ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT

TIMELINE ART & CRAFT TO ART DECO

ART & CRAFTS

ART NOUVEAU DADAISM ART DECO

1939-45
1907

1910

1914

1917

1929
1915
1860

1890

1920
THE GREAT
DEPRESSION
WW I DE STIJL WW II
CONSTRUCTIVISM
FUTURISM/
POST IMPRESSIONISM
CUBISM
 EFFECTS

Money

Alienation

Prototypes
INDUSTRIALIZATION

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imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMjMwMDA5NzEwOF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwMzgwNDg3OA@@._V1_SY317_CR5,0,214,317_.jpg
[ONLINE]
 RESPONSE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION

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Individual expression

Vernacular

Use of local materials

improvement of commercial design always remained as serious a goal as the

restoration of craftsmanship. Groups of leading designers not only set up craft societies
but independent commercial companies as well
 SOCIAL REFORM OF THE ART MOVEMENT

Change in Working condition

Belief in restorative power of craftsmanship

Simple life

Art as a way of life

The Arts and Crafts philosophy was influenced by Ruskin's social criticism,
which sought to relate the moral and social health of a nation to the
qualities of its architecture and design. Ruskin thought machinery was to
blame for many social ills and that a healthy society depended on skilled
and creative workers.

The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849) and trilogy The Stones of

Venice (1851-53) emphasized nature, art and society, and attacked division
of labor and industrial capitalism
 SOCIAL REFORM OF THE ART MOVEMENT

Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society

Founded by small group of English philosophers, artists and architects which laid the
foundation of the Movement

The Society exhibited at New Gallery in London (October-November 1888), displaying

tapestries, wallpapers, tiles, stained glass and other decorative arts.

turn our artists into craftsmen and craftsmen into artists.- Societys Motto as Walter
Crane wrote in the Exhibition catalog
 WILLIAM MORRIS (1834 1896)

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Influenced by

Writings of John
Ruskin
Founder of Society for
the Protection of
Ancient Buildings
(1877)
Wallpaper designer by Morris
WILLIAM MORRIS TRELLIS

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 Morris wanted a modern home which would nevertheless be very
medieval in spirit'.

Architect - Philip Webb (completed 1860)

WILLIAM MORRIS - RED HOUSE

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 WILLIAM MORRIS - RED HOUSE

Image Source: www.khanacademy.org [ONLINE]

William Morris and Philip Webb, kitchen hutch in Red House
 WILLIAM MORRIS - RED HOUSE

Image Source: www.myartprints.co.uk [ONLINE]

Philip Webb - Plans for the Red House
Architect - Philip Webb
WILLIAM MORRIS - RED HOUSE

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 WILLIAM MORRIS CHURCH INTERIORS

Image Source: www.flickr.com [ONLINE]

Great Brington Church - the Spencer Chapel
 C R ASHBEE (1863 1942)

Image Source: http://www.utopia-britannica.org.uk/Assets/Ashbee.jpg [ONLINE]

Influenced by

Socialism of William
Morris (Established
Guild and School of
Handicraft in 1888, in
the slums
of Whitechapel)

Works of John Ruskin

 C R ASHBEE SILVER MOUNTED DECANTER

Image Source: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3113/3168776759_c1702917e5.jpg [ONLINE]

W R LETHABY (1857 - 1931)

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Influenced by

His Father, craftsman

and preacher of art

Society for the

Protection of Ancient
Buildings
 W R LETHABY - BUILDING AT COLMORE ROW

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PHILIP WEBB (1857 - 1931)

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Architect of the first Arts and
Crafts Building The Red House
House at West Sussex, England.
PHILIP WEBB - STANDEN

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ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT & ART NOUVEAU

Changing cities: Brussles, Barcelona, Turin & Milan

New Urban building typologies- Shopping arcades, housing, railway stations,
bridges & factories.

Rough Timeline

Arts and Crafts Movement 1860s 1910s

Art Nouveau 1890s-1910s

Art Deco 1920s 1930s

 ART NOUVEAU cole des Beaux-Arts
Image Source: patrimoine-de-france.com [ONLINE]

Founded in Paris in 1671 (which provided virtually the only organized system
of architectural education at the beginning of the 19th century)
Remained one of the most influential School of thought, introducing art,
history, theory and architecture under a unified syllabi
ART NOUVEAU BELGIUM, FRANCE, SCOTLAND & ENGLAND

Victor Horta (1861-1947) Maison Tassel (1892-93), Brussles

Van Eetvelde House (1895-98), Brussles
Hotel Solvay (1894-1900), Brussles

Hector Guimard (1867-1942) Castle Beranger (1894-99), Paris

Metro station entrances (1900), Paris
Maison Coiliot (1898-1900), Lille

Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868-1928) Glasgow School of Art

(1906-10), Glasgow
Windyhill House (1899-1901), Kilmaclm
Hill House (1902-03), Helensburg
ART NOUVEAU at BELGIUM VICTOR HORTA

Image Source: whc.unesco.org [ONLINE]

Maison Tassel (1892-93), Brussles
 Image Source: www.panoramio.com [ONLINE]

ART NOUVEAU at BELGIUM VICTOR HORTA

Van Eetvelde House (1895-98), Brussles

Image Source: www.panoramio.com [ONLINE]

 ART NOUVEAU at FRANCE HECTOR GUIMARD
Image Source: wolfsonianfiulibrary.wordpress.com [ONLINE]

Castle Beranger (1894-99), Paris

 ART NOUVEAU at FRANCE HECTOR GUIMARD
Image Source: commons.wikimedia.org [ONLINE]

Castle Beranger (1894-99), Paris

 ART NOUVEAU at FRANCE HECTOR GUIMARD
Image Source: www.greatbuildings.com [ONLINE]

Castle Beranger (1894-99), Paris

 ART NOUVEAU at FRANCE HECTOR GUIMARD
Image Source: newyorkarts.net [ONLINE]

Ecole du Sacr Coeur (1894-99), Paris

 ART NOUVEAU at FRANCE HECTOR GUIMARD
Image Source:www.flickr.com [ONLINE]

Composition in masonry and iron, inspiration from Viollet-le-Ducs

Entretiens sur lArchitecture (1860)
 ART NOUVEAU at FRANCE HECTOR GUIMARD
Image Source: parisadele.com [ONLINE]

Metro station entrances (1900), Paris

 Image Source: www.decorartsnow.com [ONLINE]

Metro station entrances (1900), Paris

ART NOUVEAU at FRANCE HECTOR GUIMARD

Image Source: vi.sualize.us [ONLINE]

 ART NOUVEAU at SCOTLAND MACKINTOSH
Image Source: www.bbc.co.uk [ONLINE]

Glasgow School of Art (1906-10), Glasgow

 ART NOUVEAU at SCOTLAND MACKINTOSH
Image Source: worldarchitecture.org [ONLINE]

Glasgow School of Art (1906-10), Glasgow

 Image Source: www.studyblue.com [ONLINE] Image Source: http://www.ottowagner.com [ONLINE]

Glasgow School of Art (1906-10), Glasgow

ART NOUVEAU at SCOTLAND MACKINTOSH

Image Source: www.victorianweb.org [ONLINE]

ART NOUVEAU GERMANY, AUSTRIA, ITALY & SPAIN

Joseph Maria Olbrich (1867-1908) Sezession (189899), Vienna

Earnst Ludwig Haus, Darmstadt Artists Colony (1899-1901),
Darmstadt

Otto Wagner (1841-1918) Stadtbahn Pavillion (1894-1901), Vienna

The Imperial & Royal Post Office Savings Bank (1904-1912),
Vienna
St. Leopolds Church, Steinhof Asylum (1905-07), Vienna

Antoni Gaudi (1852-1926) Palau Guell (1885-09), Barcelona

Park Guell (1900-14), Barcelona
Casa Mila (1906-10), Barcelona
Sagrada Familia (since 1883), Barcelona
 Image Source: http://www.ottowagner.com/assets/ausstellungen-2/2007/josef-maria-olbrich/olbrich-01.jpg [ONLINE]

ART NOUVEAU at GERMANY OLBRICH

Darmstadt Artists Colony (1899-1901), Darmstadt

 ART NOUVEAU at GERMANY OLBRICH
Image Source: AUTHOR

Sezession (189899), Vienna

 ART NOUVEAU at GERMANY OTTO WAGNER
Image Source: commons.wikimedia.org [ONLINE]

Stadtbahn Pavillion (1894-1901), Vienna

 ART NOUVEAU at SPAIN ANTONI GAUDI
Image Source: www.rentautobus.com [ONLINE]

Palau Guell (1885-09), Barcelona

 ART NOUVEAU at SPAIN ANTONI GAUDI
Image Source: bkninbarcelona.com [ONLINE]

Palau Guell (1885-09), Barcelona

 ART NOUVEAU at SPAIN ANTONI GAUDI
Image Source: www.erdekesvilag.hu [ONLINE]

Park Guell (1900-14), Barcelona

 Image Source: commons.wikimedia.org [ONLINE]

Sagrada Familia (since 1883), Barcelona

ART NOUVEAU at SPAIN ANTONI GAUDI

Image Source: moreaedesign.wordpress.com [ONLINE]

THE GREAT EXHIBITION GOLDEN AGE OF FAIRS

SOME IMPORTANT FAIRS

Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations,
London 1851
Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, New York 1853-54
International Expositions, Paris 1855-1900
U.S. Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia- 1876
Worlds Columbian Exposition, Chicago- 1893
Belgian expositions in Lige- 1905
Franco-British Exhibition, London-1908
Expositions, Brussels- 1910
WORLD FAIRS INDUSTRIAL & CULTURAL EXPOSITIONS

Image Source: www.wired.com

Crystal Palace Exhibition 1851 Sir Joseph Paxton
WORLD FAIRS INDUSTRIAL & CULTURAL EXPOSITIONS
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The Gallery of Machines at the 1889 Universal Exposition, Paris

WORLD FAIRS INDUSTRIAL & CULTURAL EXPOSITIONS
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The Horticultural Hall at the U.S. Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, 1876.

The Universal Exposition of 1889
WORLD FAIRS INDUSTRIAL & CULTURAL EXPOSITIONS

Image Source: The Universal Exposition of 1889. Image Wikimedia Commons [ONLINE]
 WORLD FAIRS INDUSTRIAL & CULTURAL EXPOSITIONS
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Worlds Columbian Exposition (1893 ), Chicago; lithograph by Currier and Ives

Art Nouveau 1900
INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION EXPOSITION UNIVERSELLE

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ART NOUVEAU INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF DECORATIVE ARTS
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German section of Turin Exhibition (1902), designed by Peter Behrens

 ART NOUVEAU INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF DECORATIVE ARTS
Image Source: httwww.19thc-artworldwide.org [ONLINE]

Image Source: www.wolfsonian.org [ONLINE]

Postcard, untraveled, with a color
illustration of the inside of La Maison
Moderne; Turin Exhibition (1902)

Charles Rennie Mackintosh & Margaret Macdonald, Rose Boudoir

(Scottish section); Turin Exhibition (1902)
 INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION EXPOSITION UNIVERSELLE

Image Source: http://miesbcn.com/the-pavilion/ [ONLINE]

Barcelona Pavilion 1929 (Rebuilt 1983)
 INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION EXPOSITION UNIVERSELLE

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Barcelona Pavilion 1929
 WORLD FAIRS INDUSTRIAL & CULTURAL EXPOSITIONS
Image Source: www.wired.com

Travel Building at Century of Progress Exposition (1933-34), Chicago

INFLUENCE ON USA - ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE

The idea that every country should have an architecture that

reflects its own particular history, geography and climate was
central to the Arts and Crafts movement
- Elizabeth Cummings (Cumming, Elizabeth and Kaplan, Wendy, 1991)
ART NOUVEAU (ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE) USA

Louis Sullivan (1856-1924) Auditorium Theater (1889), Chicago

Wainwright Building (1891), Ohio
Federal Savings and Loan Association (1917), Ohio
Prudential (Guaranty) Building (1896), Buffalo
Carson, Pirie, Scott department store (), now School of the Art
Institute of Chicago, Chicago

Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) Midway Gardens (1914), Chicago

Arthur Heurtley House (1902), Chicago
Frederick C. Robie House (1910), Chicago
Rookery Building Lobby (1905), Chicago
ART NOUVEAU in USA GREEN BROTHERS

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David B Gamble House at West Sussex, England, Designed by Charles Summer Greene and
Henry Mather Greene (1908)
ART NOUVEAU in USA GREEN BROTHERS

Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gamble_Porch.jpg [ONLINE]

David B Gamble House at West Sussex, England, Designed by Charles Summer Greene and
Henry Mather Greene (1908)
ART NOUVEAU in USA ADLER & SULLIVAN

Image Source: www.auditoriumtheatre.org [ONLINE]

Auditorium Building of Roosevelt University (and) The Auditorium Theatre (1889), Chicago
 Image Source: http://www.auditoriumtheatre.org/the-national-landmark-building-history/origins-and-stats/ [ONLINE] ART NOUVEAU in USA ADLER & SULLIVAN

Auditorium Building of Roosevelt University (1889), Chicago

ART NOUVEAU in USA ADLER & SULLIVAN

Image Source: buildingchicago.wordpress.com [ONLINE]

Auditorium Building of Roosevelt University (and) The Auditorium Theatre (1889), Chicago
 Image Source: http://www.house-design-coffee.com/art-nouveau-architecture-final.html [ONLINE]

Wainwright Building (1891), St. Louis

ART NOUVEAU in USA SULLIVAN

Image Source: www.archdaily.com [ONLINE]

ART NOUVEAU in USA FL WRIGHT

Image Source: www.panoramio.com [ONLINE]

Millard House, F L Wright (1932)
ART NOUVEAU in USA FL WRIGHT

Image Source: commons.wikimedia.org [ONLINE]

Arthur Heurtley House (1902), Chicago
ART NOUVEAU in USA FL WRIGHT

Image Source: abuildingaday.tumblr.com [ONLINE]

Rookery Building Daniel H. Burnham and John Wellborn Root Frank Lloyd Wright redesigned
lobby (1905)
 ART NOUVEAU in USA FL WRIGHT

Image Source: www.flwright.org [ONLINE]

Image Source: www.pinterest.com [ONLINE]

Image Source: www.pinterest.com [ONLINE]

Rookery Building Daniel H. Burnham and John Wellborn Root Frank Lloyd Wright redesigned
lobby (1905)
Millard House (1932), Pasadena, California
ART NOUVEAU in USA FL WRIGHT

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Millard House (1932), Pasadena, California
ART NOUVEAU in USA FL WRIGHT

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 INSPIRATIONS OF THE STYLE

Image Source: www.steinerag.com [ONLINE]

Original drawing of the Midway Gardens ( 1914), Hyde Park, Chicago
 INSPIRATIONS OF THE STYLE

Image Source: decoarchitecture.tumblr.com [ONLINE]

Midway Gardens (demolished 1929), Hyde Park, Chicago
ART DECO MOVEMENT
 DEVELOPMENT OF THE STYLE

A popular, international art movement during the 1920s and 1930s.

Affected all decorative arts, including architecture, interior design,

industrial design, as well as visual arts such as fashion, painting, graphic
arts, and film.

The name came from the 1925 Exposition international des arts
decoratifs industriels et moderne, held in Paris which celebrated living in
the modern world.
 ARTS

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INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION OF MODERN INDUSTRIAL & DECORATIVE
 INTENT OF ART DECO

"Art Deco's ultimate aim was to end the old conflict between art and

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industry, the old snobbish distinction between artist and artisan, partly by
making artists adept at crafts, but still more by adapting design to the
requirements of mass-production.

- Bevis Hillier
 INSPIRATIONS OF THE STYLE

In terms of built forms, Art Deco buildings took a lot of inspiration from
the stepped form of the Mesopotamian Ziggurates. What majorly
changed was the scale of buildings due to the indulgence of
technology into Architecture.
 INSPIRATIONS OF THE STYLE
Frank Lloyd Wright designed Midway gardens, a sprawling Chicago
entertainment complex that provide the public with handsome space
for numerous activities, including dining dancing and listening music.
This architecture can be seen as one of the precursors for Art Deco

Image Source: www.planetclaire.tv [ONLINE]

Frank Lloyd Wright Midway Gardens
FURNITURES OF ART DECO STYLE

Skyscrapper Furniture

Frank T Paul
 SCULPTURES OF ART DECO STYLE

Aristocrat Discuss Thrower

Ferdinand Priess Demetri Chiparus

 IRON-WORK OF ART DECO STYLE
Grills & Guards

Fin de Siede Floral Patterns Moderne Style Sleek Geometric Lines

 POSTERS OF ART DECO STYLE
Only Form of Communication between Tradesman and The Public
Image Source: www.sportsposterwarehouse.com [ONLINE]

POSTERS OF ART DECO STYLE

Image Source: www.keyword-suggestions.com [ONLINE]

ARCHITECTURE OF ART DECO STYLE
 PRINCIPLE FEATURES OF THE STYLE
Horizontal lines, then later a
transition to Vertical lines
Set-back: upper levels of
buildings set back in stages
from the vertical to allow sun to
reach the sidewalks below - due
to New York City zoning laws in
the early 1900s.
Different use of materials:
combinations of stone, brick,
metals (steel, aluminum,
bronze, etc.), tiles, opaque
glass (Vitrolite), terracotta, etc.
Geometric ornamentation: use
of circles, diamonds, chevrons,
zig-zags, triangles, pyramids,
spirals, octagons, etc.
Rex Movie Theatre, France
 PRINCIPLE FEATURES OF THE STYLE
Frequently used
symbols/motifs: sunbursts;
"frozen fountain reliefs"; plant
& animal life; gears; lightning
bolts; relief sculptures
embodying justice, truth,
knowledge, industry, labor,
man's strength, work ethics,
achievement, commerce and
bounty.
Decorative methods: relief
sculptures (in limestone,
terracotta, metal (iron &
bronze)), painted murals, tile
mosaics, decorative metalwork
(grills, various covers, railings,
door frames), flat-against the-
wall fluted columns if used
Thtre des Champs-lyses, Paris (1913)
AUGUSTE PERRET

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[ONLINE]
Mossehaus, Berlin (1921)
ERICH MENDELSOHN

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 ROCKEFELLER CENTER

RCA or GE Building Rockefeller Center, Manhattan, New York (1929)

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empire_State_Building_from_the_Top_of_the_Rock.jpg [ONLINE]

 ROCKEFELLER CENTER

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empire_State_Building_from_the_Top_of_the_Rock.jpg [ONLINE]

Manhattans Rockefeller center (1931-40)
is a huge commercial precinct whose
somewhat daunting masses of stone are, at
their lower levels, enhanced by a variety of
allegorical sculptures- from polychrome
bass relief to huge gilded figures.

Prominent sculptors from several

countries were engaged to create these
works of art, which included Hilderth
Meieres roundels of drama, dance and
song on the faade of radio city music hall
and, on the international building.

In all a total of 17 buildings were created

around the main Rockefeller building later

Rockefeller Center, Manhattan, New York (1929)

Syracuse, NY (1932)
NIAGARA HUDSON MOHAWK BUILDING - 1932

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 NIAGARA HUDSON MOHAWK BUILDING
The Niagara Hudson Building in Syracuse is
a symbol of the Age of Electricity.
Completed in 1932, the building became
the headquarters for the nations largest
electric utility company and expressed the
technology of electricity through its
modernistic design, material, and
extraordinary program of exterior lighting.
Image Source: www.pinterest.com [ONLINE]
 NIAGARA HUDSON MOHAWK BUILDING

The design elements applied by

architects Melvin L. King and Bley &
Lyman transformed a corporate
office tower into a widely admired

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MohawkNiagraFacade.jpg [ONLINE]

beacon of light and belief in the
future. With its central tower and
figurative winged sculpture
personifying electric lighting, the
powerfully sculpted and decorated
building offered a symbol of
optimism and progress in the context
of the Great Depression.
 WILLIAM VAN ALEN

Chrysler Building, New York (1928)

Image Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysler_Building_spire,_Manhattan,_by_Carol_Highsmith_(LOC_highsm.04444).png
[ONLINE]
 Image Source: http://untappedcities.com/2015/02/19/top-10-secrets-of-the-chrysler-building-in-nyc/5/ [ONLINE]

WILLIAM VAN ALEN

Chrysler Building, New York (1928)

Image Source: pinterest.com [ONLINE]

 WILLIAM VAN ALEN

Image Source: jameshowephotography.com [ONLINE]

Chrysler Building, New York (1928)
Chrysler Building, New York (1928)
WILLIAM VAN ALEN

Image Source: http://www.nytstore.com/assets/images/extralarge/NSAPMI38_EXTR.jpg [ONLINE]

Cloud Clucb, Chrysler Building, New York (1928)
WILLIAM VAN ALEN

Image Source: http://www.decopix.com/art_deco_photo_galleries/the-cloud-club/ [ONLINE]

 Image Source: https://www.instagram.com/p/BInCCx4DcY0/ [ONLINE]

Empire State Building, New York (1929)

WILLIAM LAMB Shreve, Lamb & Harmon Associates

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empire_State_Building_from_the_Top_of_the_Rock.jpg [ONLINE]

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empire_State_Building_from_the_Top_of_the_Rock.jpg [ONLINE]
Robert V. Derrah, LOS ANGELES (1939)
COCA-COLA BUILDING

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 RESURGENCE OF ART DECO STYLE
1. Art Deco in the 1960s
Art Deco was looked upon poorly throughout the 40s and 50s, but saw a resurgence in
the 60s. Similar to the 20s, the mood of the 60s was one of optimism and
hopefulness. The economy was steady, pop culture was flourishing.

2. Art Deco in the 1980s

Revival was seen in this decade.
The 1980s were all about
excess, luxury and status.
The "ME generation came into
existence.
The fashion world's mantra
was 'Bigger, Brighter, Bolder'.

MI6 Headquarters, Vauxhall Cross, London 1988-1993

Terry Farrell

MI6 Headquarters, Vauxhall Cross, London 1988-1993

Image Source: pinterest.com [ONLINE]

MUMBAI SEAFRONT

Marine Drive Queens Necklace road

Image Source: http://imgc.artprintimages.com/images/art-print/alain-evrard-marine-drive-mumbai-india_i-G-38-3823-

1Q3YF00Z.jpg [ONLINE]
 MUMBAI

Image Source: http://img684.imageshack.us/img684/7308/3689049170a538a422c8o.jpg [ONLINE]

Metro Cinema, Mumbai (1938)
THOMAS WHITE & DAVID WILLIAMS

Image Source: http://im.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/27sld03.jpg [ONLINE]

Eros Cinema, Mumbai (1938)
SHORABJI BHEDWAR

Image Source: http://images.travelpod.com/tw_slides/ta00/afb/c22/eros-cinema-churchgate-mumbai-mumbai.jpg [ONLINE]

 Mr. Ridley Abbott & Mr. J. B. Fernandes

Image Source: www.thelibertycinema.com [ONLINE]

Liberty Cinema, Mumbai (1947)
 Mr. Ridley Abbott & Mr. J. B. Fernandes

Image Source: www.thelibertycinema.com [ONLINE]

Liberty Cinema, Marine lines, Mumbai (1947)
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cumming, Elizabeth and Kaplan, Wendy. 1991. The Arts and Crafts Movement. London : Thames
and Hudson, 1991. ISBN 0-500-20248-6.

Watkin, David. 1996. A history of Western Architecture. London : Laurence King, 1996. ISBN
1856690822.

Ramani, Navin, and Laura Cerwinske. 2007. Bombay art deco architecture: a visual journey, 1930-
1953. [New Delhi]: Lustre Press, Roli Books.

Duncan, Alastair. 1988. Art deco. New York, N.Y.: Thames and Hudson.

Vlack, Don, and Ralph Appelbaum. 1974. Art deco architecture in New York, 1920-1940. New York:
Harper & Row.

Ahlstrm, Gran. Technological Development and Industrial Expositions, 1850-1914.Lund: Lund

University Press, 1996.

Smith, Mark Richard, Michael Kwielford, Michael Leber, Ross Miller, Robert C. Twombly, and Aileen
Mandel. 2010. Louis Sullivan: the struggle for American architecture.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/worlds-fair [Accessed 20.08.16]