Xubuntu After Install
Xubuntu After Install
What's
best for you to do first of all?
It's quite a list, but it'll give you a polished, nearly maintenance-free operating system
that you'll be able to enjoy for years to come! Plus it's also a crash course in the use of
Xubuntu.
Note: you'll find only relatively safe tips and tweaks here, because I think that the
stability and reliability of your operating system should never be endangered. This
website is serious about Xubuntu, so my approach is conservative.
I try to mention it whenever some risk is unavoidable, so that you can always make a
balanced decision.
Note: this list is only meant for Xubuntu; the corresponding list for Ubuntu is here and
the list for Lubuntu is here.
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Do the following things, in this order:
Contents
Tip: you can download a checklist here, which you can print on paper. Then you can
strike the items that you've done.
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Are you unsure what Xubuntu version you have? You can check that as follows:
Press Enter.
Note: in the output you see then, Xubuntu is wrongly being identified as Ubuntu, but
that's not important: it's the version number that counts.
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Part 1
Click on the menu button (mouse icon) on the left in the upper panel - Settings -
Software Updater
Let Software Updater check for available updates and apply them all.
Note: when you install updates by means of the red or orange notification icon in the
system tray, then it's best not to choose directly for Install all updates. Because what
follows is often confusing (the process may seem to stall, especially when large
amounts of updates are involved), which regularly causes misunderstandings.
It's therefore better to choose Show updates first, and install the updates from the
window that you get then.
Afterwards reboot your computer (not always necessary, but in this case, do it just to
make sure).
1.2. Installing drivers is usually not necessary, because they are already present in the
Linux kernel. Exceptions are printer drivers and proprietary restricted drivers for
(among others) Nvidia graphics cards.
b. For optimal performance of your Nvidia graphics card, or your Broadcom wireless
card, you'll want to install the closed source restricted driver (the proprietary non-free
driver). Like this:
Click on the menu button (mouse icon) on the left in the upper panel -
Settings - Software & Updates - tab Additional Drivers.
When available for your system, you'll be shown one or more installable (usually non-
free) drivers. Select them.
The required drivers are then automatically downloaded from the internet, from the
software repositories of Xubuntu, and (also automatically) installed. Afterwards you
will have to do a full reboot of your computer.
Note: Sometimes you're being offered several versions of the restricted driver for your
video card. The order of preference is as follows:
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1. nvidia-(from highest number to lowest number)
2. nvidia-(from highest number to lowest number)-updates
3. nvidia-experimental
Only choose from the versions that you're being offered, because only those support
your video card! Start with the preferred number one, and only work your way down
when it doesn't perform well.
Do you have a brand-new graphics card from Nvidia? Then it might be too new for the
version of the proprietary restricted driver in the software repositories of Ubuntu. In
that case you won't be offered any proprietary driver by Driver Manager.
If this happens, then you can look for another solution for your Nvidia card on this
page.
For an AMD/ATI video card you have to stick to the default open source driver.
Because the closed AMD Catalyst (fglrx) drivers are not compatible with Ubuntu
16.04.x.
These closed fglrx drivers are proprietary and so their code is not available. AMD
indicated they no longer wanted to support them and urged their customers to use open-
source drivers instead.
If you're using an AMD or ATI GPU in Xubuntu 16.04.x, the operating system will
automatically select either the radeon or the amdgpu driver for you, and both of these
open-source drivers are installed by default.
1.3. Do you have a Solid State Drive (SSD) instead of a conventional hard disk? Then
optimize it for Xubuntu.
1.4. There are some useful applications for managing your system, that aren't installed
by default: Leafpad, Pavucontrol, gksu, GDebi and Synaptic.
Synaptic and GDebi are useful installation tools, which sometimes are more useful than
the default application Software.
gksu enables you to use Leafpad and other graphical tools safely as root.
Install them by means of the application Software. Or by the terminal, which is much
quicker:
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Menu button - Accessories - Terminal Emulator
Press Enter. When prompted, type your password. Your password will remain entirely
invisible, not even dots will show, this is normal.
Press Enter again.
1.5. This is especially noticeable on computers with relatively low RAM memory (2 GB
or less): they tend to be far too slow in Xubuntu, and Xubuntu accesses the hard disk
too much. Luckily, this can be helped.
Note: does your computer have 4 GB RAM or more? Then you can skip this item,
because with so much RAM you probably won't notice any benefits from applying it.
On the hard disk there's a separate partition for virtual memory, called the swap. When
Xubuntu uses the swap too much, the computer slows down a lot.
Xubuntu's inclination to use the swap, is determined by a setting. The lower the setting
number, the longer it takes before Xubuntu starts using the swap. On a scale of 0-100,
the default setting is 60. Which is much too high for normal desktop use, and only fit for
servers.
A detailed explanation can be found here (link dead? Then download this pdf file with
the same content).
a. First make sure that you have installed the applications gksu and leafpad:
Press Enter and submit your password. Please note that the password will remain
invisible, not even asterisks will show, which is normal.
b. Now check your current swappiness setting. Type in the terminal (use copy/paste):
cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
Press Enter.
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c. To change the swappiness into a more sensible setting, type in the terminal (use
copy/paste):
gksudo leafpad /etc/sysctl.conf
Press Enter.
Scroll to the bottom of the text file and add your swappiness parameter to override the
default. Copy/paste the following two green lines:
Press Enter.
Note: if your hard disk is an SSD, your machine will benefit from an even bigger
decrease in swappiness. That's because too many write actions, like frequent swapping,
reduce the lifespan of an SSD. For an SSD I advise a swappiness of 1. Also check these
tips for optimizing an SSD for your Linux.
b. Now you're going to install "Xubuntu restricted extras". This contains a lot of various
software, among which Microsoft fonts, Adobe Flash Player and mp3 playback support.
Also it contains a series of gstreamer plugins, which are supporting files for
mediaplayers.
Avoid errors: use your mouse to "copy and paste" this green text into the terminal:
Press Enter. When asked, type your password and press Enter again. Your password
will remain entirely invisible, not even dots will show, this is normal.
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Now you'll be presented with a dialog in the terminal from Microsoft(!), requiring you
to accept the license agreement for the Microsoft fonts.
Activate the OK button with the Tab key, press Enter and use the Tab key again to
activate the Yes button in the next dialog. Press Enter again.
When the installation is finished, you can close the terminal window.
c. If you want to be able to play encrypted DVD's, you'll have to install support for it.
Copy and paste this green text into the terminal:
Press Enter. When asked, type your password and press Enter again. Your password
will remain entirely invisible, not even dots will show, this is normal.
Now you'll be presented a couple of times with confirmation requests. Accept all
requests.
d. Then copy and paste this green text into the terminal:
Press Enter. When asked, type your password and press Enter again. Your password
will remain entirely invisible, not even dots will show, this is normal.
Again, you'll be presented a couple of times with confirmation requests. Accept them
all. Note: this may take a while, especially on weak hardware. Wait patiently until it
has finished.
1.7. The firewall is disabled by default, but in many cases it's better to turn it on. The
how-to and the explanation can be found here.
1.8. Some months after a new Xubuntu LTS version has arrived, you'll receive a
notification of that in the window of the Software Updater. That window then contains a
button that you can use to upgrade your current Xubuntu LTS version (e.g. 16.04) to a
newer LTS version (e.g. 18.04).
That looks easy, but I advise against using this button. So it's better to disable this
notification entirely. You can disable it as follows:
Click on the menu button (mouse icon) on the left in the upper panel - Settings -
Software & Updates
1.9. There are 10 mistakes that you definitely want to avoid, for the sake of the health of
your system.
1.10. If you have a problem: look at the solutions for 17 bugs in Ubuntu. Don't skip this!
There's a 90 % chance that you'll benefit from at least one of the workarounds presented
at that page.....
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Part 2
Click on the menu button (mouse icon) on the left in the upper panel - Settings -
Software & Updates
Reason: it's always better when updates don't get installed automatically. Even when
they're security updates. Because there's always the risk that an update might cause a
problem (regression).
If you always install updates consciously, then you'll know immediately when a
regression hits your system. So you can act rightaway to fix that problem.
Note: on the tab Developer Options, do not enable "xenial-proposed"! Because that
would make your system unstable and buggy.
2.2. By default, there are icons on your desktop for every partition on your hard disk.
Long ago this was the same in Ubuntu, but if you've got many partitions, it's a messy
sight.
Right-click on your desktop - Desktop Settings... - tab Icons: uncheck everything except
the Trash.
Note: for this to have full effect, you may have to reboot your computer (or log off and
on again).
There is however a small disadvantage to this: now you have to mount other hard drive
partitions by clicking on them in the side panel of the file manager.
Optimize Firefox
2.3. With a couple of changes in the settings, you can improve the performance of
Firefox in Xubuntu. These tweaks will make this fine web browser leaner and cleaner.
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Tune Libre Office
2.5. You can make the touchpad (trackpad) of your laptop behave better with a few
simple tweaks.
It's pretty useful to be able to scroll by swiping one finger along the edge of the
touchpad. It's also convenient to disable the touchpad (trackpad) of your laptop during
typing, and tweak the delay. Especially on small laptops.
Click on the menu button (mouse icon) on the left in the upper panel -
Settings - Mouse and Touchpad
In Xubuntu, this disables both the touchpad functions of tapping and scrolling as well as
mouse pointer movements.
Now the delay. When the touchpad has been configured like this, the default delay is
two whole seconds. That's too long and interferes with productivity. Furthermore, it's
unnecessary to disable mouse pointer movements.
When you wish to shorten the delay to one second and restrict the delay to tapping and
scrolling, you can do this:
First entirely undo the current disabling: remove the tick for Disable touchpad while
typing. Close the mouse and touchpad settings window.
Click on the menu button (mouse icon) on the left in the upper panel -
Settings - Session and Startup
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click Add
Name:
Syndaemon
Description:
Disable touchpad while typing, with a reasonable delay and only for tapping and
scrolling
Command:
syndaemon -i 1.0 -K -R -t
Click OK.
Finally, check whether it's working, with the help of the following terminal command
(copy/paste the line below in a terminal and press Enter):
ps aux|grep syndaemon
2.6. It's useful to have an extra web browser available. Firefox is a fine application, but now
and then (especially when you've installed too many extensions or add-ons in Firefox), it
doesn't function entirely well.
An excellent alternative to Firefox, is web browser Google Chrome. Unfortunately it's not in
the software sources of Ubuntu, but you can download its 64-bit installer from the download
page of Chrome.
That web page should automatically recognize that you're running Xubuntu: it should offer you
a preselected installer for Debian/Ubuntu.
Double-click the installer, which has the extension .deb, as if it were a .exe installer in
Windows. Then it'll install itself automatically.
Furthermore, it'll add the software source for Chrome to your software sources list, so that
Update Manager will automatically offer you updates for Google Chrome as soon as they
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become available.
Note: do you have a 32-bit operating system? Then you can't install Google Chrome. In that
case select Chromium, which can be installed by means of the application Software.
Most plug-ins that you've installed for Firefox (not the add-ons and extensions, but things like
Java) work automatically in Chrome as well. No need for further action for that. Not even for
Adobe Flash Player, because Chrome already contains it by default.
You can find tips and tweaks for Chrome and Chromium here.
2.7. Xubuntu almost never freezes. But when it does happen, it's often enough to perform a
"partial reboot" (only the graphical environment). That's technically better than a hard reboot
by the physical power button.
For a partial reboot you can enable the key combination Ctrl+Alt+Backspace. That used to be
enabled by default, but some time ago the wise Linux gurus have unfortunately deemed it
better that you have to enable it first.
a. First make sure that you have installed the applications gksu and leafpad.
Press Enter. Your password will remain entirely invisible, not even dots will show, this is
normal.
e. After logging in again, you can test it: Ctrl+Alt+Backspace should reboot only the desktop
and throw you back into the login window.
Note: when you log in again after this "partial reboot", you might be confronted with one or
more error reports. Strictly speaking, you could safely ignore this error report, because it was
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triggered by the irregular partial reboot.
But in order to prevent it from returning again and again, go partly along with the report: enter
your password and then remove the tick for sending in the error report.
2.8. You can probably speed up your Xubuntu noticeably, by applying these safe speed tweaks
(written for Ubuntu, but mostly useful for Xubuntu as well).
2.9. You can pin Xubuntu to a certain kernel version. That may be useful, e.g. when you've
manually installed a driver which would become unusable in a newer kernel.
It can also be useful to prevent "disk pollution" because of older kernels, because in the course
of time, you get a lot of kernel updates....
The risk of such a pinning of the kernel is limited, especially for desktop users (servers are
another matter). Because although kernel updates may contain security fixes, those are almost
never relevant for desktop users. Linux Mint doesn't get kernel updates by default, by the way.
Multiple accounts: prevent other users from accessing the files in your account
2.10. Does your computer have multiple user accounts? Then you can easily prevent other
users from accessing and seeing the files in your account, without taking radical measures like
encryption. In the following way:
Type (copy/paste):
Press Enter.
Repeat this in each user account that needs the same protection.
Note: this doesn't protect you from someone with root permissions! It won't stop a
determined and experienced snooper, but it's an effective measure to "keep the honest
people out". If that's not enough for you: encryption of files or even of your entire home
folder, is much more secure....
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Should you ever wish to undo this (but why?), that's easy as well. For undoing you can use this
command:
chmod -v 755 $HOME
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Part 3
3.1. In some rare cases, on certain hardware combinations, you might encounter an annoying
bug from time to time: the window borders disappear, leaving you with application windows
without window buttons.
Press Enter.
With that, you restart the window manager, and then everything is normal again (for the time
being).
Note: do NOT use sudo in this particular command line! Because in this case you mess up the
permissions when you use sudo, which causes all kinds of mysterious malfunctions.
3.2. The default wallpaper is rather dark and gloomy. Lighten it up with a picture of your own,
or select one of the default set of alternative wallpapers: right-click with the mouse on your
desktop - Desktop Settings... - and there you see them under the tab "Background".
3.3. By default, the window buttons of Xubuntu are placed on the right. Like in Windows. But
on the left is far more convenient: like in Ubuntu and Apple Mac OS.
Click on the menu button (mouse icon) on the left in the upper panel -
Settings - Window Manager (not "Window Manager Tweaks"!)
Tab Style:
Button Layout: drag and drop the buttons where you want them.
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For example the defaults in Ubuntu:
Close - Hide - Maximize - Title
3.4. Always handy: a nice weather report in the upper panel of your desktop.
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You can add the weather report to your panel like this:
Right-click on the panel - Panel - Add New Items... - click Weather Update - click the Add
button. Click Close.
Now remove an irritating animation: click on the tab Scrollbox and remove the entries Wind
direction (WD) and Wind speed (WS). Click Close.
When you click the item normally (a left-click also), a forecast pops up of the next four days.
Removed
3.5. (removed)
3.6. In the logout dialog, you can enable saving the session. But that's generally a nuisance,
especially for beginners with Xubuntu. So it's best not to enable this.
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Press Enter.
In order to prevent mistakes, you can remove this option from the logout window for all users
like this:
b. First make sure that you have installed the applications gksu and leafpad:
Press Enter and submit your password. Please note that the password will remain invisible, not
even asterisks will show, which is normal.
Press Enter. Type your password when prompted; this remains entirely invisible, not even dots
will show, this is normal. Press Enter again.
Press Enter.
[xfce4-session]
SaveSession=NONE
e. Save the modified file and close it.
f. Reboot your computer. The option for saving the session should have disappeared from the
logout screen.
3.7. When your computer has very little RAM (768 MB or less), then the lack of memory will
remain a problem, which will cause your system to slow down from time to time. Even when
the swappiness has been decreased to 5 (see item 1.5 on this page).
In that case, you might achieve better results by enabling the experimental kernel module
zRam. zRam creates a compressed swap file in your RAM. The compression factor is the gain:
with that, you "increase" your RAM.
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Note: this hack might make your system unstable! So do not apply it on important
computers.
- Your processor (CPU) is being taxed more heavily, because it'll have to compress and
decompress all the time;
- When the system has filled the RAM swap, it'll start swapping on the hard drive as well. With
a heavy burden: the chunk of memory that has been sacrificed for the RAM swap.
- For the time being it's still an experimental module, so this extra layer of complexity might
cause instability.
That's why, for the time being, I advise zRam only for computers with very little RAM, and even
then only in combination with a swappiness that has been decreased to 5. Furthermore,
zRam isn't suitable yet for production computers, but only for test machines and other, non-
essential computers.
Press Enter. Type your password when prompted; your password will remain entirely invisible,
not even dots will show, this is normal.
Check
cat /proc/swaps
Press Enter.
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If all has gone well, you should receive a report about one or more /dev/zram "partitions".
zRam is active then; no need for further action.
Removal
When you want to remove zRam, it can't be done by the simple terminal command "apt-get
remove". So:
Press Enter. Type your password when prompted; your password will remain entirely invisible,
not even dots will show, this is normal.
cat /proc/swaps
Press Enter.
If all has gone well, you should receive no report anymore about one or more /dev/zram
"partitions".
3.8. You can use Gigolo to access your network disk (NAS).
3.9. It's easy to migrate your e-mails and e-mail settings from Outlook (Express) in Windows, to
Thunderbird in Xubuntu. Simply apply this how-to.
3.10. In Xubuntu, there's an annoying and useless "protection of the user against himself":
whenever you want to launch a newly-made application shortcut on the desktop, Xubuntu
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issues a warning for that, because.... the file is supposedly in an insecure location!
That's nonsense, of course. So you can simply click "Mark Executable", as shown in the
screenshot below:
4. Do you want more tips and tweaks for Xubuntu? There's a lot more of them on this website!
Like these:
Four popular myths and 11 tips about wireless security (for wifi)
How to create a strong password that's easy to remember (the answer might surprise you!)
That's why the regular Ubuntu forums are also available for your help requests concerning
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Xubuntu. It's convenient though, when you write in your help request that you are using
Xubuntu.
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