International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)

ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-4, Issue-2, February 2016

Amelioration in performance of flat plate &

evacuated tube collector using Nanofluid : A review
Jay h Patel, Apurva B Patel, Chintan J Patel, Reetesh J Tagariya

indoor experiment to investigate the thermal performance of

Abstract From past few decades, it has been seen that open thermo syphon using deionized water and CuO/water
elevating consumption of fossil fuel has leads to pollution and nanofluid as working fluid respectively. Result shows that
depletion of ozone.This lead to development of green and optimal filling ratio to the evaporator is 60% and thermal
renewable energy sources.Solar energy is clean source of energy
performance increase with increase in operating temperature.
and despite fact that in just one hour the sun produced enough
energy to power the whole planet for year.But hinder is its low
Evaporating heat transfer coefficient increase by 30% as
collecting efficiency by collector.Nanofluid-suspension of compare to deionized water. Hashim A. Hussian [3] Study
nanoparticle in base fluid.Nanofluid have enhancement in performance of evacuated tube solar collector using
thermo-physical properties this make it fit for application in silver-water and oxide of Zr-water nanofluid. By taking
solar collector. Collector like Flat plate, evacuated tube and nanofluid at concentration (0, 1, 3, 5% vol.) and mass flow
direct absorption solar collector are being studiedand change in rate(30,60,90 lit/hr. m2) they found increase in efficiency is
performance of solar collector and change in characteristic of highest in 5% vol.M. Faizal et al.[4] Study is carried out to
nanofluid has been observed on this collector.It has been design a smaller solar collector that can produce the same
observed that efficiency of solar collector were increased using
desired output temperature. Estimated that 10,239 kg, 8625
nanofluid at different mass flow rates, volume fractions of
nanoparticle and other condition applied.
kg, 8857 kg and 8618 kg total weight for 1000 units of solar
collectors can be saved for CuO, SiO2, TiO2 and Al2O3
nanofluid respectively. The average value of 220 MJ
Index Terms Efficiency, Enhancement, Nanofluid, Solar embodied energy can be saved for each collector, 2.4 years
collector, Thermo-physical properties payback period can be achieved and around170 kg less
CO2.Yousefi et al.[5] Experimentally observe that effect of
I. INTRODUCTION ph. variation(ph. value 3.5,6.5,9.5) on efficiency of flat plate
Today is the time when mankind is reaching its threshold on collector with 0.2wt.% of MWCNT-H2O nanofluid. Result
carbon counting, pollution and Global warming, Creating found that by increasing or decreasing the pH values with
urgency for clean and sustainable source of energy on which respect to the pH of isoelectric point, the positive effect of
people can rely on with no perilous effects on environment. In nanofluid on the efficiency of solar collector is increased.
recent year solar energy had got more attraction than other Xingu Zang et al. [6]experimentally calculated efficiency of
alternative sources because of its unique nature like great evacuated tube collector with or without heat shield. Result
potential, clean, free availability and easy conversion into found that collector efficiency increase with heat shield
various form. This is the reason that solar energy harvesting (54.70%) compare to without heat shield (31.49%).
had grabbed large sector with aim to create it as liable source Zhen-Hua Liu et al. [7] Integration of evacuated tube and
of energy. The point of bother is low efficiency and less heat conn. Parabolic collector and special open thermo syphon
absorption by working fluid. The alternative method of using water based CuO nanofluid as the working fluid is
absorbing more energy from sun rays is by changing designed to provide air with high and moderate temperature.
properties of working fluid. Nanofluid- suspension of Result shows that its maximum air outlet temperature exceeds
undissolved nanoparticle in base fluid. Due to adding 170 C at the air volume rate of 7.6 m3/h in winter. Sujit
nanoparticle, the advancement in thermo-physical properties Kumar Verma et al [9] Studied different research paper based
like Heat transfer coefficient, Thermal conductivity, on different solar collector using different nanofluids and
Viscosity, Specific heat of capacity has been observed. Due to given a review. They segmented work into two parts: the first
this nanofluid have great potent of heat transfer thus nanofluid part focuses on presenting the experimental and numerical
is considered as advance heat transfer fluid. Size of results for the thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat
nanoparticle is from 1nm to 100nm.Generally size of and the heat transfer coefficient reported by several authors.
nanoparticle is restricted to 100nm because of fact that novel The second part deals with the application
properties that differentiate nanoparticle from the bulk
material typically develop at critical length scale of under Of nanofluids on different types of solar systems. Hemant
100nm. Ali Jabari et al[1] Calculated efficiency of flat plate kumar Gupta [10] experimentally calculated efficiency of
using CuO-water nanofluid .They observed that with mass direct absorption solar collector using different Al2O3-H2O
flow rate of 1kg/min and volume fraction of nanoparticle is set nanofluid at different flow rates. Collector efficiency
to 0.4% then increase collector efficiency by 21.8% and also enhancement of 8.1% and 4.2% has been observed for 1.5 and
check that there is an optimum mass flow rate which 2 lpm flow rate of nanofluid respectively. Optimum flow rate
maximize the collector efficiency. Lin Lu et al [2] Perform of 2.5 and 2 lpm towards maximum collector efficiency.
Siddharth suman et al. [11] Studied different type of solar
collector and found that some modification in system lead to
Asst. professor Jay h Patel, Apurva B Patel, Chintan J Patel, Reetesh
better performance of system. Modification are change in
J Tagariya, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sigma Institute of
Engineering (050) surface geometry of absorber plate by the use of extended

40 www.erpublication.org
 Amelioration in performance of flat plate & evacuated tube collector using Nanofluid : A review

surface/ribs, Use of selective coating to enhance performance, Density :

Use of nanofluid to enhance heat absorption capacity of
working fluid. Yijie Tong[12] experimentally calculated
performance of enclosed type evacuated U-tube using nf= nf + (1-) df
MWCNT-H2O as nanofluid. Result found that about 4% Viscosity :
increase efficiency and found that annual CO2 and SO2 nf= (1-) dw + dw
emissions will reduce by 1600 kg and 5.3 kg, respectively, Specific heat :
when 50 solar collectors are employed. Tiwari et al [13] cpnfnf = (cpss)+(1- )(dw cpdw)
Experimentally Observe that efficiency of flat plate collector
is 31.64% using 1.5% concentration of Al2O3 nanoparticle in Validation and Result
water. Qinbo et al.[14] using CuO-water nanofluid they taken The efficiency of solar collector is found by:
parameter are0.1%wt. and flow rate 2.33 L/min and particle
size 25nm the enhancement in efficiency was observed as
23.33%. Saidet al[15] Worked with SWCNT-water nanofluid Note : All the above equation are used by Hashim A. Hussain
and observe that on flat plate collector SWCNT can reduce et al [3] for finding the thermo-physical properties and
entropy generation by 4.34% and heat transfer coefficient by efficiency in their experiment.
15.33%.Colangelo et al[16] Experimentally work with
different nanofluid and prove that Al2O3-water nanofluid will As from above equation it was clear that efficiency is directly
have least sedimentation and also calculated that
proportional to . Thus graph is drawn of instantaneous
enhancement in thermal conductivity and heat transfer
coefficient was 6.7% & 25%. Chougule et al[17] efficiency vs and that would be a straight line. The
Experimentally calculated efficiency of flat plate collector above discussed graph for water as working fluid is shown
with MWCNT-water nanofluid as working fluid at different below. Finally area under curve gives collector total
tilt angle and observe that efficiency increase with tilt angle efficiency and was used to comparing the cases.
increase and obtain best result at 50 tilt angle was 31.5%.
Sarkar J [18], Using supercritical carbon dioxide nanofluid The result obtain are positive as enhancement in efficiency
obtain optimal enhancement in efficiency was 18%. was found at different mass flow rate(30, 60, 90 L/min) and
also at different concentration (1, 3, 5%wt.).It was also
II. LITERATURE SURVEY observe that efficiency of evacuated tube collector with silver
Hashim A. Hussain et al [3] had experimentally calculated (Ag) nanofluid is more compare to ZrO2 nanofluid.
efficiency of evacuated tube collector using two different
nanofluid (silver (Ag) and oxide of zirconium(ZrO2)).Size of
nanoparticle used are Ag(30 nm) and ZrO2(50 nm). They
calculated efficiency at different concentration(0, 1, 3, 5%
vol.) and also at different mass flow rates (30, 60, 90 lit/hr.
m2).
Preparation of nanofluids
They had prepared nanofluid by diffusion pre-weighted
nanoparticle in water as per concentration level required.
After that PH testing of nanofluid and then subjected to ultra
sonic mixing(100 KHz,300W,25-30C Toshiba) for
approximately two hours to break up any particle aggregation.
The prepared nanoparticle can stay stable for at least 4 hours.
Two step method are used in preparing nanofluid.

Experimental setup Fig. .1. Evacuated tube solar collector.

Evacuated tube solar collector with twenty riser tube is
exposed to south having tilt of 48. Two mercury
thermometer are used to calculate inlet and outlet temperature
of working fluid & ambient temperature is calculated by temp.
Sensor. Pump(Bosch 2046) is used to carrying working fluid
throughout the system. Two valve are used one after pump
and another after solar storage in order to control mass flow
rate. Mass flow rate was measured by MMA mini-master flow
meter. Solar radiation was measured by TES 1333 solar
power meter.Prova-03 anemometer is used to measure wind
velocity.
Calculation of Thermo-physical properties
Calculation are divide into two segments. Firstly they
measured thermo-physical properties by standard meters or
models at different concentration level. Secondly they
calculated thermo-physical properties by empirical formulas. Fig.2. Flat plate solar collector

41 www.erpublication.org
 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-4, Issue-2, February 2016
III. CONCLUSION [17] ChouguleSS,Pise AT,Madane PA, Performance of nanofluid- charged
solar water heater using solar tracking syatem,ICAESM 2012. p. 247-53
We had studied about effect of nanofluid on efficiency of flat [18]Sarkar J. Performance of a flat plate solar thermal collectorusing
plate and evacuated tube collector and also effect of different supercritical carbon dioxide as heat transfer fluid,Int J sustain energy
nanoparticle & base fluid on thermo-physical properties of 32(2013)531-43
nanofluid. Thus result obtain was:
Enhancement in efficiency was found when nanofluid
is used as compare to distilled water (base fluid).
Change in efficiency of collector is noticed with
change in some parameter like concentration, mass
flow rate, tilt angle of collector.
There is an optimal point of all parameter for
enhancement in efficiency of solar collector.
By adding nanoparticle enhancement in
thermo-physical properties is seen.

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