SUN SPOTS AND WEATHER By W. T. FOSTER Hetil Reader: —Soag pa tc es fe cannehtly ancl Wa Suck Barts Se i lnencebadn.acf irate 849822 PAPER No. 4 PUBLISHED BY FOSTER’S WEATHER BUREAU 1625! North Capitol Street Washington, D.C. SACRED SCIENCE LIBRARY ELP-9 WWW.SACREDSCIENCE.COMTus EDITION © 2003 SACRED SCIENCE LIBRARY EMAIL: [email protected] WWwW.SACREDSCIENCE.COM IN USA 800-756-6141 THIS EDITION PRINTED BY BOOKS-WORK. EMAIL: [email protected] WWW.BOOKS-WORK.COMEXPLANATIONS On opposite page (3) are charted forecasts and the record of the Wolfer stin spot numbers divided by 31.5. The line of connected cireles is the fore- east and the broken line of squares is the record of reduced sun spot num- hers as they occurred for the 165 years—1749 to 1913, inclusive. “The chart is divided into five sections, thirty-four years in each, the years at the top of each section. Rach section of the chart is divided horizontally into six each representing five of the reduced sun spot numbers, ‘Nhe tines separating these sub-sections are numbered from naught at bottom : each chart section to thirty at top, and enough of the lines have printed numbers at the sides to indicate the sun spot numbers in each horizontal space. The two lines of figures at top of each chart section indicate whether ihe forecast was good or bad. ‘Phe figure 1 means that the forecast was zood, the igtre % that it is to be counted balf good and the naught that is wai. ‘Lop dine of these figures is for above or below normal and the vottem Tine for rising and falling in sun spot numbers. Of these there are lie first section of the chart 61 good forecasts, in second section 61 good, third section 68 good, fourth 61.5 good, and fifth 54 good, making 301.5 good ‘orecasts. The number of good forecasts is to be divided by the mumber of recasts, S015 > 32091 per cent good and 3.667 bad! In these veritiea- ions the Prof. UL Tf, Clayton rules were used, except that if the forecast sities thyoe of the record it is counted good. Those rules will be arnished free on application. The treble, horizontal line thru middle of each section is the normal ine, or rather the middle of the vertical range of the sun spot numbers. The efforts in the forecasts are to indicate when the spots or spot numbers vill be greatest, least, increase and decrease and their actual number; also then the spot ammbers will be greater or Jess than 15, the normal. ‘Mhese esults will approximately indicate the variations in terrestrial magnetism, ny the tnffer must be worked out from its own records, Tjast f © years ithe chart is a real forecast of sun spot numbers. The other work may be “Med experimental forecasts. Al numbers are plus untess marked minus ad are all in tenths except second Wolfer sun spot numbers and Jupiter's thle,Sun Spot Forecasts Demonstrated. xP LANATIONS _|_ ce Forecast Line. SEE CAUAG ea IIA sASAS IGS Se o+dS | a4 iSUN SPOTS AND WEATHER This seems to be an opportune time to publish a long-entertained theory in reference to sun spots, a theory developed from many hypotheses during the past forty years thru at least 25,000 experiments in which the sun spot records for 165 years and the weather temperature records of abont 100 places, covering fram 60 to 100 years, were used. Among scientists the impression is general that, in some way, a relation exists between sun spots, terrestrial magnetism and our weather, and this seems to warrant a thorough investigation of the whole sun spot problem. In this investigation ( will divide the subject into three sections, as follow I, Nature of sun spots. tl. Causes of, and how to forecast, the time and heliographic places of sun spots. Il. ¢ 3 of the so-called 1.t-year sun spot cycle and a system of forecasting the Wolfer sun spot numbers. Aiter many experiments with various hypotheses | adopted the follow- ing theories: ‘he sun spot variations that average about 1.1 years have more than one cause, Regarding the planets ay magnets and in accord with well-known Jaws of clectro-magnetism, when the planets are nearest the Sun the cloud clements of the Sun expand and cover the sun spots. Rapid motion increases electro-magnetic forces, and when the planets are approaching, or receding from, the Sun with greatest velocities the sun spots are increased in size and number. An electro-magnetic force is thrown off from a rotating planet over its equator, disturbing the Sun or another phinet that may come juto that plane. Phe eccentricities of Neptune, Marth and Venus being very small, they are negligible asbto sun spots. ‘The plane of Jupiter’s equator always being near the Sun, that feature may be left out. Therefore, the principal causes of the sun spot eleven-year cycle is found in perihelions, aphelions, greatest velocities toward and fram the Sun, of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus, and in the equinoxes of Saturn, Sudden changes of relative positions the principal causes of increased electro-magnetic forces. ‘“Chese cause sannot take effect immediately on the Sun, but are seen longer after than beture the dates of the causes. re 8 This paper will deal only with third section mentioned on a previous page, as that irregular variation in sun spot numbers must be accounted for before we can proceed to investigate tle other features of the problem. This variation in sun spot nun.bers seemed to be a hiwless feature. ‘he equinoxes and conjunctions of the planets. were appealed to. ‘Mhe rather popular idea that our Sun is a veritable star was carefully considered. It 4was evident that if the planets have anything 10 do with sun spots the heliocentric positions of the planets—their locations in their orbits as they revolve around the Sun—would have te be considered. T concluded to use the perihelions of the planets as starting points because the astronomical records are complete for those dates, If the motion of the planets, toward and away from the Sun, has any eect on sim spots the heliocentric longitudes, the methad adopted, would bring it out, and same may be said in reference to the relations of the planets to the plane of the Sun's equator, their nearest approaches to the Sun's magnetic poles and as to the planetary equinoxes, The Wolfer annual sun spot numbers and the planets Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus were selected for the experimental tests. | selected seven cycles of Jupiter, six of Saturn and two of Uranus. ‘I could have used more cycles of Jupiter, but concluded it would be best to use only those perihelions of that planet which fell near the middle of the year. The stn ‘spot record would give onty one cycle of Neptune and | left it out. Mars, arth, Venus and Mereury can be used only for mouthly sun spot nmnbers. If the three planets selected should give indications of affecting sun spots that evidence would claim recagnition and discrepancies might be ‘accounted for from the fact that only three of the eight planets are used in these forecast experiments. 1 hape the work in the following pages may he thoroughly understood, 1 will be glad to further explain to any investigator, and all such are invited to the office of Foster's Weather Bureau, where the astronomical, sun spot, and wea ather records used in my work are open to all who may call. METHODS OF FORECASTING RULE I.—-Divide the original Wolfer annual sun spot numbers by 3 reducing them to a range of 30, and the results will constitute the second Wolfer sun spot numbers. RULE II.—From this new set of sun spot numbers take out seven cycles of sun spots to correspond with Jupiter's cycle of revolution around the Sun, and covering twelve years, so arranged that Jupiter's aphelion dates will be at th st date of cach of the seven Jupiter cycles and Jupiter’s | perihelion dates, in dark faced figures, near the middle of each Jupiter | cycle. Add the figures representing tLe sun spots of these seven cycles and standing in twelve vertical columns; divide the sums of each by seven. ‘These results will constitute the Jupiter sun spot line for twelve years, and these are to be used in experimenting with Jupiter and in forceasting Jupiter's spot numbers. RULE NL—Deduct Jupiter's sun spot fine from the seeond Wolter sin spot numbers and the remainders will con: titute the third line of Wolfer sun spot numbers, Care should be taken with the decimals and the use of the minus sign where the remainders are minus. RULE IV.~Take out six lines of these third tine Wolfer sun spot mienbers to correspond with the six cycles: af Saturn, arranging them as in Rule HL for Jupiter, dividing the totals by .and the results wil! constitute Saturn's sun spot tine, to be used in experiments and forecasts, 5RULE V.-- Deduet Saturn's sun spot line from third line of Wolfer sun snot numbers and the remainders will constitute the fourth tine of Woller sun spot numbers, RULE VI.—Take out two cycles from this fourth line to correspond with the cycles of Uranus; add the two lines, divide the totals by two, and the results will constitute the sun spot line of Uranus, which is to be used for experiments and forecasting. RULE VII.—Copy Jupiter's sun spot line a sufficient number of times «cover the 170 years, placing the perihelion of the line on the year 1750 to start with, which is the first perihelion of Jupiter used in these caleulations. After copying that line for 1749 to 1756, move the spot line of Jupiter to the aw. su that the perihelion numbers of Jupiter's spot line will be under 762, which is the second perihelion of Jupiter used. Repeat this for W774, 1785, 77, 1809, 1821, 1843, 1845, 1856, 1868, 1850, 1892, 1904, 1916, and you will have the forecast line of Jupiter for (749 to 1918 Follow the same rule in copying the sun spot Tine of Saturn for the 170 years, using the perihelions of Saturn for the years 1765, 1797, 1826, 1856, 1883 and 1915. Also copy the spot numbers of Uranus for the same 170 years, using the perihe- lions of Uranus that occur 1799 and w8s3, Where there is an overlap add . divide hy two. the ime y RULE. VIII.—Add the three lines of Jupiter's, Satarn’s and Uranus’ sun spots and divide the sums by nine, which will reduce the range to thirty, this being the range to which the Wolfer numbers were reduced and as copied onto the chart. The range of the spots is found by deducting the lowest spot numbers from the highest. It is assumed that the charted sun spot record being in whole nunsbers and the forecasts being in tenths does not change their relations. JUPITER'S SUN SPOT TABLE. Jupiter's cycle is 11.86 years and the sun spots to correspond with this token out of the second Wolfer sun spot whole nunihers, for seven jupiter cycles as heRiw, See Rule El. 1785 —16 13 7 o4 02 05 16 26 a3 7 Is WF 12 ” so. 3 1 1 t 7 ” 8 x09 — 9 8 5 2 2 0 0 0 2 ; a Inzi -- 9 8 6 5 3 1 t 0 3 7 1w Isso — 3 2 2 1 t 6 Ut 12 tg i) 3 In2 — 3 1 t 1 7 14 16 1s 8 3 > 1104 — 2 = 1 0 4 10 16 2 1 16 14 7 430 30 7 92 BT 61 7 78 74 GF we ot 45 2 at 5S STINT LN 106 6 so The bottom line of Jupiter's sun spot table above is called Jupiter's sun spot line and is in tenths; balance of table is in whole numbers. Next move is to deduct Jupiter's sun spot line about fourteen times front the second Wolfer sun spot numbers. See Rule fll. ‘then proceed as in Rules 1V, V and VJ, as helow.1768 36 1797 16 1826 —Wi 1356 7 1885 109 tts 8S Add & Add & -- 6 1768 177 Add& +6= 35 Voars.c cee cece eee Woller S$ Jupiter's Line Saturn's: Line NCAES Cee eee eee eee Wolfer S. 8. Jupiter’s Line Saturn's Line deducted Now take np Rule sand the results will he SUN SPOT TABLE OF is = 28 Add & a Woo on Is ot Add & +2= 32 We Wz ISN33 6 Add & -1.2= wT 5 deducted deducted SATURN'S —i6 —0 —tt —3 Ho 68 -—4 —1 4 ua eH 9 16 KG 16 Ht 16 at 19 4 5} 6 W Ine We ab 46, su 7m ot a2 12 30 a3 Al sa 8 500 --18 49 Si a SUN —19 —26 i“ ST 16 ve SPOT TABLE. 29 57 96 153001390184 13 19 17 33 83 «129 —47 tt 83 T% ws 119 4 60 7 51 138 1139 43-77 —7 —26 un 43 —45 —47 a 4 —10 —47 ag 87 «123 —1 wom 40 14d val 4 11 my 164104 G —2t 17 9 —26 —46 67 0) Ww 67 50 19 09 10 qv 16 4 6s a 30 aay WF 26. — found as below. URANUS. 13967 3 ma 4b 48 260 —1 4 Bt eH —u 7 ss 5 6 Ota Nz 0G 41 36 wo 976 84 oF —we td 4400 41 44 ws 69 —87 gL 33 a) 15 a moo 4 4 6 4 2 4k ob —2 on —ih 10 3 m4 7 := -—-8 —124 —122 —sO —iH —234 12 20° —21 = oe 39 0 5 —30 —T74 Add & a-2== —28-- 43 —46 —3R —12 —Hn Vi 0 st —fl —72 —Wwe 121 —99 —6s8 ISN == | Ik —88 —ih —4Hti5 Add & + 2= Ls ! Wr im oo 00-40 —88 ISS = —6 3 AQ « Add 3-252 --33 -8 2 I 16-85 82-4 > 1799 168 53 oH 4 4 iG 35 62 sss —2 132 50) 1% 1G s2 It sl Add & =. 2= 7 & 4 44 in st ws 1% 18 im = 85 66 8 ts&3 = Tl SAN a —- —- = ' Add & 2 7 4 —12 —- REDUCED WOLFER SUN SPOTS. ~ Veate cece cece ee ene eens , 17470 dy BD a a2 Wolfer S. S. = 51.5 22 2a 3 3 » Q G Jupiter’s Line deducted Vit 2660 1D 97 3 17 —5! Saturn's Line deducted ao 100 ay TS Ww i ~d Years a6 a7 aN 58 oo 61 Wolfer S.S. -- 30.5 6 9 wo 2 17 Jupiter's Line deducted 17 a ST 16. 109° Saturn’s Line deducted --G -- 19 Tt Yura. occ eee cece ee ee ee 6x oat Wolfer SS. 2 ots as Wd vl jopitci’s Line deducted = Bt Was Saturn's Line deducted = a ad Vours..... seen eeee 76 17 Wolfer SS. = 51.5 4 is Jupiter's Line deducted 7 ou Saturn’s Line deducted = —uH At Years... . B4 Wolfer SS. -- 51.5 ub 7 4 Jupiter's Line deducted oo 27 wo tf Saturn's Ling deducted al a of 7 Years... = xo oa 1 ou Wolfer S. 8. 5 51.5 Baty VV ti tz 0 Jupiter's Line deducted 124 a at 43 2u Saturn's Line deducted AT S 1 26 31 Veurs.. coe eee ee eee eee Wolfer S. S.-b at.4 = 4 Jupiter's Line deducted = 16 Saturo's Line deducted = 16 —7 2 —24 tt Is stVOUS. ccc eee eee ee eee | 18OB oF 05 06 Woller SS. S. +1 51.5 Jupiter’s Line deducted Saturn’s Line deducted Fee geee esse ssaaes Istt = 0 Jupiter’s Line deducted = —107 Saturn’s line deducted —121 Yours eee ce cece eee 1St9 2 —61 72 102 a3 19 Ww —2) 41 ON 5 a Jupiter's Line deducted 26 Saturn’s Line deducted = —40 —32 —60 Vears.. cece cece eee eee 1827 2s 20 Woller SS. #565 = Jupiter's Line deducted Saturn's Line deducted Years 1835 36 7 Wolfer S$. S. +: 31.5 24° Qt Jupiter's Line deducted 29 HE Saturn's Line deducted = 62 4 VOArs oc. cece ee eee eee eee IS433 44 45 Woller B.S = 2 3 s Jupite ine deducted —41 1 27 Satura’s Line dedacted == I4 3 8 Vears ccc cece cece cece eee 1851 52 a Wolfer S. 8.05 ats 3 Mt s Jupiter's Line dedneted rT] 49 BT Saturn’s fine deducted = 24 at BH Years... ccc cece eee eee 1859 GO wt Wolfer S. 8. 41.5 19 Jupiter’s Line deducted st Si t's Line deducted = 10 Years...... yee ven euee se 3 os ao SIS J ne deducted Saturn’s Line deducted Wolfer S.S. NHS 55s caee aw eeeenee: Wolfer S. 8. + 51.5 = dupite Hine deducted Saturn's Jine deducted = —100 Ver S SS 86 87 8S 9 0 Woller S28. 3 12 1) Jupite fine deducted ! Saturn's Line deducted == ao 30 3Voars. 0... eee eee eee 1ST 2 93 oe 95 % 7 as Wolfer S. 5. 31.3 7 14 16 13 34 8 3 5 Jupiter's Line deducted 39 37 73 45 9 —26 —46 —39 Saturn's Line deducted = 24 56 74 5 —38 —i6 —03 ~54 Years........ teceeeeeeeee 1808 19 01 az 1% OF 05 06 Wolfer S. S. + 51.5 2 2 1 0 4 10 16 8d Jupiter's Line deducted ~3s7 —31 —33 —24 9 7 73-103 Saturn's Line deducted —i wy 13) 6 25 38 31 43 SUN SPOT FORECASTS. Years.........0...5.. 1749 5007 BT Jupiter's Forecast = BL 53 87 17 Saturn’s Forecast = 30 19 13 19 Uranus’ Forecast = 3 mw —19 —13 Totals + 9 = 12 & 8 83 Charted Forecasts == 2 a 9 9 Vears...........200. 9° 60) 61 #2 3S 64 6366 Jupiter's Forecast 4500-2481 3 84 10 121 106 Satnrn’s Forecast Go Wi 6668 Wz Uranus’ Forecast = 5 6 Woo4 14 5 Totals 3-9 = 5108 109 NS 128 GS 109 114 73 49 Charted Forecasts = 12 2 1 15 n 122004215 8 5 Vears...c eee eee 1767 68M HT Okt TAOS Jupiter's Forecast = 96 so Ww 1 43 24 31 52 S7 Saturn's Forecast = —16 -1 MW 27 4 400 SS 1 Uranus’ Forecast = 7 a2 39 iat) NG mW —2t —16 —25 Totals 4-9 S? 140 377 167-120 33 52 63 Charted Forecasts 10 «1600 HED. 3 4 6 7 Vears....ccecec eee. 197 7 Jupiter's Forecast VW. Saturn's Forecast 23 Uranus’ Forecast ut Totals + 9 ms 173 Charted Forceasts == wo VOars ccc e eee ee ee 1785 S86 ST SY 90 91 92 93 Jupiter's Forecast 58 wrod 6 $9 a7 Saturn's Forecast —16 #200 «Gy 31 WT Uranus’ Forecast 26 Wt 96 -3 —10 —33 —33 Totals + 9 = 63 2S) 2N 267 7 S056 Charted Forecasts = 7 280 fone M7 ” 6 3Years.......0.00008 : Jupiter's Forecast Saturn's Forecast Uranus’ Forecast Totals + 9 Charted Forecasts Jupiter's Forecast Saturn's Forecast Uranus’ Forecast Totals + 9 Charted Forecasts Years.... Jup‘ter’s Fore. ast Saturn’s Forecast Vranas’ Forecast Tetals +9 Charted Forecasts Japiter’s Forecast Saturn’s Forecast Uranus’ Forecast Totals + 9 Cherted Forecasts Years. Jupiter's Forecast Saturn's Forecast Urauns’ Forecast Totals + 9 Charted Forecasts Years Jupiter's Fo: Saturn's : Uranus’ For.cast itals <= 0 Charted Forerasts Yours piter’s Forecast urn's Furec Uranus’ Forecast Totals + 9 Charted Forecasts 1794 3 96 aT see 06 UG os 44 24 sl 33 st 107 23 67 a) 19 13 V4 —32 —24 13 1 —44 —99 55 33 u oo oT a4 G3 338 31 6 4 1 7 10 $ 6 3 IBhk 13 14 sa 1 Ww 1s 19 20 A) G1 4 2400 ly 60 pay 6S al S35 =-BO —-35 —-3 -2 i a 28 3 83 eL ST 82 ow 2 2 3 6 oY WwW 10 9 7 1821 22 23 mM 23 26 20 2h Qo ST 17 The 108 £6 so TF 61 —2 —19 —30 —16 ~-1 11 ar a 5-18 —23 —22 —14 5 3 T 5 = 35 69 53 wy 16 100° 10300111 110 = 6 > 7 7 8 i li 12 32 1570 nQ ass 350-30 BTS = 13 ssl 3300 st WUT 5 j 4h Ws 1 —! 2s Gr = 3 4D OL 13 —19 16 1306 85 ONG PL 1t ji 10 Y ii a 22 OG 10 WlYears................ 1857 62 59 15 67 17k 19 Jupiter's Forecast == St 107 Saturn's Forecast = 11 27 Uranus’ Forecast = —24 —16 Totals + 9 — t 118 Charted Forecasts = 8 13 Years................ 1866 67 Jupiter’s Forecast = 24 31 Saturn’s Forecast = 67 50 Uranus’ Forecast = —24 —20 Totals + 9 = 67 61 Charted Forecasts = 7 7 Years..c. cece cece eee 1875 76 Jupiter’s Forecast = 7 61 Saturn’s Forecast = 42 60 Uranus’ Forecast = —40 —5 Totals + 9 = vo 83 Charted Forecasts = 9 9 Years..........00- 1884 85 Jupiter's Forecast Saturn’s Forecast Uranus’ Forecast Totals + 9 = 44 37 Charted Forecasts = 5 6 Weurs .oscci5.2. sacs. 1893 94 Jupiter's Forecast 87 107 Saturn’s Forecast = —1 28 Cree ne ck me so 17 Uranus’ Forecast 1 —44 Totals + 9 = St 1 Charted Forecasts = 10 10 Years...0....0....... 1902 3 Jupiter's Forecast = 24 31 Saturn's Forecast = —18 —16 Uranus’ Forecast == --53 —S Totals + 9 _= —27 ? Cirarted Forecasts == —3 1 Years......ce ee cee eee 1911 12 Jupiter's Forecast = wd 61 Saturn's Forecast —2 —19 Uranus’ Forecast = 3 7 Totals +9 = 18 49 Charted Forecasts = 9 5 et saL ENS Git Vt 12