The World of Energy
Chapter 30 LNG Technology - Processes
30.2. Liquefaction Processes Fundamentals
Ch. 30 - 9
LNG Technology Trend
Ch. 30 - 10
LNG Block Flow Diagram
Acid Gas
Treatment
Acid Gas Dehydration
Gas Reception Mercury
Removal Liquefaction LNG
Wells
Removal
Natural Gas
Condensate
Fractionation
Stabilisation
Condensate
LPG
Storage
and Utilities
Loading
Ch. 30 - 11
Typical Natural Gas /
Refrigerant Cooling Curves
Pure Natural gas Cooling
Refrigerant Curve
Temperature
Refrigerant Mixed
Cooling Curve Refrigerant
Mixed
Refrigerant
Heat
Ch. 30 - 12
LNG Liquefaction in a Nutshell
Ch. 30 - 13
Design Trend of
LNG Liquefaction Technology
Air Cooled
Avoid sea water cooling and
therefore more environmentally
friendly
Gas Turbine Driver
Increasing Gas Turbines
efficiency, plus waste heat
utilization
Eliminate Steam Generation
Ch. 30 - 14
Technolgy overview Baseload plants
Three main processes:
Cascade cycle:
Separate refrigerant cycles with propane,
ethylene and methane (Phillips, Atlantic
LNG, Trinidad)
Mixed refrigerant cycle:
Single mixed refrigerant (SMR) (PRICO)
Propane pre-cooled mixed refrigerant (C3/MR)
(APCI)
Dual mixed process (DMR) (Shell, Sakhalin),
(Liquefin )
Mixed Fluid Cascade Process (MFCP)
(Statoil/Linde)
Expander cycle
Ch. 30 - 15
LNG Process Systems
Common LNG Process Systems
Phillips Cascade Process
Three Pure Components
Propane
Ethylene
Methane
APCI (Air Products)
Two Components
Propane
Mixed Component Refrigerant
New Emerging LNG Process Systems
Linde Process
Three Mixed Refrigerants
Axens Liquefin Process
Dual Mixed Refrigerant
Shell Process
Dual Mixed Refrigerant
Dr Sib Akhtar - MSE (Consultants) Ltd, 2004
Ch. 30 - 16
LNG Liquefaction Technology
LNG liquefaction technologies in commercial use:
Air Products & Chemicals Propane Pre-Cooled Mixed
Refrigerant. (APCI), Dual Cycle Refrigeration
Phillips Optimized Cascade (POC), Triple Cycle
Refrigeration
Shell DMR, Similar to APCI, Dual Cycle, both MR
Linde MFCP (Multi Fluid Cycle Process)
Black & Veatch Pritchard, Poly Refrigerant Integral Cycle
Operation II (PRICO II), Single Cycle Refrigeration
Other LNG Liquefaction Processes
BHP/Linde (Nitrogen, Single Cycle Refrigeration)
TEALARC, Similar to PRICO, Single Cycle MR
TEALARC Conventional Cascade
IFP/CII-1 SMR, Similar to PRICO, Single Cycle MR
IFP/CII-2 DMR, Similar to Shell DMR, Dual Cycles MR
IFP/CII is now Axen Liquefin
Ch. 30 - 17
Classification of LNG Liquefaction Technology
Single Cycle Refrigeration Dual Cycle Refrigeration
(SCR) (DCR)
SCR Pure Component Propane/MR Cycles
BHP/Linde (Nitrogen (APCI)
Cycle) Brunei, Algeria Arzew,
SCR Mixed Components Das-Island, Badak,
TEAL (Skikda Unit 10, Arun, Malaysia-1/2/3,
20, 30, Algeria) Australia NWS 1/2/3,
QatarGas, RasGas,
PRICO (Skikda Unit 40, Oman
50, 60, Algeria)
Dual MR
APCI (Marsa El-Brega,
Lybia) Australia NWS-4,
Russia Sakhalin (being
CII/BP (proposed built or designed)
concept)
Triple Cycle Refrigeration
Propylene/Ethylene/Meth
ane
Algeria CAMEL, Kenai
(Alaska), Trinidad
Ch. 30 - 18
LNG Liquefaction Technology
Ch. 30 - 19
LNG Liquefaction Technologies
Ch. 30 - 20
LNG Liquefaction Processes
Michael Barclay and Noel Denton, Foster Wheeler Energy Limited, UK
Ch. 30 - 21
Conventional Single Refrigeration Cycles
COLD BOXES
FEED GAS LNG
JT VALVE
CONDENSER
REFRIGERANT:
C1, C2, C3, C4
COMPRESSOR
Applied by APCI (Marsa El Brega Libya), TEALARC (Skikda 1,2,3 Algeria)
& PRICO (Skikda 4,5,6 Algeria), but no longer commercially offered
Ch. 30 - 22
Optimized Single Refrigeration Cycle
(Optimized SMR, PRICO II)
FEED GAS LNG
COLD BOXES
REFRIGERANT:
C1, C2, C5
JT VALVE
Offered by PRICO for the design of Mobil Floating LNG, Tangguh
LNG & Venezuela Enron LNG.
Ch. 30 - 23
Optimized Single Refrigeration Cycle
(Optimized SMR, IFP/CII-1)
FEED COLD BOXES
GAS LNG
JT
VALVE
Ch. 30 - 24
Conventional Two Refrigeration Cycles
(C3/MR Cycles)
DRY
SWEET LNG
GAS
Propane Cycle MR Cycle
REFRIGERANT REFRIGERANT
: PROPANE : N2, C1,C2,
C3, C4
(Brunei, Das Island, Badak, Arun, Arzew, MLNG 1/2, Australia NWS 1/2/3,
Nigeria, QatarGas, RasGas, Oman)
Ch. 30 - 25
Generic C3/MR LNG Process
Ch. 30 - 26
LNG Plant Overall Schematic
Ch. 30 - 27
Optimized Two Refrigeration Cycles
Shell DMR Dual MR Cycles
LNG
LP MIXED HP MIXED
REFRIGERANT REFRIGERANT
GE F-7 GE F-7
Ch. 30 - 28
Split MR
Optimized Two Refrigeration Cycles (APCI)
LNG
PROPANE & HP LP/MP MIXED
MIXED REFRIGERANT
REFRIGERANT
Applied by APCI for the design of Yemen and Tangguh LNG
Ch. 30 - 29
Conventional Three Refrigeration Cycles
(Conventional Cascade)
DRY
LNG
SWEE
T GAS
REFRIGERANT: REFRIGERANT: REFRIGERANT:
PROPYLENE ETHYLENE METHANE
Applied by TEAL (Camel LNG Algeria) & Phillips (Kenai LNG
Alaska), but no longer commercially offered
Ch. 30 - 30
Optimized Three Refrigeration Cycles
(Phillips Optimized Cascade)
DRY
SWEET
GAS LNG
REFRIGERANT: REFRIGERANT: REFRIGERANT:
PROPYLENE ETHYLENE METHANE/LNG
Applied by Phillips for Atlantic LNG (Trinidad) and the design of
RasGas Expansion, Darwin LNG, Angola LNG and Tangguh LNG
Ch. 30 - 31
C3/MR Process Simplified Scheme
Ch. 30 - 32
Cascade Process
Ch. 30 - 33
APX Process Simplified Scheme
Ch. 30 - 34
Shell DMR Process Simplified Scheme
Ch. 30 - 35
LINDE Process Simplified Scheme
Ch. 30 - 36
Liquefin Process Simplified Scheme
Ch. 30 - 37
Mach number vs flow coefficient for the
first stage compressor (propane or MR)
Ch. 30 - 38
Effect on LNG production
on end flash quantity
Ch. 30 - 39
