Mobile Communication Systems

Part 1- Introduction & Principles

Professor Z Ghassemlooy

Faculty of Engineering and

Environment
University of Northumbria
U.K.
http://soe.unn.ac.uk/ocr
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Reading List

- Mobile and Data Communications Systems, D Wong, D Britland, Pub: Artech House
- Mobile Communications, A Jagoda, M DeVillepin, Pub: J. Wiley
- Mobile Information Systems, Editor: J. Walker, Pub: Artech House
- Introduction to Digital Mobile Communications, Y Akaiwa, Pub: J. Wiley
- Mobile Communications, 2nd Ed, J Schiller, ISBN 0-321-12381-6
- Wireless Communications & Networks Stallings
- Mobile Communications Dr. J. Schiller
- 3G Wireless Demystified - Harte
-Introduction to Telecommunications - Anu Gokhale
- Mobile Communication Systems, Parsons J D and Gardiner J G, Blackie USA Halsted
Press
- Mobile Communications Engineering, Lee, William C. Y., McGraw-Hill, Inc.
- Mobile Cellular Telecommunications Systems, Lee, William C. Y., McGraw-Hill, Inc.
-Digital Communications over Fading Channels, S Alouini, J Wiley, 2005
- Optical Wireless Communicatios, Z Ghassemlooy, et al, CRC Press 2012

Websites:
- IEC Online Education
- How Stuff works
- Teracom Training Institute
- Telecom Writing Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Contents

Frequency Band
History Part I
Principles
Transmission Properties
Cellular Concept
Traffic Engineering
Propagation
Modulation
Performance

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Frequency Bands

VHF (30 MHz - 300 MHz)

VHF Mid Band (70 - 87.5 MHz)

VHF High Band (148 - 174 MHz)

UHF (300 MHz - 3 GHz)

UHF Band (403 - 420 MHz)

UHF Band (450 - 520 MHz)
UHF Band 900 MHz (820 - 960 MHz)
UHF Band 1.9 GHz (1880 - 1900 MHz)

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Mobile Services

Private Mobile Radio (PMR) System

Conventional Mobile Radio Systems
Simple two-way radio
Fixed frequency assignment
Generally no privacy
Trunked Mobile Radio Systems
Cellular network architecture
Efficient use of the frequency spectrum
Intelligent radio equipment

Cordless Telephone Systems (e.g. DECT)

Analogue Cellular Phone Systems
Digital Cellular Phone Systems
Personal Communication Systems
Mobile Data Services
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Mobile Communications - History

1934- AM based: 1st Generation Analogue Cellular Systems

USA - For public safety
- 5000 mobiles
- Vehicle ignition noise a major problem

1935 FM based: - Frequency bands:

USA - 800 - 900 MHz and 400 - 500 MHz
Europe - 120 kHz RF bandwidth, channel spacing of 30 kHz
Asia - Data rate 5 - 10 kbps
- No of channels 400 1000, half-duplex
1946- First Generation Public Mobile Telephone Service:
USA - Coverage distance: 50 km, 60 kHz bandwidth
- Single powerful transmitter
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
History - 1st Generation (1G) Systems

1960 Cellular Radio, developed by Bell Labs.

1970 Cellular Mobile System (USA)

1980 First Generation Analogue Cellular Systems

- Advanced Mobile Telephone Systems (AMPS)

- Frequency bands: 800 - 900 MHz and 400 - 500
MHz
- Channel spacing 30 kHz and no of channels 400
1000
- Data rate 5 - 10 kbps
-FM for speech, FSK for signalling, FDM
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
History - 2nd Generation (2G) Systems
(1991-4)
Systems:
- 1991 First Group Special Mobile (GSM) network, Finland
- 1992 Commercial GSM, all major European operators
- 1992 Japanese Digital Cellular (JDC) system
- 1993 GSM1800 system in commercial operation, UK
- 1994 Commercial operation of D-AMPS (IS-54), US
- U.S. Digital Cellular (USDC) and CDMA

Technology: TDMA, TDMA hybrid FDMA

Characteristics:
Digital voice and low speed data
Frequency band @ 900 MHz, RF channel spacing 200 kHz
Modulation: GMSK, DPSK, Fixed frequency assignment
1. NEC Cellstar 500 series (1992)
Speech rate 13 kbps, Speech coding, TDMA 2. Nokia 2110 series (1994)
High security and higher capacity, 3. Nokia 5120 (1998)
Improved speech Quality of service (QoS) 4. Kyocera 2135 (2002)
5. Audiovox CDM8300 (2002)
6. Samsung SCH-A650 (2004)
GSM 1.8 GHz, and 1.9 GHz Circuit switching
USDC 1.9 GHz
Digital Cordless Systems (DCS) 1.8 GHz
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Current - 3rd Generation (3G) Systems
(1995 - )
Support Multimedia Services:
Especially Internet Service, 144kb/s (Outdoor and higher velocity ),
384kb/s(from outdoor to indoor) and 2Mb/s (indoor);
Speech of QoS and other services
Packet switching
First Transitional System: 2 GHz
2000 - 2nd Transitional Systems: 2.5 GHz
2001 - 1st CDMA Network @ 144 k bps
2002- Handover between GSM and WCDMA by Nokia and Vodafone
2003 World's 1st IPv6 over 3G UMTS/WCDMA network, Ericsson
2003 World's 1st CDMA2000 high-speed packet data phone call ( 3.09
Mbps), Nokia
2004, World's 1st Enhanced Datarate for Global Evolution
EDGE-WCDMA 3G packet data handover, Nokia and TeliaSonera
2005, 9 Mbps with WCDMA, HSDPA phase 2, Ericsson
2005, 1.5 Mbps enhanced uplink WCDMA system, Ericsson
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Current - 3G Systems

Are referred to as:

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) in
Europe *
International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT2000)
worldwide.
CDMA 2000 * *The most commom
TD-SCDMA
UMTS will be a mobile communications system that can offer significant user
benefits including high-quality wireless multimedia services to a convergent
network of fixed, cellular and satellite components. It will deliver information
directly to users and provide them with access to new and innovative services
and applications. It will offer mobile personalised communications to the mass
market regardless of location, network and terminal used.
New technologies within the 3G networks enable significantly higher data
transmission speeds than with GSM, GPRS or EDGE.
UMTS Forum 1997

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Current - 4G Systems

the fourth mobile phone generation did not have a

significant market share in 2010 from a global
perspective.
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is known as a new 4G
mobile phone standard,
Higher data speed
Shorter latency
Better energy efficiency
Packet transmission

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Mobile Telephony Standards

Access Company Provides Whats Will Provide

Standard Coming
CDMA / TIA Verizon Voice, Data, 1XEV-DO 300-500 kbps, to
95 PTT, 1xRTT CDMA-2000 2.4 Mbps
TDMA / TIA Cingular / Voice, Data Edge 384 kbps data
136 AT&T
CDMA / PCS Sprint Voice, Data 1XEV-DV to 3.1 Mbps

TDMA / iDEN Nextel Voice, Data, Spectrum Address public

PTT change safety concern
GSM T-Mobile, Voice, Data GPRS, W- 115 kbps data
AT&T CDMA, PTT

Source: IEEE
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Technologies - Multimedia Messaging
Service (MMS)

It send and receives:

Text messages
Graphics and Photos
Audio, video clips
Multimedia
Messaging It supports:
Service Image: GIF, JPEG,
(MMS) Video: MPEG4
Audio: MP3, MIDI

For high transmission speed uses:

- 3G
- GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Mobile Phone Networks

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
UK Mobile (Voice ) Growth

Market forecasts show exponential growth of data traffic,

most of it from indoor users.

approximately 80% of data traffic will come from indoor locations

FUJITSU NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
 UK Mobile Frequency Bands

Most mainstream mobile and fixed mobile operators in the UK make use of
the 700 MHz (TBA for 5G), 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz,
2100 MHz, 2.6 GHz, 3.4 GHz and 3.5 GHz radio spectrum bands.
These frequencies do not strictly have to be technology specific. For
example, 900 MHz use to only be for 2G services but then it was made
available for 3G and operators could eventually even use it for 4G etc.
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Mobile Technology- Applications

Transport
transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB
personal communication using GSM
position and tracking via GPS
local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent
accidents, guidance system, redundancy
vehicle data (e.g., from buses, high-speed trains) can be
transmitted in advance for maintenance
Emergencies
early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current
status, first diagnosis
replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes,
hurricanes, fire etc.
crisis, war, ...

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Mobile Technology- Applications

Business - Traveling salesmen

direct access to customer files stored in a central location
consistent databases for all agents/clients
mobile office
Entertainment, education
outdoor Internet access
intelligent travel guide with up-to-date
location dependent information
ad-hoc networks for multi user games
Healthcare
Health Care Support

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Mobile Communications - Definition

Designed to operate over a very large area with a

limited bandwidth
A cellular mobile comms. system uses a large number
of low-power wireless transmitters (100 W oe less)

Offers larger capacity through cell splitting

Variable power levels allow cells to be sized according
to subscriber density& demand within a particular region
As mobile users travel from cell to cell, their
conversations are handed off between cells
Channels (frequencies) used in one cell can be reused
in another cell some distance away
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Mobile Communications - Principles
Wave propagation mechanism is closely affected by the
wavelengths of the propagating frequency
Uses a separate radio channel to talk to the cell site
Cell site talks to many mobiles at once, using one
channel per mobile

Channels use a pair of frequencies for:

forward link for transmitting from the cell site
reverse link for the cell site to receive calls from the users

Radio energy dissipates over distance, so mobiles must

stay near the base station to maintain communications
Basic structure of mobile networks includes telephone
systems and radio services
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
 Internet Speed
384 Kbps to 20-40Mbps + downstream via the most common 3G (3rd Generation)
based High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) technology
Much faster with the latest 4G based LTE-Advanced (1000 Mbps)
and future 5G (10 Gbps) services.

Best possible theoretical download speeds by mobile standard

Basic GSM (2G) 14.4 Kbps
GPRS (2G) 48 Kbps
EDGE (2G) 236 Kbps
UMTS (3G / IMT-2000) 384 Kbps [64 Kbps upstream]
HSPA (3G / IMT-2000) - 14.4 Mbps [5.8 Mbps upload]
HSPA+ (3G / IMT-2000) 84 Mbps [22M bps upload]
WiMAX 802.16e (3G / IMT-2000) - 128Mbps [56Mbps upload]
LTE (3G / IMT-2000) 100 Mbps [50 Mbps upload]
WiMAX2 802.16m (4G / IMT-Advanced) - 1Gbps
LTE-Advanced (4G / IMT-Advanced) - 1Gbps
5G - 10Gbps
The current UK average download speed is just 6.1Mbps (1.6Mbps upload) for 3G
and rising to 15.1Mbps (12.4Mbps upload) for 4G.
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
 Mobile Communs. - Cellular Spectrum

Phone Transmit
824 825 835 845 846.5 849
A band B band
A band

B band
A band
10 MHz 10 MHz
333 channels 333 channels
30kHz 30kHz
1 MHz 1.5 MHz 2.5 MHz
33 chs 50 chan 83 chs

20 MHz Guard
Base Transmit
869 870 880 890 891.5 894
A band B band
A band

B band
A band
10 MHz 10 MHz
333 channels 333 channels
30kHz 30kHz

1 MHz 1.5 MHz 2.5 MHz

33 chan 50 chs 83 chs
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
 Fixed Wireless Access
Use specific frequencies of the radio spectrum to transmit their signals through the air (radio
waves) and in a similar way to how mobile phone networks operate, doing away with wires.
Most only offer very limited coverage in specific/niche areas (e.g. rural villages), although
their price and performance tends to be good.
Presently there are two primary consumer technology types:
Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) - is a far more domestic technology and can often be found in
home networks, indoor business environments and Hotspots.
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) - has been specifically designed for wider area high-speed
networking and can even extend to Mobile Broadband operators (802.16e - see the
related section linked above).

Common Wireless Standards (Speed in Megabits):

* Wi-Fi 802.11a (up to 2Mbps) - Frequency: 2.4GHz or 5GHz
* Wi-Fi 802.11b (up to 11Mbps) - Frequency: 2.4GHz
* Wi-Fi 802.11g (up to 54Mbps) - Frequency: 2.4GHz
* Wi-Fi 802.11n (up to 600Mbps) - Frequency: 2.4GHz or 5GHz
* Wi-Fi 802.11ac (up to 1700Mbps) - Frequency: 5GHz
* Wi-Fi 802.11ac-2013 (up to 7000Mbps) - Frequency: 5GHz
* Wi-Fi 802.11ad (up to 7000Mbps) - Frequency: 60GHz (short range)
* WiMAX 802.16/d (up to 1Gbps+) - Frequency: 2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, 2.6GHz, 3.5GHz
* 4G TD LTE (up to 1000Mbps+) - Frequency: 3.5GHz, 3.6GHz

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Mobile Comms. - System

Mobile Unit
Mobile Base Station
Mobile Switching Centre

Mobile telecommunications
switching office (MTSO)
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Mobile Comms. - Components

Mobile Base Station (MBS): includes

an antenna
a controller
a number of receivers
Mobile telecommunications switching office (MTSO)
connects calls between mobile units
Channels between mobile unit and MBS
Control channels: to exchange information related to setting up
and maintaining calls
Traffic channels: to carry voice or data connection between
users

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
MTSO Controlled Call between Mobile
Users
Steps:-
Mobile unit initialization
Mobile-originated call
Paging
Call accepted
Ongoing call Functions:-
Handoff Call blocking
Call termination
Call dropping
Calls to/from fixed and remote
mobile subscriber
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Mobile Radio Environment

Propagation Path Loss

Multipath Fading
Frequency-Selective Fading
Doppler Shift
Co-Channel Interference
Adjacent Channel Interference
Man-Made Noise
Urban Environment
Suburban Environment
Rural Environment
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
System Characteristics

Frequency sharing amongst users

Multipath interference environment
Line-of sight coverage (UHF)
High base station antenna (30m)
Low mobile antenna (1.5m - 3m)
Beyond Line-of-sight (VHF)
Long distance (HF)

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Early Mobile Systems

Traditional mobile similar to TV broadcasting

One very powerful transmitter

located at the highest spot
would cover an area with a
radius of up to 50 km

Cellular concept re-structured the mobile telephone

network in a different way:
Using low power transmitters to cover larger area.
E.g. dividing a metropolitan region into 100 different cells
12 channels each
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Digital Cellular- what does it offers?

Best quality compared with analogue system

Improved bandwidth efficiency

- Reduced from 30 kHz to 10 kHz, and then to 5 kHz.
This is achieved via 3-time-slot Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) (i.e. three pairs of people using a 30 kHz radio
channel simultaneously)

Use of micro-cellular technology to accommodate smaller and

smaller cells particularly around the new frequency band
of 2 GHz

Improved frequency reuse

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
 Transmission Types

Simplex

f1 f1
Tx : f1
f2
Rx : f2
f2
f1

Tx : f1
Tx Rx
f2 f1 Rx : f2

Half Duplex
Tx Rx
f1 f1
Tx : f1, Rx : f1
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Transmission Types - Full Duplex

f1 f3
f1 f2 f3 f4
Tx : f1 Tx : f3
Rx : f2 f2 f4 Rx : f4

Tx Rx
Rx Tx

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Transmission - Duplex Operation

f1 f2
Rx
(f1) Antenna

Dup
Tx
M
(f2)
Tx Reception Load
Load
Tx

Antenna Transmission Antenna Rx

Rx
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
 Typical Wide-Area System

Dispatcher
2

Digital
Switch

Dispatcher
1

- Dispatcher: Communicates with the vehicles.

- Communication mode: Half Duplex.
- Mobile-to-mobile communication is possible using a Talk-Through Repeater (half-duplex) or
direct using Simplex mode. Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Mobile Transmission Environment

Deep Radio Shadow + Radio Horizon

Reflection, Refraction and Scattering
Fading
Frequency-Selective
Multipath
Propagation Path Loss (Attenuation)
Doppler Shift
Delay Distortion
Noise and Interference
Urban, Suburban, and Rural Environments
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Transm. Pro. - Deep Radio Shadow

Radio waves at low frequencies can diffract (bend) around object quit
well
In high-frequency wireless communications, wave diffraction does not
take place well, therefore a deep radio shadow occurs on the un-
illuminated side of the obstruction (e.g., building, hill, truck, or even
human being)

shadow

Rx Rx
Tx

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Transm. Env. - Radio Horizon (1/2)

Is 30% farther from the transmitting antenna than the

equivalent visible horizon due to the reduction of the
refraction in the upper atmosphere as compared to that
at ground level.

Beyond radio horizon, the signal strength falls very rapidly

so that in areas well beyond the horizon the same frequency
can be reused without causing interference.

The higher the transmitter antenna, the further away is

its radio horizon.

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Transm. Env. - Radio Horizon (2/2)

The coverage area (not the radius) is approximately

proportional to the antenna heights of both transmitter
and receiver.

With a higher transmitter tower, the far flung horizon

prevents close reuse of the same frequency.
Between the transmitter and horizon, in open, flat
country, the received power reduces approximately
as the inverse fourth power of distance from the
transmitter (as we see later on).

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Transmission Env. contd.

Free space line of sight Tx Rx

Ei

Reflection at large obstacles

Er= Ei, where is the absorption coefficient < 1
Ei

Scattering at small obstacles Er1= Ei

Er2= Ei
Erk= Ei
Er1= Ei
Ei
Er2= Ei

Diffraction at edges
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Transm. Env. Multipath

Dispersion
Distortion

signal at Tx
signal at receiver

Dispersion: signal is dispersed over time, thus interfering with

neighbor symbols --> Inter Symbol Interference
Distortion: signal reaches a receiver directly and phase
shifted:- distorted signal depending on the phases of the
different parts

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Transm. Pro. Multipath Fading

In a multipath propagation environment signal are:

- Generally added to strengthen the received signal
- At some point they subtract from one another, thus causing
fading, (at approximately half wavelength intervals).
- The fade power level is typically 20 dB weaker than the local
average field strength. Fades that are 40 dB weaker are not
uncommon.
- The combination of shadowing and multipath fading results
in a radio field that varies wildly over a short ranges (up to
60 or 70 dB difference between the maximum and minimum
street level value within a 100 m2).
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Transm. Env. - Attenuation

The strength (amplitude) of the signals reduces as it

propagate through the channel. This is called signal
attenuation or loss, which is due to:
Absorption of energy
Scattering of energy
Limits the maximum coverage distance.
Can be overcome by in line amplification.

High frequencies penetrates building fairly well, mostly

through doors, windows, and thin non-metallic roofs.
Typical mean building penetration losses are 10 to 20
dB, but penetration losses as high as 40 dB have been
encountered.
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Transm. Env. - Bandwidth

All real channels have a limited bandwidth.

Not all the frequency components of transmitted signal

will pass through the channel.

At the receiver, exact regeneration of the original signal

becomes quite difficult.

Resulting in the received signal distortion

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Transm. Pro. - Delay Distortion

Critical in complex waveform transmission, such as Digital

Signals, where different frequency components of the
same signal travel at slightly different speeds.

As the propagation link increases, fast components of one

bit (edges) may eventually catch up the proceeding slow
moving components of the bit (flat top). Thus resulting in
distortion.

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Transm. Pro. - Noise & Interference

. Thermal noise
. Amplifier noise
RF
signal
Receiver RF + Noise

. Man made noise

. Inter-modulation: noise from other transmitters at different
frequencies
. Co-channel interference: noise from other transmitter at the same
frequency
. Electromagnetic interference in a vehicle
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Mobile Phones Technology -
Disadvantages
Although the development of mobile phones brought convenient and
advantages to the world. But the disadvantages brought along with
the fast grown technology cannot be ignored. These problems not
only influenced people personally but also the society at large.
Symptoms caused by the radiation of mobile phones are:
headache, earaches, blurring of vision and even causing cancer
Though, these problems are still under research. Mobile phone
users are advice to reduce the usage on mobile phones if it is
possible.
Mobile phone addiction.
Mobile phone addiction is becoming one of the biggest non-drug
addictions in the 21st century in particular among the teenagers.
New models of mobile phones are released almost everyday. In order
to get up-to-date, people tend to change their mobile phones once in
a while. These became habits among the mobile phone users causing
them to spend unnecessary cost on mobile bills and
Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Mobile Phone Technology - Future
Development
Mobile phones are getting more and more sophisticated,
just like computer
The technology is growing everyday with different functions
and usage
From the network system from mobile phones, it is still
developing.
The new 3G system had just been launched not long ago,
4G system expected in 2010. It is expected that the 4G
system will be able to deliver
a much faster speed up to 100Mb per second during connection,
tighter network security
High quality during communication no matter on voice or video calls.
security system, and surveillance on certain items. The 4G system will be
expected to be launched in 2010.

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Mobile Phone Technology - Future
Development

Mobile phone, the piece of communication device

itself is also becoming a multi functioned device.
Smartphones and PDA phones are already
launched in the market.
Mobile phone with computing functions replacing
lap-tops

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Summary

History
Mobile technologies
Principle
Characteristics
Transmission properties

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy
Next Lecture

Cellular Concept

Prof. Z. Ghssemlooy