twining to the left
Vaidya there should not be any controversy Dioscorea esculenta
in identifying Dioscorea species. Di- Dioscorea bulbifera
oscorea bulbifera, Dioscorea pentaphylla Dioscorea pentaphylla
either of the two should be fixed as Var- Dioscorea hispida
ahikanda.
Dr. V.G Desai has given Tacca aspera
Roxb as Varahikanda.
www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 3; Issue 9; September- 2015
Ashalatha et al: Mreview Article On Varahikanda
Fig 1: DIOSCOREA BULBIFERA
Fig2: DIOSCOREA ALATA
Fig 3: DIOSCOREA GLABRA
www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 3; Issue 9; September- 2015
Ashalatha et al: Mreview Article On Varahikanda
Fig 4: DIOSCOREA HISPIDA
Fig 5: DIOSCOREA ESCULENTA
Fig 6: DIOSCOREA PENTAPHYLLA
KARMAS 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 19
Table 7: Showing Karmas of Varahikanda according to different authors
Karmas (Action) B.N D.N K.N R.N P.N Mp.N So.N Sa.N
Ayushya _ _ _ _ _ _ _ +
Ayu vivardhana + _ + _ _ _ _ _
Agni vivardhini + _ + _ _ _ _ +
Balya + + + + _ + + +
www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 3; Issue 9; September- 2015
Ashalatha et al: Mreview Article On Varahikanda
Balavardhini + _ _ _ + _ _ _
Deepani _ _ _ _ + _ _ _
Hrudhya _ + _ _ _ _ _ _
Jeevaniya _ _ _ _ + _ _ _
Rasayana + + + + + _ + _
Shukrala + _ + _ _ + _ +
Svarya + _ + _ _ _ _ _
Varnya _ _ + _ _ _ _ _
Vrushya _ _ _ + + _ + _
RASAPANCHAKA, KARMA, ROGHAGHNATA 9
Table 8: Showing Rasapanchaka, Karma, Roghaghnata of Different Varieties of Aluka
Types of Aluka Rasapanchaka Karma Rogaghnata
Mukhaalu Madhura Pittanashaka Daha
Sheeta Vatakara Shosha
Ruchivardhaka Trishna
Pindaalu Madhura Santarpana Mutrakrichra
Sheeta Vrushya Daha
Guru Shosha
Prameha
Kasaalu Swadu Deepana Vatashleshma Amaya
Arochaka
Phondalu Katu Shleshmaghna -
Ushna Vataghna
Deepana
Paniyalu - Tridoshahara -
Santarpanam param
Neelalu Madhura Pittahara Shrama
Sheeta Daha
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND FOLKCLORE USES14, 15, 26, 27
Table 9: Showing Chemical constituents and Folkclore uses of Different Sources of Var-
ahikanda,
Botanical source Chemical constituents Folkclore Uses
Dioscorea bulbifera Furanoid norditerpenes The dried and powdered tubers are
Diosbulbins A,G used as application to sores and
Volatile acids given internally with little cumin
Cal.Oxalate and sugar in milk as a remedy for
Phenolics syphilis, piles and dysentery.
Powder made into bolus with but-
ter is given to check diarrhea.
Roasted tubers made into balls
www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 3; Issue 9; September- 2015
Ashalatha et al: Mreview Article On Varahikanda
with ghee and sugar candy are a
reputed remedy for piles.
Bulbils cure typhoid in children.
Root powder is used as a compo-
nent of local medicine for tubercu-
losis.
Dioscorea alata Tubers contain Tubers are antihelmenthic.
Phenolics cyanidin- 3 glu- Paste of tubers is applied on
coside, wounds, leprosy, gonorrhea, piles.
3 anthocyanins,
Cyanidin-3-gentiobioside
ferulate
Peonidin 3- gentiobioside
Alkaloid- dioscorine,
Saponin- diosgenin
Dioscorea esculenta Albuminoids Mature tubers are boiled and eaten
Free from Dioscorine to increase body weight.
Dioscorea hispida Alkaloids Paste of the tuber is applied on
Steroidal Sapogenins affected parts to treat peeling of
skin.
Dioscorea pentaphylla Steroidal sapogenins Used in stomach ache, constipa-
tion, indigestion, abdominal pain,
dysentery, cough, cold, skin
wounds, boils.
Decoction of tuber is given to an-
imals for early recovery of frac-
tured bones.
AMAYIKA PRAYOGA 2, 22 cated in stree roga and Asthi roga.
Varahi choorna mixed with taila is ap- (S.Y.)
plied externally in naadi vrana (S.Chi) Varahyadi Ghrita along with sugar and
Varahikanda choorna along with honey given internally relieves yoni ro-
madhu is consumed internally every ga. (S.Y)
day for one month followed with Varahyadi ghrita used for bastikarma in
ksheera and shaali bhojana, acts as ra- yoni rogas ( S.Y)
sayana.(S.U) IMPORTANT YOGAS1, 2, 21, 22
Varahikanda siddha ghrita with- Table 10: Showing Yogas of Varahikan-
Draksha, Masha, Ashwagandha, da
Kadaliphala and Vamsalochana is indi-
Yoga Adhikara/ References Indications
Prakarana
www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 3; Issue 9; September- 2015
Ashalatha et al: Mreview Article On Varahikanda
Mahapaishacha Ghrita Unmada C.S Buddhi smritikaram, Unmada
Varahi choornam Rasayana S.S Rasayana
Kushadhya Ghritam Ashmari C.D Pittaja ashmari
Narasimha Choorna Vrushya C.D Vali, Palita, Khalitya, Meha, Pandu,
Udara, Arshas, Grudrasi,
Bhagandara, Mutrakrichra, Kusta,
Shvasa, Kasa,
Panchanimba Choorna Kusta C.D Shataru,Visphota, Paama, Kilasa
Bhagandara, Naadivrana, Shlipada,
Prameha, Pradara, Damstra visha,
Udara
Varahyadi Choornam Choorna S.Y Kamala
Varahyadi Ghrita Ghrita S.Y Stree roga , Asthi roga
Varahyadi Ghrita (2) Ghrita S.Y Yoni roga
Vastyamayantaka ghri- Ghrita S.Y Mutrakrichra, Ashmari, Vastiroga,
ta Prameha
PART USED23 properties. Hence finds its utility in im-
Kanda (Tuber) portant formulations like Narasimha
POSOLOGY23 choorna, Vastiamayantaka ghrita,
Churna (Powder) 3- 6 gm Panchanimba choorna Mahapais-
TRADE AND COMMERCE15 chacha ghrita etc.
Industrial uses of Dioscorea species Morphologically the Dioscorea species
includes starch, poultry, livestock are differentiated on the basis of the
feed and production of yam flour. stem twining towards right or left. They
It contains steroidal sapogenins, dios- are also differentiated depending on the
genin which is the precussor for the morphology of leaf, structure and col-
synthesis of the steroidal hormones our of the bulbils. Even in the classical
used in contraceptive drugs. references the varieties of Aluka are dif-
DISCUSSION ferentiaded on the basis of the colour
References regarding Varahikanda are and shape of the tubers. Thus the corre-
found in Brihatrayee and authors of lation of Dioscorea species to different
various Nighantus have described it in Aluka bheda is substantiated.
different Vargas. The controversy regarding Varahi and
Balya, Vrushya, Shukrala karmas different Alukas mentioned in Sushruta
which are attributed to Ruddhi and Samhita has been resolved. Aluka
Vruddhi are also ascribed to Varahi- bhedas can be corelated with the the
kanda thus signifying the efficacy of Dioscorea species.
Varahikanda as a substitute for Ruddhi Dioscorea bulbifera is the accepted
and Vrudhhi. source for Varahikanda.
Varahikanda has been indicated in All the Aluka bhedas have madhura ra-
Kusta (skin diseases), Krimi (worms), sa and sheeta guna except Phondalu
Prameha (diabetes) rogas and is known which is katu and ushna in nature. Due
for its Balya, Shukrala and Rasayana to its madhura rasa and sheeta veerya it
www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 3; Issue 9; September- 2015
Ashalatha et al: Mreview Article On Varahikanda
is used in disorders like daha, trishna Further study to explore the traditional-
mutrakrichra etc. The karmas like ly claimed unexplored activities has to
vrushya(aphrodisiac),santarpana (nour- be carried out.
ishing), deepana (appetizer) attributed Steps for identification and isolation of
to Aluka resembles to that of Varahi- active constituents should be developed
kanda. Phondalu which has katu rasa to confirm exact mechanism of action.
and ushna veerya has vatashelshmahara Researches to involve the other species
(pacifies vata and kapha) and deepana of Dioscorea as food and medicine
properties. Varahikanda is indicated should be carried out.
by most of the authors in Prameha and REFERENCES
it is one of the indications where 1. Agnivesa, Charaka Samhita, Revised
Pindaluka can be used thus suggesting by Charaka and Drdhabala, Commen-
the substitution of Aluka bhedas for tary by Pt.Kasinath Sastri and
Varahikanda. Dr.Gorakhanatha Chaturvedi, Re-print
Diosgenin is a pharmacological active 2004, Varanasi, Chaukhamba Bharati
component obtained from root and rhi- Academy, Tpg-738.
zomes of all Dioscorea species and is 2. Sushrutha, Sushrutha Samhita, with
present in varying concentrations. Nibandhasangraha commentary of
Dioscorea species, the source of Var- Dalhanacharya and Nyayachandrika
ahikanda is of economic importance as panjika of Gayadasacharya on Ni-
tuberous crops and known for its high danasthana, Edited by Jadavji Trikamji
carbohydrate reserve. The tuber not on- Acharya and Narayan Ram Acharya,
ly stores food but has many of the plant re-print 2012, Varanasi, Chaukhambha
secondary metabolites. It is one of the Surbharati Prakashan, Tpg-824.
medicinally potent plants used in varied 3. Vagbhata, Astanga Hrdaya, with
pharmacological activities like antihy- commentaries of Arunadatta and
pertensive, androgenic, estrogenic, Hemadri, Edited by Pt.Hari Sadasiva
bone protective, immune stimulatory, Sastri, Re-print 2011, Varanasi, Chau-
free radical scavenging etc. The medic- khambha Surbharati Prakashan, Tpg-
inal value of the plant lies in the bioac- 956.
tive phytochemical constituents respon- 4. Vaidyaacharya Keshava, Siddhaman-
sible for the pharmacological activities. tra, Commented by Prakasha, Edited
Based on morphology, chemical con- by P.V.Sharma,First edition 1977, Va-
stituents and actions the other species ranasi, Chaukhamba Amarabharathi
of Dioscorea like D. alata, D. esculen- Prakashan, Tpg-113.
ta, D.hispida, D. pentaphylla, can be 5. Acharya Kaiyadeva, Kaiyadeva
substituted to Dioscorea bulbifera Nighantu (Pathyapathya Vibhodhaka),
which is the accepted source for Var- edited by Prof.Priya Vrat Sharma,
ahikanda. Dr.Guru Prasada Sharma, First edition
1979, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Orien-
CONCLUSION talia, Tpg- 696.
Varahikanda is a promising plant 6. Sri Bhavamisra, Bhavaprakasha
which has a wide range of chemical Nighantu, Commentary by
constituents. Prof.K.C.Chunekar, Edited by
www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 3; Issue 9; September- 2015
Ashalatha et al: Mreview Article On Varahikanda
Dr.G.S.Pandey, Revised edition- 2010, NISCAIR Press,
Varanasi, Chaukhambha Bharati Acad- 16. Madhava, Madhava Dravyaguna, ed-
emy,Tpg-960 ited by P.V. Sharma, First edition 1973,
7. Vaidya Bapalal.G., Nighantu Adar- Varanasi, Chowkambha Publications,
sha, Volume I, Re-print 2007, Varana- TPg 124.
si, Choukhambha Bharati Academy, 17. Vopadeva, Hrdaya dipaka nighantu,
Tpg-919. Commented by Prakasa, Edited by
8. Pt.Tripathi Hariprasad, Dhanwantari Prof.P.V.Sharma, First edition 1977,
Nighantu, with Hari hindi commen- Varanasi, Chaukhamba Amarabharathi
tary, Re-print 2008, Varanasi, Prakashan, Tpg-44.
Chowkhambha Krishnadas Academy, 18. Shaligrama, Shaligrama Nighantu,
Tpg-294. Edition 2007, Mumbai Khemraj
9. Pandit Narahari, Rajanighantu, writ- Shrikrishnadas Printers and Publishers.
ten by Dr.Indradev Tripathi, edited 19. Sharma Priya Vrat, Priya Nighantu
with Dravyagunaprakasha hindi com- along with the authors Hindi commen-
mentary, Revised edition 2010, Vara- tary entitled Padma, Edition 2004, Va-
nasi, Chowkhambha Krishnadas Acad- ranasi ; Chaukhamba Surabharathi Pra-
emy, Tpg-703. kashana, Tpg 275.
10. Chakrapanidatta Shabda Chanrika 20. Chakrapanidatta, Dravyaguna San-
edited by Prof .P.V.Sharma, Indian In- graha, Commented by Shivadas Sen,
stitute Of History Of Medicine, Tpg edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji
108 Acharya, Edition 2006, Varanasi,
11. Nrupa Madanapala, Madanapala Chowkambha Publications, Tpg-224
nighantu, edited by Gangavishnu 21. Chakradatta, Edited and Translated
srikrishnadasa,printed in 1961,Tpg-296 by Priya Vrat Sharma, Second Edition
12. Acharya Shodhala, Shodhala 1998, Varanasi, Chukhambha publica-
Nighantu, Commented by tions, Tpg-731.
Prof.Gyanendra pandey, Edited by 22. Dr.Nisteshwar K, Dr.Vidyanath R.,
Prof. R.R. Dwivedi, First edition 2009, Sahasrayogam, Second edition-2008,
Varanasi, Chowkhambha Krishnadas Varanasi, Chowkambha Publications,
Academy, Tpg-538. Tpg-540
13. niimh.nic.in/ebooks/e-Nighantu/ E- 23. Sharma Priya Vrat, Dravyaguna
nighantu , Saraswathi Nighantu, Ra- Vijnana,Volume II, Re-print 2011, Va-
javallabha Nighantu ranasi, Chaukhambha Bharati Acade-
14. Kirtikar.K.R. and Basu.B.D., Indian my, Tpg-832.
Medicinal plants with Illustrations, 24. Sharma Priya Vrat, Dravyaguna
Revised by E.Blatter, J.F.Caius and Vijnana,Volume V, Re-print 2011, Va-
K.S.Mhaskar, Second edition 2001, ranasi, Chaukhambha Bharati Acade-
Oriental Enterprises, Tpg- 1724 my, Tpg-438.
15. Wealth of India, Raw Materials, by 25. Vaidya Bapalal, Some controversial
National institute of Science Commu- drugs in Indian medicine, Re-print
nication and Information Resources, 2014, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Orien-
Council of Scientific and Industrial Re- talia, Tpg-571.
search, Reprinted 2005, New Delhi, 26. Yoganarasimha, Medicinal plants of
www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 3; Issue 9; September- 2015
Ashalatha et al: Mreview Article On Varahikanda
India, Volume I, Bangalore, Interline
publishers, Tpg-644.
27. Barnali Dutta, Food and medicinal val-
ues of certain species of Dioscorea with
special reference to Assam. Journal Of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemis-
try.2015;3(4)15-18
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Dr. Prathibha S. Babshet
Email: [email protected]
Source of support: Nil
Conflict of interest: None Declared
www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 3; Issue 9; September- 2015
