Voyager 1

For other uses, see Voyager 1 (disambiguation). Mariner program. Due to budget cuts, the mission was
scaled back to be a yby of Jupiter and Saturn and re-
named the Mariner Jupiter-Saturn probes. As the pro-
Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by NASA on
September 5, 1977. Part of the Voyager program to study gram progressed, the name was later changed to Voyager,
since the probe designs began to dier greatly from pre-
the outer Solar System, Voyager 1 launched 16 days af- [10]
ter its twin, Voyager 2. Having operated for 39 years, 11 vious Mariner missions.
months and 29 days as of September 3, 2017, the space-
craft still communicates with the Deep Space Network to 1.2 Spacecraft components
receive routine commands and return data. At a distance
of 139 AU (2.081010 km) from the Sun as of July 1, Main article: Voyager program Spacecraft design
2017,[3] it is the farthest spacecraft from Earth as well as Voyager 1 was constructed by the Jet Propulsion Labo-
the farthest man-made object. It is also the most distant
object in the solar system whose location is known, even
farther than Eris (96 AU) and V774104 (~103 AU).
The probes objectives included ybys of Jupiter, Saturn
and Saturns large moon, Titan. While the spacecrafts
course could have been altered to include a Pluto en-
counter by forgoing the Titan yby, exploration of the
moon, which was known to have a substantial atmo-
sphere, took priority.[4][5][6] It studied the weather, mag-
netic elds and rings of the two planets and was the rst
probe to provide detailed images of their moons.
After completing its primary mission with the yby of
Saturn on November 20, 1980, Voyager 1 became the
third of ve articial objects to achieve the escape ve-
locity that will allow them to leave the Solar System.
It is pursuing an extended mission to explore the re-
gions and boundaries of the outer heliosphere. On Au-
gust 25, 2012, Voyager 1 crossed the heliopause to be-
come the rst spacecraft to enter interstellar space and
study the interstellar medium.[7] Voyager 1's extended
mission is expected to continue until around 2025, when The 3.7 m (12 ft) diameter high gain dish antenna used on the
its radioisotope thermoelectric generators will no longer Voyager craft
supply enough electric power to operate its scientic in-
struments. ratory.[11][12][13] It has 16 hydrazine thrusters, three-axis
stabilization gyroscopes, and referencing instruments to
keep the probes radio antenna pointed toward Earth.
Collectively, these instruments are part of the Atti-
1 Mission background tude and Articulation Control Subsystem (AACS), along
with redundant units of most instruments and 8 backup
1.1 History thrusters. The spacecraft also included 11 scientic in-
struments to study celestial objects such as planets as it
[14]
In the 1960s, a Grand Tour to study the outer planets was travels through space.
proposed which prompted NASA to begin work on a mis-
sion in the early 1970s.[8] Information gathered by the
1.2.1 Communication system
Pioneer 10 spacecraft helped Voyager's engineers design
Voyager to cope more eectively with the intense radia- The radio communication system of Voyager 1 was de-
tion environment around Jupiter.[9] signed to be used up to and beyond the limits of the Solar
Initially, Voyager 1 was planned as "Mariner 11" of the System. The communication system includes a 3.7-meter

1
2 2 MISSION PROFILE

(12 ft) diameter parabolic dish high-gain antenna to send

and receive radio waves via the three Deep Space Net-
work stations on the Earth.[15] The craft normally trans-
mits data to Earth over Deep Space Network Channel 18,
using a frequency of either 2.3 GHz or 8.4 GHz, while sig-
nals from Earth to Voyager are broadcast at 2.1 GHz.[16]
When Voyager 1 is unable to communicate directly with
the Earth, its digital tape recorder (DTR) can record
about 64 kilobytes of data for transmission at another
time.[17] Signals from Voyager 1 take over 19 hours to
reach Earth.[3] Model of an RTG unit

As of September 3, 2017, Voyager 1 has 72.9% of the

1.2.2 Power plutonium-238 that it had at launch. By 2050, it will have
56.5% left.
Voyager 1 has three radioisotope thermoelectric gener-
ators (RTGs) mounted on a boom. Each MHW-RTG
contains 24 pressed plutonium-238 oxide spheres.[18] The 1.2.3 Computers
RTGs generated about 470 W of electric power at the
time of launch, with the remainder being dissipated as Unlike the other onboard instruments, the operation of
waste heat.[19] The power output of the RTGs declines the cameras for visible light is not autonomous, but rather
over time (due to the 87.7-year half-life of the fuel and it is controlled by an imaging parameter table contained
degradation of the thermocouples), but the crafts RTGs in one of the on-board digital computers, the Flight Data
will continue to support some of its operations until Subsystem (FDS). Since the 1990s, space probes usually
2025.[14][18] have completely autonomous cameras.[20]
The computer command subsystem (CCS) controls the
cameras. The CCS contains xed computer programs
such as command decoding, fault detection and correc-
tion routines, antenna pointing routines, and spacecraft
sequencing routines. This computer is an improved ver-
sion of the one that was used in the 1970s Viking or-
biters.[21] The hardware in both custom-built CCS sub-
systems in the Voyagers is identical. There is only a minor
software modication for one of them that has a scientic
subsystem that the other lacks.
The Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem
(AACS) controls the spacecraft orientation (its attitude).
Diagram of RTG fuel It keeps the high-gain antenna pointing towards the
container, showing the plutonium-238 oxide spheres Earth, controls attitude changes, and points the scan
platform. The custom-built AACS systems on both
Voyagers are the same.[22][23]

1.2.4 Scientic instruments

Main article: Voyager program

For more details on the Voyager space probes identical

instrument packages, see the separate article on the overall
Voyager Program.

Diagram of
RTG shell, showing the power-producing silicon-
germanium thermocouples 2 Mission prole
2.3 Flyby of Jupiter 3

2.1 Timeline of travel that surrounds the planet inuenced by the planets strong
magnetic eld. Sulfur, oxygen, and sodium, apparently
2.2 Launch and trajectory erupted by Ios volcanoes and sputtered o the surface
by impact of high-energy particles, were detected at the
outer edge of the magnetosphere of Jupiter.[26]
The two Voyager space probes made a number of impor-
tant discoveries about Jupiter, its satellites, its radiation
belts, and its never-before-seen planetary rings.

Voyager 1 time-lapse movie of Jupiter approach

(Link to full size video)

Jupiters Great
Red Spot, an anticyclonic storm larger than Earth,
as seen from Voyager 1
Voyager 1 lifted o with a Titan IIIE

The Voyager 1 probe was launched on September 5,

1977, from Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral
Air Force Station, aboard a Titan IIIE launch vehicle. The
Voyager 2 probe had been launched two weeks earlier, on
August 20, 1977. Despite being launched later, Voyager
1 reached both Jupiter[26] and Saturn sooner, following a
shorter trajectory.[27]

2.3 Flyby of Jupiter

Main article: Exploration of Jupiter View of sulfur-rich
lava ows radiating from the volcano Ra Patera on Io
Voyager 1 began photographing Jupiter in January 1979.
Its closest approach to Jupiter was on March 5, 1979, at
a distance of about 349,000 kilometers (217,000 miles)
from the planets center.[26] Because of the greater pho-
tographic resolution allowed by a closer approach, most
observations of the moons, rings, magnetic elds, and
the radiation belt environment of the Jovian system were
made during the 48-hour period that bracketed the closest
approach. Voyager 1 nished photographing the Jovian
system in April 1979.
Discovery of active volcanic activity on the moon Io was
probably the greatest surprise. It was the rst time active
volcanoes had been seen on another body in the Solar Sys- The
tem. It appears that activity on Io aects the entire Jovian eruption plume of the volcano Loki rises 160 km
system. Io appears to be the primary source of matter that (100 mi) over the limb of Io
pervades the Jovian magnetosphere the region of space
4 2 MISSION PROFILE

excess heat that Saturn radiates over energy it receives

from the Sun. Winds blow at high speeds in Saturn.
Near the equator, the Voyagers measured winds about
500 m/s (1,100 mph). The wind blows mostly in an east-
erly direction.[27]
The Voyagers found aurora-like ultraviolet emissions of
hydrogen at mid-latitudes in the atmosphere, and auro-
ras at polar latitudes (above 65 degrees). The high-
level auroral activity may lead to formation of com-
plex hydrocarbon molecules that are carried toward the
Europa's lin- equator. The mid-latitude auroras, which occur only in
eated but uncratered face, evidence of currently sunlit regions, remain a puzzle, since bombardment by
active geology, at a distance of 2.8 million km. electrons and ions, known to cause auroras on Earth, oc-
curs primarily at high latitudes. Both Voyagers measured
the rotation of Saturn (the length of a day) at 10 hours,
39 minutes, 24 seconds.[28]
Voyager 1's mission included a yby of Titan, Saturns
largest moon, which had long been known to have an at-
mosphere. Images taken by Pioneer 11 in 1979 had in-
dicated the atmosphere was substantial and complex, fur-
ther increasing interest. The Titan yby occurred as the
spacecraft entered the system to avoid any possibility of
damage closer to Saturn compromising observations, and
approached to within 6,400 km (4,000 mi), passing be-
hind Titan as seen from Earth and the Sun. Voyagers
Ganymede's measurement of the atmospheres eect on sunlight, and
tectonically disrupted surface, marked with bright Earth-based measurement of its eect on the probes ra-
impact sites, from 253,000 km. dio signal, were used to determine the atmospheres com-
position, density, and pressure. Titans mass was also
measured by observing its eect on the probes trajec-
Media related to the Voyager 1 Jupiter encounter at tory. Thick haze prevented any visual observation of the
Wikimedia Commons surface, but the measurement of the atmospheres compo-
sition, temperature, and pressure led to speculation that
lakes of liquid hydrocarbons could exist on the surface.[29]
Because observations of Titan were considered vital, the
2.4 Flyby of Saturn
trajectory chosen for Voyager 1 was designed around
the optimum Titan yby, which took it below the south
Main article: Exploration of Saturn
pole of Saturn and out of the plane of the ecliptic,
ending its planetary science mission.[30] Had Voyager
The gravitational assist trajectories at Jupiter were suc- 1 failed or been unable to observe Titan, Voyager 2's
cessfully carried out by both Voyagers, and the two space- trajectory would have been altered to incorporate the
craft went on to visit Saturn and its system of moons and Titan yby,[29]:94 precluding any visit to Uranus and
rings. Voyager 1 encountered Saturn in November 1980, Neptune.[4] The trajectory Voyager 1 was launched into
with the closest approach on November 12, 1980, when would not have allowed it to continue on to Uranus and
the space probe came within 124,000 kilometers (77,000 Neptune,[30]:155 but could have been altered to avoid a
mi) of Saturns cloud-tops. The space probes cameras Titan yby and travel from Saturn to Pluto, arriving in
detected complex structures in the rings of Saturn, and 1986.[6]
its remote sensing instruments studied the atmospheres
of Saturn and its giant moon Titan.[28]
Voyager 1 found that about seven percent of the volume
of Saturn's upper atmosphere is helium (compared with
11 percent of Jupiters atmosphere), while almost all the
rest is hydrogen. Since Saturns internal helium abun-
dance was expected to be the same as Jupiters and the
Suns, the lower abundance of helium in the upper atmo-
sphere may imply that the heavier helium may be slowly
sinking through Saturns hydrogen; that might explain the
2.4 Flyby of Saturn 5

Crescent Fractured
Saturn from 5.3 million km, four days after closest 'wispy terrain' on Dione's trailing hemisphere.
approach

The icy surface

Voyager 1 image of of Rhea is nearly saturated with impact craters.
Saturns narrow, twisted and braided F Ring.

Titans thick haze

layer is shown in this enhanced Voyager 1 image.
Mimas at a
range of 425,000 km; the crater Herschel is at
upper right

Layers of haze,
composed of complex organic compounds, cover-
ing Saturns satellite Titan.
Tethys, with its
giant rift valley Ithaca Chasma, from 1.2 million km.
Media related to the Voyager 1 Saturn encounter at
6 3 EXIT FROM THE HELIOSPHERE

Wikimedia Commons 17 kilometers per second (11 mi/s)[34] it has the fastest
heliocentric recession speed of any spacecraft.[35]
As Voyager 1 headed for interstellar space, its instru-
ments continued to study the Solar System. Jet Propul-
3 Exit from the heliosphere sion Laboratory scientists used the plasma wave experi-
ments aboard Voyager 1 and 2 to look for the heliopause,
the boundary at which the solar wind transitions into the
interstellar medium.[36] As of 2013, the probe was mov-
ing with a relative velocity to the Sun of about 17030
m/s.[37] With the velocity the probe is currently main-
taining, Voyager 1 is traveling about 325 million miles
per year (520 million kilometers per year),[38] or approx-
imately half a light-year per ten millennia.
The Family Portrait of the Solar System acquired by Voyager 1

On February 14, 1990, Voyager 1 took the rst ever

"family portrait" of the Solar System as seen from
outside,[31] which includes the image of planet Earth 3.1 Termination shock
known as Pale Blue Dot. Soon afterwards its cameras
were deactivated to conserve power and computer re-
sources for other equipment. The camera software has
been removed from the spacecraft, so it would now be
complex to get them working again. Earth-side software
and computers for reading the images are also no longer
available.[4]

Close ybys of gas giants gave gravity assists to both Voyagers

Scientists at the Johns Hopkins University Applied

Physics Laboratory think that Voyager 1 entered the
termination shock in February 2003.[39] This marks the
point where the solar wind slows down to subsonic speeds.
Some other scientists expressed doubt, discussed in the
journal Nature of November 6, 2003.[40] The issue would
not be resolved until other data became available, since
Voyager 1's solar-wind detector ceased functioning in
1990. This failure meant that termination shock detec-
tion would have to be inferred from the data from the
other instruments on board.[41][42][43]
In May 2005, a NASA press release said that the con-
The Pale Blue Dot image showing Earth from 6 billion kilometers
sensus was that Voyager 1 was then in the heliosheath.[44]
appearing as a tiny dot (the blueish-white speck approximately
In a scientic session at the American Geophysical Union
halfway down the brown band to the right) within the darkness
of deep space meeting in New Orleans on the morning of May 25, 2005,
Dr. Ed Stone presented evidence that the craft crossed
On February 17, 1998, Voyager 1 reached a distance of the termination shock in late 2004.[45] This event is esti-
69 AU from the Sun and overtook Pioneer 10 as the most mated to have occurred on December 15, 2004 at a dis-
distant spacecraft from Earth.[32][33] Travelling at about tance of 94 AU from the Sun.[45][46]
3.3 Heliopause 7

3.2 Heliosheath stagnation region is located approximately 113 AU from

the Sun.[54]
On March 31, 2006, amateur radio operators from
AMSAT in Germany tracked and received radio waves
from Voyager 1 using the 20-meter (66 ft) dish at Bochum 3.3 Heliopause
with a long integration technique. Retrieved data was
checked and veried against data from the Deep Space
Network station at Madrid, Spain.[47] This seems to be
the rst such amateur tracking of Voyager 1.[47]
It was conrmed on December 13, 2010 that Voyager 1
had passed the reach of the radial outward ow of the
solar wind, as measured by the Low Energy Charged Par-
ticle device. It is suspected that solar wind at this dis-
tance turns sideways because of interstellar wind pushing
against the heliosphere. Since June 2010, detection of so-
lar wind had been consistently at zero, providing conclu-
Plot showing
sive evidence of the event.[48][49] On this date, the space-
a dramatic increase in the rate of cosmic ray particle
craft was approximately 116 AU or 10.8 billion miles
detection by the Voyager 1 spacecraft (October 2011
(17.3 billion kilometers) from the Sun.[50]
through October 2012)
Voyager 1 was commanded to change its orientation to
measure the sideways motion of the solar wind at that
location in space on March 2011. A test roll done in
February had conrmed the spacecrafts ability to maneu-
ver and reorient itself. The course of the spacecraft was
not changed. It rotated 70 degrees counterclockwise with
respect to Earth to detect the solar wind. This was the
rst time the spacecraft had done any major maneuvering
since the Family Portrait photograph of the planets was
taken in 1990. After the rst roll the spacecraft had no
problem in reorienting itself with Alpha Centauri, Voy- Plot showing
ager 1's guide star, and it resumed sending transmissions a dramatic decrease in the rate of solar wind particle
back to Earth. Voyager 1 was expected to enter interstel- detection by Voyager 1 (October 2011 through October
lar space at any time. Voyager 2 was still detecting out- 2012)
ward ow of solar wind at that point but it was estimated
that in the following months or years it would experience NASA announced in June 2012 that the probe was de-
the same conditions as Voyager 1.[51][52] tecting changes in the environment that were suspected
The spacecraft was reported at 12.44 declination and to correlate with arrival at the heliopause.[55] Voyager 1
17.163 hours right ascension, and at an ecliptic latitude had reported a marked increase in its detection of charged
of 34.9 (the ecliptic latitude changes very slowly), plac- particles from interstellar space, which are normally de-
ing it in the constellation Ophiuchus as observed from the ected by the solar winds within the heliosphere from the
Earth on May 21, 2011.[4] Sun. The craft thus began to enter the interstellar medium
at the edge of the Solar System.[56]
On December 1, 2011, it was announced that Voyager 1
had detected the rst Lyman-alpha radiation originating Voyager 1 became the rst spacecraft to cross the he-
from the Milky Way galaxy. Lyman-alpha radiation had liopause in August 2012, then at a distance of 121 AU
previously been detected from other galaxies, but because from the Sun, although this was not conrmed for another
of interference from the Sun, the radiation from the Milky year.[57][58][59][60][61]
Way was not detectable.[53] As of September 2012, sunlight took 16.89 hours to
NASA announced on December 5, 2011 that Voyager 1 get to Voyager 1 which was at a distance of 121 AU.
had entered a new region referred to as a cosmic pur- The apparent magnitude of the Sun from the spacecraft
gatory. Within this stagnation region, charged particles was 16.3 (less than 30 times the brightness of the full
streaming from the Sun slow and turn inward, and the moon).[62] The spacecraft was traveling at 17.043 km/s
Solar Systems magnetic eld is doubled in strength as (10.590 mi/s) relative to the Sun. It would need about
interstellar space appears to be applying pressure. Ener- 17,565 years at this speed to travel a light-year.[62] To
getic particles originating in the Solar System decline by compare, Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the Sun,
nearly half, while the detection of high-energy electrons is about 4.2 light-years (2.65105 AU) distant. Were the
from outside increases 100-fold. The inner edge of the spacecraft traveling in the direction of that star, 73,775
8 5 FUTURE OF THE PROBE

years would pass before Voyager 1 reaches it. (Voy-

ager 1 is heading in the direction of the constellation
Ophiuchus.[62] )
In late 2012, researchers reported that particle data
from the spacecraft suggested that the probe had passed
through the heliopause. Measurements from the space-
craft revealed a steady rise since May in collisions with
high energy particles (above 70 MeV), which are thought
to be cosmic rays emanating from supernova explosions
far beyond the Solar System, with a sharp increase in
these collisions in late August. At the same time, in
late August, there was a dramatic drop in collisions with
low-energy particles, which are thought to originate from Voyager 1 and the other probes that are in or on their way to
the Sun.[63] Ed Roelof, space scientist at Johns Hop- interstellar space
kins University and principal investigator for the Low-
Energy Charged Particle instrument on the spacecraft
declared that Most scientists involved with Voyager 1 4 Interstellar medium
would agree that [these two criteria] have been su-
ciently satised.[63] However, the last criterion for o- On September 12, 2013, NASA ocially conrmed that
cially declaring that Voyager 1 had crossed the boundary, Voyager 1 had reached the interstellar medium in August
the expected change in magnetic eld direction (from that 2012 as previously observed, with a generally accepted
of the Sun to that of the interstellar eld beyond), had not date of August 25, 2012, the date durable changes in the
been observed (the eld had changed direction by only 2 density of energetic particles were rst detected.[59][60][61]
degrees[58] ), which suggested to some that the nature of By this point most space scientists had abandoned the hy-
the edge of the heliosphere had been misjudged. On De- pothesis that a change in magnetic eld direction must
cember 3, 2012, Voyager project scientist Ed Stone of the accompany crossing of the heliopause;[60] a new model
California Institute of Technology said, "Voyager has dis- of the heliopause predicted that no such change would
covered a new region of the heliosphere that we had not be found.[71] A key nding that persuaded many scien-
realized was there. We're still inside, apparently. But the tists that the heliopause had been crossed was an indirect
magnetic eld now is connected to the outside. So its like measurement of an 80-fold increase in electron density,
a highway letting particles in and out.[64] The magnetic based on the frequency of plasma oscillations observed
eld in this region was 10 times more intense than Voy- beginning on April 9, 2013,[60] triggered by a solar out-
ager 1 encountered before the termination shock. It was burst that had occurred in March 2012[57] (electron den-
expected to be the last barrier before the spacecraft ex- sity is expected to be two orders of magnitude higher out-
ited the Solar System completely and entered interstellar side the heliopause than within).[59] Weaker sets of oscil-
space.[65][66][67] lations measured in October and November 2012[69][72]
In March 2013, it was announced that Voyager 1 might provided additional data. An indirect measurement was
have become the rst spacecraft to enter interstellar required because Voyager 1's plasma spectrometer had
space, having detected a marked change in the plasma en- stopped working in 1980.[61] In September 2013, NASA
vironment on August 25, 2012. However, until Septem- released audio renditions of these plasma waves. The
ber 12, 2013, it was still an open question as to whether recordings represent the rst sounds to be captured in in-
the new region was interstellar space or an unknown re- terstellar space.[73]
gion of the Solar System. At that time, the former alter- While Voyager 1 is commonly spoken of as having left the
native was ocially conrmed.[68] [69] Solar System simultaneously with having left the helio-
In 2013 Voyager 1 was exiting the solar system at a speed sphere, the two are not the same. The Solar System is usu-
of about 3.6 AU per year, while Voyager 2 is going slower, ally dened as the vastly larger region of space populated
leaving the solar system at 3.3 AU per year.[70] Each year by bodies that orbit the Sun. The craft is presently less
Voyager 1 increases its lead over Voyager 2. than one seventh the distance to the aphelion of Sedna,
and it has not yet entered the Oort cloud, the source re-
Voyager 1 reached a distance of 135 AU from the Sun gion of long-period comets, regarded by astronomers as
on May 18, 2016.[3] By December 10, 2016 that had in- the outermost zone of the Solar System.[58][69]
creased to about 137 AU from the Sun, and at that time
Voyager 2 was 112.99 AU from the Sun.[3]
Its progress can be monitored at NASA website (see: Ex- 5 Future of the probe
ternal links).[3]
Voyager 1 will reach the Oort cloud in about 300
years[75][76] and take about 30,000 years to pass through
 9

Image of Voyager 1's radio signal on February 21, 2013[74]

it.[58][69] Though it is not heading towards any particu-

lar star, in about 40,000 years, it will pass within 1.6
light-years of the star Gliese 445, which is at present in Voyager Golden Record
the constellation Camelopardalis.[77] That star is gener-
ally moving towards the Solar System at about 119 km/s
(430,000 km/h; 270,000 mph).[77] NASA says that The 7 See also
Voyagers are destinedperhaps eternallyto wander the
Milky Way.[78] Interstellar probe
Provided Voyager 1 does not collide with anything and
is not retrieved, the New Horizons space probe will never List of articial objects escaping from the Solar Sys-
pass it, despite being launched from Earth at a faster speed tem
than either Voyager spacecraft. New Horizons is traveling List of missions to the outer planets
at about 15 km/s, 2 km/s slower than Voyager 1, and is
still slowing down. When New Horizons reaches the same Local Interstellar Cloud
distance from the Sun as Voyager 1 is now, its speed will
be about 13 km/s (8 mi/s).[79] Rings of Jupiter

Space exploration

Space probe
6 Golden record
Specic orbital energy of Voyager 1
Main article: Voyager Golden Record
Timeline of articial satellites and space probes
Each Voyager space probe carries a gold-plated audio-
visual disc in the event that the spacecraft is ever found Voyager 2
by intelligent life forms from other planetary systems.[83]
The disc carries photos of the Earth and its lifeforms,
a range of scientic information, spoken greetings from 8 References
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9 External links
NASA Voyager website

Voyager 1 Mission Prole by NASAs Solar System

Exploration
Position of Voyager 1 (Live-Counter)

Voyager 1 (NSSDC Master Catalog)

Heavens-above.com: Spacecraft Escaping the Solar
System current positions and diagrams
We Are Here: The Pale Blue Dot. A short lm on the
Pale Blue Dot picture taken by Voyager 1. Narrated
by Carl Sagan.

JPL Voyager Telecom Manual

Voyager 1 Has Outdistanced the Solar Wind

Gray, Meghan. Voyager and Interstellar Space.

Deep Space Videos. Brady Haran.

WebGL-based 3D artists view of Voyager @

SPACECRAFTS 3D
 13

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text
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namedUser01302013, Gwillhickers, Slightsmile, Tommy2010, Winner 42, Normad20, K6ka, Aliali3, Sepguilherme, ZroBot, TheD-
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10.2 Images 15

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Voyager_Program_-_High-gain_antenna_diagram.png License: Public domain Contributors: Diagram: High Gain Antenna Assembly,
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ager Bulletin, no. 13, Link Original artist: NASA/JPL
16 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Voyager_Program_-_RTG_diagram_2.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Voyager_Program_

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amazonaws.com/voyager_msb/VoyagerMSB13.PDF'>Diagram: Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator</a>, Voyager Bulletin, no. 13
Original artist: NASA/JPL
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no. 13, Link Original artist: NASA/JPL
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Original artist: NASA/JPL
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