20.

2 Lenzs Law
Motional emf
Lenzs law
Applications of Faradays Law

Demo show the eddy current effect of dropping a magnet in a conducting tube
Motional emf

A voltage is produced by a conductor moving in

a magnetic field
Charges in the conductor
experience a force upward
x x x x x

x F x x x x The work done in moving

v a charge from bottom to
x x x x x
top
L
x x x x x
The potential difference is
B into the page
Motional emf

A voltage is produced by a conductor moving in

a magnetic field
Charges in the conductor
experience a force upward
x x x x x
Vo
lta
x F x x x x ge
v
x x x x x
velocity
L
x x x x x
The potential difference is
B into the page
The potential difference can drive a current through a circuit
The emf arises from changing flux due to changing area
according to Faradays Law

wire

x I x x x x

x F x x x x
R v
L
x x x x x

x x x x x
Changing Magnetic Flux
B into the page
18. R= 6.0 and L=1.2 m and B=2.5 T. a) What speed
should the bar be moving to generate a current of
0.50A in the resistor? b) How much power is
dissipated in R? c) Where does the power come from?

wire
a)
x I x x x x

x F x x x x
R v
x x x x x
b)
L
x x x x x

c) Work is done by the

B into the page force moving the bar
 Lenzs Law
determines the direction of current flow.

S N -
B
+
I
V
Lenzs Law
determines the direction of current flow.

S N -
B
+
I
V
Lenzs Law
The polarity of the induced emf is such that it
induces a current whose magnetic field opposes the
change in magnetic flux through the loop. i.e. the
current flows to maintain the original flux through the
loop.

B increasing in loop
B Bin Bin acts to oppose the
S N - change in flux

+ Current direction that

produces Bin is as
I
V shown (right hand rule)

Emf has the polarity shown. drives current in

external circuit.
Now reverse the motion of the magnet

The current reverses direction

B decreasing in loop
Bin Bin acts to oppose the
S N + change in flux
B
- Current direction that
produces Bin is as
I
V shown (right hand rule)

Emf has the polarity shown.

Lenzs Law and Reaction Forces

Fcm Fmc
A force is exerted by the
Bin magnet on loop to produce the
B current
S N N S
A force must be exerted by
the current on the magnet to
I oppose the change
V

The current flowing in the direction shown

induces a magnetic dipole in the current loop
that creates a force in the opposite direction
 Example. Eddy currents

A magnet is dropped down a cylindrical conductor.

Currents are induced in the conductor to oppose the
movement of the magnet

S
N

B increasing
N
I Bin Induced magnetic field
S
creates magnetic dipole that
opposes the movement of magnet
 Example. Eddy currents

What about the region behind the magnet?

I Bin creates magnetic dipole that

N opposes the movement of magnet

B decreasing
S
N
 Work

Fcm
Work done against the
Bin reaction force by the force
moving the magnet drives
S N N S the current flow.
B

induced magnetic dipole

I
V
4 cases:
Two coils are connected by an iron core. Is the emf
from a to b positive or negative when the switch is
closed?

Bin Iin
I

B
increasing b a
- +

I Iin

current flows from b to a

Iab is negative therefore ab is negative
 Electromagnetic Induction

Alternating
induced Energy transfer
voltage through space

Alternating
magnetic
field

Alternating
current
(varies with
time)
 Application of Faradays Law
Generation of voltage by a tape recorder

As magnetic tape moves

under the gap it induces
a changing flux in the coil.
The changing flux produces
Iron core a voltage that is amplified to
give the signal.
electromagnet
Gap

N S S N N S

Magnetic
tape V
 20.3 Electrical Generator
Electrical Generators
Self-induction

Demo
Electrical generator- show that the motor can be used as a generator. first start the motor then switch it to the generator mode the light bulb
should go on (turn down the lights_

Magnetic induction use the iron core inductor to levitate a ring. show that the ring does not levitate if it is cut. then show that a light bulb can
be lit using magnetic induction. Energy transfer through space. Electro magnetic energy.
Hoover Dam

Electrical generators
Electrical Generator

Uses mechanical work to generate electrical current

Changing flux through a rotating coil produces emf

Faradays Law

Alternating current is produced

Direct current can be produced using a commutator.

 Back emf in motor

When a motor is turning it generates a emf that

opposes the current flow -Back emf.
The Back emf is less when starting the motor or when it is
under heavy load (not turning fast). Under these conditions
large currents flow the motor has the chance of burning out.
23
 Wednesday 12/2
Final Exam (40% of grade) on Monday
December 7th 1130a-230pm in York 2622
You can bring two 8.5x11 pages, front and
back, of notes
Calculators may be used
multiple choice like quizzes, only longer by
about 2-3x more questions...
Covers ALL of 1B: Ch15 - 21, inclusive

Bring your own Scantron forms and pencils

Final Review Problem Session: Tomorrow
24 Night
Flux through a rotating loop in a B field

Normal to the plane

The flux through the loop

= angular velocity (radians/s)

 Relation between B and
B

BA

t
-BA
BA

t
-BA proportional to
The emf generated by a loop of N turns rotating at constant
angular velocity is

NBA

0
t
-NBA
35. In a model ac generator, a 500 turn rectangular coil
8.0 cmx 20 cm rotates at 120 rev/min in a uniform magnetic
field of 0.60 T. a) What is the maximum emf induced in the
coil?

The maximum value of

 Electrical Generator

Alternating Current (AC) generator

Rotational
Work
Direct Current (DC) generator
A generator is motor acting in reverse

I
drives rotation

DC motor
I
Rotation generates
DC generator
 Self-Inductance

a property of a circuit carrying a current

a voltage is induced that opposes the change in current

used to make devices called inductors

Self- inductance of a circuit a reverse emf is produce
by the changing current
Self Inductance of a coil

A changing magnetic field in a coil produces an emf in

another coil

Inductance

However changing fields in a coil due to changing the

current in the coil itself also produce an emf in coil a.

Self-Inductance
 Self-inductance of a coil

+ - B increases,
B

changes magnetic flux in

the coil,
I
Current
increasing Produces emf in coil

The direction of the induced emf opposes the change in

current.
A changing current in a coil induces an emf that
opposes the change

+ - - +

I I

I increasing I decreasing

induced emf
induced emf
supports I
opposes I
 Inductance L is a measure of the
self-induced emf
The self-induced emf is

but
I
Current proportionality constant is L
increasing

L is a property of the coil, Units of L , Henry (H)

Inductance of a solenoid with N turns and length ,
wound around an air core (assume the length is much
larger than the diameter).

inductance proportional to N squared x area/length

An air wound solenoid of 100 turns has a length of 10 cm
and a diameter of 1 cm. Find the inductance of the coil.

l= 10 cm

I d=1 cm
RL circuit
The inductor prevents the rapid buildup of current

But at long time does not reduce the current,

at t=
 Spark generation

Vs L
I
Switch is very high (1000 V) if
switch is opened quickly.
Used to generate high
voltage in spark plugs in
automobile ignition
-
Vs L
+

Switch I decreasing
Energy is stored in a magnetic field of an inductor.

B=0 B increasing Bo

I I=Io

Work is done against to produce the B field.

This produces a change in the PE of the inductor

This stored PE can be used to do work

Response to a sinusoidal voltage
V sinusoidal
I
t
V
R VR t in phase with I

RV
VC lags by 90o
t

C
V VL leads by 90o
t

L
different phase shift between current and voltage
Capacitive Reactance, Xc

VC =XC I

XC is higher at low frequency.

The capacitor block current at
long time. because more charge
f=0 accumulates.
DC
I=0 XC= ?infinity

f=high
I high
XC = ?low

Xc has units of Ohms

A 10 microfarad capacitor is in an ac circuit with a voltage
source with RMS voltage of 10 V. a) Find the current
for a frequency of 100 Hz. b) Find the current for a frequency of
1000 Hz.

a)

b) The frequency is 10 x higher, the current

is 10 x higher

I=10x6.3x10-2
=6.3x10-1A
Inductive reactance, XL

VL=XL I

An inductor has higher back emf

when I/t is greater, i.e. at high
frequency. Inductive reactance higher
at high frequency.
f=0
I high XL= ?0

Inductive reactance is
f high XL= ?high higher at high frequency
I low
A inductor with L= 10-5 H is driven by a 10 V ac source.
a) Find the current at f=100 Hz.
b) Find the current at f=1000Hz

a)

b) the frequency is 10x greater

the current is inversely proportional to f
the current is 10x lower

I=1.6x103/10=1.6x102A
 Application.
High pass and low pass filters.

tweeter
amplifier high f

woofer
low f
pass high frequency/block low frequency
Capacitor

pass low frequency/block high frequency stereo speakers

Inductor
 Friday 12/4
Final Exam (40% of grade) on Monday
December 7th 1130a-230pm in York 2622
You can bring two 8.5x11 pages, front and
back, of notes
Calculators may be used
multiple choice like quizzes, only longer by
about 2-3x more questions...
Covers ALL of 1B: Ch15 - 21, inclusive

Bring your own Scantron forms and pencils

Final Review Problem Session: Tomorrow
52 Night
 RLC circuit

R Currents and voltages are sinusoidal

Charge and discharge of capacitor

Power only dissipated in R

L
At resonance frequency maximum
energy stored in electric and magnetic
- + fields.
C
This circuit can be used to pick out
selected frequencies. e.g. in a radio
receiver.
Voltages
Voltage across R ,L , C are sinusoidal

R But with different phase relative to

the current, and relative to each other

The sum of voltage

L Vs= VR+ VL+ VC

C But at any time the voltages are not

maximum across R, L and C but differ
because of phase shifts.
 Sum of Voltages
I t

VR

VL

I=Imaxsint
VC
V= VR+ VL+ VC

V=Vmaxsin(t+i) V
Impedance, Z

Like Ohms Law

L, C and R contribute to
Z, Impedance.
 Resonance

When XL = XC
then XL-XC=0
Z becomes a minimum
I becomes maximum

resonance frequency
If R=0 then
I=infinity
I at resonance

R>0

f
34. A resonance circuit in a radio receiver is tuned to a
certain station when the inductor has a value of 0.20 mH
and the capacitor has a value of 30 pF. Find the frequency
of the station.

antenna

resonance circuit amplifier

 For LC circuit (R->0) at resonance
Energy oscillates between Electric and Magnetic Fields

L L L L

I=0 I=Imax I=0 I=Imax

+ - - +
C C C C
Emax Bmax Emax Bmax

t->
15
21 Electromagnetic Radiation

Maxwells prediction
properties of electromagnetic
waves
 James Clerk Maxwell
Electricity and
magnetism were
originally thought to be
unrelated
in 1865, James Clerk
Maxwell provided a
mathematical theory
that showed a close
relationship between all
electric and magnetic
phenomena
Electric and Magnetic Field
Relations in Free Space
closed surface

E B

Bi
Ei

Gausss Law Gausss Law for Magnetism

q=0 no magnetic monopoles

 closed loop

Does a changing E field

produce a B field?

Ei

Faradays Law
Changing B field generates
an E field
 Maxwell discovered that it does.
Consider a current flowing into a capacitor. The current changes
the charge on the capacitor. Changing the E field across the
capacitor. The changing E field results in a displacement current.

capacitor
B B

Displacement current
 closed loop

Ei Bi

Faradays Law Amperes Law in free space

Changing B field generates Changing E field generates
an E field a B field
 Maxwells relations
Gauss Law in Free space Electric flux through a surface is
zero in the absence of charge

Gauss Law for magnetism - Magnetic lines form closed loops

(no magnetic monopoles)

Faradays Law - A changing magnetic field produces an

electric field.

Amperes Law in Free space - A changing electric field is

equivalent to a current. Thus, a changing electric field produces
a magnetic field.

Using the equations relating these ideas (Maxwells equations)

Maxwell predicted the existence of electromagnetic radiation.
Heinrich Hertz,
German Physicist 1857-1894

Showed that electromagnetic waves

could be produced
and detected.
 Electromagnetic radiation
Electric and magnetic fields radiate as
waves from an accelerating charge
The waves propagate at the speed of light
The waves propagate in a vacuum.
Carries energy and momentum
 Maxwell predicted the speed of light

Maxwells equations predicted the

speed of light to be determined by fundamental
constants.

Experimental
cexp.= 2.99792458x108 m/s
value
exact agreement
 Speed of light is a universal constant.

3.00x 108 m/s

approximately 1 ft per nanosecond (10-9 s)

The time for light to travel halfway around the earth

2x108 m is about 0.7 s

A radar system determines the distance from an approaching
airplane by the round trip time of a radar pulse. If a plane is
10 km away how long does the radar pulse take to return to
the radar.

radar

67s
 Electromagnetic Waves

T period
t
E
0

wavelength
E x
0
 Electromagnetic plane wave
E and B fields perpendicular to each other and to the
direction of propagation, in phase
y

z
x

Represention the E and B fields at one point in time for different

values of x in the direction of propagation
Production of electromagnetic waves by electric
fields in a dipole antenna

The E field due to accelerating charges on the antenna

propagates at the speed of light.

30
 Production of magnetic fields by dipole antenna

B B B

x x
x

T
At long distances from the
antenna- plane wave
E field perpendicular
to B field

B direction of
propagation
Some properties of electromagnetic radiation
Speed of light c=2.99x108 m/s

Electric and magnetic fields both present in fixed ratio

Energy is carried by both E field and B field

The average power / area carried by the E field
and B field are equal.
A radio transmitter has a range of 50 km and a power
output of 1.0 kW. What is the max E field at the edge of the
range if the signal is transmitted uniformly over a
hemisphere?
 Antennas
Dipole antenna detects the E field
Loop antenna detects the B field

What is the direction of

the E fields and B fields? E

What is the direction to the

TV station? B
The direction of propagation
is perpendicular to E and B
The station is to the left or
right
 Electromagnetic radiation

Find the wavelength of

EM waves from a fm radio
station f=100MHz

The size of the optimal antenna

is about wavelength
Electromagnetic radiation

Radio f=100kHz-100 MHz

= 1km-1m

dipole antenna-detect electric

field E

ferrite core antenna- detect

magnetic field

B
Electromagnetic radiation

microwaves, cell phones

f~1-10 GHz
~ 1-10 cm

dipole antenna
length =/4
Electromagnetic radiation

visible light
f~1015 Hz
~ 400-700 nm
stained glass, gold particles
with diameter ~100 nm
scatter specific colors of light
 Red Laser

visible light ~650 nm

oscillations due to excited electrons losing energy

in going from excited high energy states.

Diffraction effects occur when light passes through

Periodic structures with same length scale as the
wavelength
 Electromagnetic radiation

x-rays
f~1019 Hz
~0.1 nm

X-ray diffraction
x-rays scatter from atoms
give information about
spatial dimensions ~0.1 nm
 Summary

Electric Fields -produced by charges and changing

magnetic fields

Magnetic Fields -produced by moving charges and

changing electric fields

Electromagnetic radiation- results from changing electric

and magnetic fields- Carries energy and momentum
through space.