CHAPTER 27: MAGNETIC
FIELDS AND MAGNETIC
FORCES
M
A
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N
E
T
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27.1 Magnetism
Describe the interaction between poles of magnets
27.1 Magnetism
HISTORY
2500 years ago
fragments of magnetized iron
ore Magnesia (Manisa)
magnetite permanent
magnet
Magnetic Interactions
Magnetic poles
One end points north (N), another end points south (S)
Like poles repel; opposite poles attract
Magnetic Interactions
Either pole attracts non-
magnetic iron
Magnetic Poles vs Electric Charges
Similar but not exactly
the same
Both have two sides
Magnetic poles always
come in pairs
No magnetic monopole
8 Physics 72 M Balgos
27.2 Magnetic Field
Differentiate electric interactions from magnetic
interactions
Determine the net force on a moving point charge in
the presence of both magnetic and electric fields
Electric Field Magnetic Field
electric charge at rest moving charge or current
creates an electric field E in creates a magnetic field B
the surrounding space in its surrounding (aside
from electric field)
E exerts a force F = qE on
another charge q that is B exerts a force on other
present in the field. moving charges or current
27.2 Magnetic Field
Vector quantity
Symbol: B
SI unit: Tesla (T)
1 T = 1 N/A-m
Another common unit is gauss (G):
1 T = 10,000 G
Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges
Key Characteristics:
1. Force magnitude is proportional to the magnitude
of the test charge
2. Force magnitude is proportional to the magnitude
of the magnetic field
3. Magnetic force depends on the velocity of the
moving charge
4. Magnetic force is perpendicular to both the
magnetic field and the velocity of the moving
charge.
Magnetic force
F qv B
Magnitude (always positive)
F q v B q vB sin
Direction: Use right hand rule!
When both electric and magnetic fields are present,
both fields exert a force on the charge
F q ( E v B)
CAUTION!
REVIEW: Right Hand Rule
F qv B
Review: Cross/Vector Product
i j k
c a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
c a b sin
c a b
a2 a3 a1 a3 a1 a2
c i j k
b2 b3 b1 b3 b1 b2
Magnetic force
When q is negative F
is opposite v x B
Use left hand rule
EXAMPLE 27.1 FORCE OF A MOVING CHARGE 1
What is the direction of the force experienced by the moving charge?
Into the page (
k )
F
v
+q
B
EXAMPLE 27.2 FORCE OF A MOVING CHARGE 2
What is the direction of the force experienced by the moving charge?
B
v F
+q
Out of the page ( k )
EXAMPLE 27.3: SIGN OF CHARGE q
What is the sign of charge q?
B
F
q is negative
v
q?
EXAMPLE 27.4: MOTION OF AN ELECTRON
Consider an electron at rest immersed in crossed E and B fields.
Which path shown below best represents the motion of the
electron after it is released?
B E E
B FB
FE
EXAMPLE 27.5: MOTION OF A PROTON
Consider a proton at rest immersed in crossed E and B fields. Which
path shown below best represents the motion of the proton after it
is released?
FE B E
B E
F
B
SW11 y
1. Magnetic Force. An electron enters a region
of uniform B = Bo(+j) with a velocity v = vo(-i).
What is the magnetic force experienced by the electron?
A. evoBo (+i) B
x
B.
C.
evoBo (-i)
evoBo (+j)
v
D. evoBo (+k) z
E. evoBo (-k)
2. An electron enters a region of crossed E and B fields at an initial velocity vo.
Which of the following trajectories will the electron take? Write the color path.
B
E
vo
27.3 Magnetic Field Lines and Magnetic Flux
Given the magnetic field lines, deduce the magnetic field
vector and the magnetic force on a moving charged
particle
Argue why the magnetic flux on a closed surface is zero
Evaluate the total magnetic flux through an open surface
Magnetic Field Lines
Visual representation of the B-field.
CAUTION!
F qv B
B >B >B
B-Field Lines of a Bar Magnet
B-Field Lines of a Horseshoe Magnet
B-Field Lines of the Earth
Electric Field Lines vs Magnetic Field Lines
Electric Field Lines Magnetic Field Lines
same direction for positive perpendicular to the magnetic
charge; opposite direction for force of a moving charge
negative charge
form closed loops
outward for positive charge;
inward for negative charge north pole to south pole
begin on positive charge and
end on negative charge for
dipole
Relationship of Magnetism to Current
Such relationship was discovered by
Hans Christian Oersted in 1820.
B-Field Lines Produced by Other Sources of
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Flux B
Divide the surface into
into elements dA
Find the perpendicular
component of the
magnetic field B for
each dA
d B B dA B cos dA B dA
Magnetic Flux
The total magnetic flux is the sum of the
contributions of the individual elements
B B dA B cos B dA
Scalar quantity
SI units: Weber (Wb)
1 Wb = 1 Tm2
Gausss Law for Magnetism
B B dA B ndA 0
If indeed there exists a magnetic monopole, then the total
magnetic flux through a closed surface would be proportional
to the magnetic charge enclosed.
Gausss Law (E versus B)
qenc
E E dA B B dA 0
0
The total electric flux through a
closed surface is proportional to the
total electric charge enclosed by the
surface.
Example 27.6: Magnetic Field Lines
The diagram below shows the lines of magnetic field lines between
two north magnetic poles. At which point is the magnetic field
strength greatest?
B A
D
EXAMPLE 27.7: Magnetic Field
The figure shows a perspective view of a flat surface with area 3.0 cm2 in a
uniform magnetic field. If the magnetic flux through this area is 0.90 mWb,
calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field and find the direction of the area
vector.
B
B BA cos B
A cos
3
0.90 10 Wb
B 4
6.0T
(3.0 10 m )(cos 60 )
2
EXAMPLE 27.8: Magnetic Flux
Determine the magnetic flux at different encircled regions.
=0
=0
=0
=0
Gausss Law for Magnetism
Magnetic field lines are continuous and form closed
loops.
The magnetic field lines of a bar magnet illustrate
that
for any closed surface, the number of magnetic
field lines entering the surface is equal to the
number of lines leaving the surface.
the net magnetic flux is 0 Tm2.
27.4 Motion of Charged Particles in a
Magnetic Field
Describe the motion of a charged particle in a magnetic
field in terms of its speed, acceleration, cyclotron radius,
cyclotron frequency, and kinetic energy
Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform
Magnetic Field
Motion of a charged particle
under the action of a magnetic
field alone is always motion
with constant speed!
Recall:
F qv B
F q vB
2
v
F q vB m
R
Conditions for Uniform Circular Motion
Uniform Magnetic Field.
Velocity has perpendicular component only.
B
Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform
Magnetic Field
2
Radius of Circular Orbit: v
F q vB m
mv R
R
qB
Angular speed:
v qB
R m
Frequency
1 qB
f Cyclotron Frequency
2 2 m
EXAMPLE 27.9: Cyclotron frequency
A magnetron in a microwave oven emits electromagnetic waves with frequency
f = 245 MHz. What magnetic field strength is required for -2.00 C charges with
mass m = 1.0x10-16 kg to move in circular paths with this frequency?
1 qB
f
2 2 m
B
2fm 2 245 x106 Hz 1.00 x1016 kg
q 2.00 x106 C
B = 0.0245 T
Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform
Magnetic Field
Radius of Circular Orbit
mv
R
qB
Pitch of the helix - the distance
traveled along the helix axis per
revolution
2m
x p v||T
qB
The magnetic field does no work on the
particle, so its speed and kinetic energy
remain constant.
Application: The Velocity Selector
particles of a specific speed can be
selected from the beam using an arrangement
of electric and magnetic fields
E
v
B
Only particles with speeds of E/B can
pass through without being deflected.
Also works for negative charges.
Application: Thomsons e/m Experiment
This experiment
measures the ratio
of charge to mass
for the electrons.
The speed of the
electrons is
determined by the
1. Vacuum environment accelerating
potential V.
2. Cathodes as source for electrons
3. Electrons are accelerated and
formed into a beam by a potential
difference between the two
anodes.
Application: Thomsons e/m Experiment
E Electrons will pass straight
v through the plates if the above
B equation is satisfied.
The kinetic energy equals the loss of electric potential energy
1 2 2eV
mv eV v
2 m
Therefore:
2
E 2eV e E
2
B m m 2VB
Most significant aspect of
his e/m experiment is that,
he found a single value of
the said ratio whatever the
electron source is!
He is credited with the
discovery of the first
subatomic particle the
electron.
J. J. Thomson (1856 1940)
e 11 C
1.758820174 71 10
m kg
Application: The Mass Spectrometer
The purpose of this device is to determine
the mass (or species) of ions assuming
that q is known. This is done by analyzing
the cyclotron radius due to a uniform
magnetic field.
mv R, v, q, and B is
R measurable so we
q B' can compute for
the value of m.
Example 27.10: Negative and Heaviest
Three particles of identical speeds follow the paths shown as they pass thru a
uniform B directed into the plane. If the magnitudes of Q1, Q2 and Q3 are equal,
which is negative? Which is heaviest?
Q2>0 mv
v B R
qB
v Q3 - negative
Q1>0
Q2 - heaviest
v
Q3<0
EXAMPLE
U-turn. A proton with charge e and mass
mp entered a region of magnetic field with
speed v. If the charge followed a semicircle
path with diameter d as shown, what is the
(a) magnitude and (b) direction of the
magnetic field?
mv
R
qB
EXAMPLE 27.11. Valdouon
The Valdouon is a particle with the same charge as an electron but has 3 times the
mass. Compare the angular speeds of a Valdouon and an electron both moving in a
uniform magnetic eld as shown.
A. They will have the same angular speed.
B. The Valdouon will have higher angular speed.
C. The electron will have higher angular speed.
D. It will depend on the strength of the magnetic field.
qB
m
27.6 Magnetic Force in a Current Carrying
Conductor
Evaluate the magnetic force on an arbitrary wire segment
placed in a uniform magnetic field
What makes an electric motor work?
The forces that make it turn
are forces that a magnetic
field exerts on a current
carrying conductor.
27.6 Magnetic Force in a Current Carrying
Conductor straight segment of a conducting
wire, with length l and cross-
sectional area A
current is from bottom to top
wire is in a uniform magnetic
field B, perpendicular to the wire
and directed into the plane
moving charge is positive
magnetic force is
F qv D B
magnitude of the magnetic force
F qv D B
27.6 Magnetic Force in a Current Carrying
Conductor
the total force on all the moving charges in a
length l of conductor with cross-sectional area A
n the number of charges per unit
volume=N/V
volume V = Al
total number of moving charges N = nAl
the magnetic force is now
F nAl qvD B
rearranging
F nqvD AlB
27.6 Magnetic Force in a Current Carrying
Conductor
RECALL:
I
J nqvD
A
F nqvD AlB
I
Magnitude of the total force on all
moving charges in this wire segment is
F IlB
27.6 Magnetic Force in a Current Carrying
Conductor
What if B is NOT perpendicular to the wire?
Wire makes an angle with
respect to B
Only the perpendicular
component of B with
respect to the wire
contributes to the force
F IlB IlB sin
27.6 Magnetic Force on a Current Carrying
Conductor
F IlB IlB sin
Vector in the direction
of the current and its
F Il B magnitude is equal to
the length of the wire
27.6 Magnetic Force on a Current Carrying
Conductor
What happens if we consider negative charges?
F n q vD AlB
J
X X X X X
X X X X X
B
X X F X X X
X X X
-q
X X F Il B
X X X v DX X
X X X X X
X X
X X X
J
EXAMPLE 27.12: Magnetic Force on a Wire
A straight wire of length L with current I is aligned with uniform
magnetic field B. What is the magnetic force experienced by the
wire?
B
A. ILB, upwards
B. ILB, to the right
C. Zero
D. ILB, to the left
E. ILB, downwards I,L
What if the conductor is not straight?
Differential length element a
leff
Depends on end points a and b b
Integration is throughout the
wire
b b
dl B F Il B
a
FB Idl B B
F I B eff
a
EXAMPLE 27.13: Not Straight Wire 1
A straight 2 m-long wire is bent at 90o at its center and immersed
in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 1 T and directed into the
page. If 1 A of current flows from a to b, what will be the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic force?
FB ILB sin
FB (1A)( 2m)(1T ) sin 90 l
FB
FB 2 N
EXAMPLE 27.14: Not Straight Wire 2
What is the magnetic force on a conducting wire if it carries a
current of 1 A from a to b and immersed in a uniform magnetic
field B pointing out of the plane with magnitude of 1 T?
FB ILB sin
FB (1A)(1m)(1T ) sin 90
FB 1N FB l
27.7 Force and Torque on a Current Loop
Discuss the motion of a magnetic dipole in a uniform
magnetic field
27.7 Force and Torque on a Current Loop
rectangular loop of wire with side
lengths a and b
line perpendicular to the plane of the
loop (normal to the plane) makes an
angle with the direction of the magnetic
field B
the loop carries a current I
the force F on the right side of the loop
(length a) is to the right (+x-direction)
BI
the force on this side has magnitude
F IaB
force -F with the same magnitude but
opposite direction acts on the opposite
Fnet IaB IaB 0 side of the loop
27.7 Force and Torque on a Current Loop
the sides with length b make an angle
(90- ) with the direction of B
the forces on these sides are F' and -F
the magnitude of F' is given by
F IbB sin90 IbB cos
force F with the same magnitude but
opposite direction
IbB cos IbB cos 0
Fnet
The net force on a current loop in a
uniform magnetic field is zero.
27.7 Force and Torque on a Current Loop
The net torque is not in general equal to zero.
F and F lie on the line =0
F and F does not lie on the same line
0
is along the +y-axis
the magnitude of the net torque
net F F 2rF sin
b
r sin
2
27.7 Force and Torque on a Current Loop
b
2 F sin IBa b sin
2
Aloop ab
Magnitude of Torque on a Current Loop
IBA sin
Magnetic Dipole Moment or Magnetic Moment
IA
B sin
27.7 Force and Torque on a Current Loop
B sin
The torque tends to rotate the loop into decreasing .
towards the stable equilibrium position
Any body that experience magnetic torque is also
called a magnetic dipole.
27.7 Force and Torque on a Current Loop
B
Vector with magnitude
IA and direction
perpendicular to the plane
of the loop
EXAMPLE 27.15: Net Force
Rank the net force acting on the rectangular loops shown edge-on,
from highest to lowest. All loops are identical and carry the same
current. Assume B is uniform throughout.
Magnetic field is uniform net force on rectangular
loop is zero
(a) = (b) = (c)
EXAMPLE 27.16: Net Torque
Rank the magnitudes of the torques acting on the rectangular loops shown edge-
on, from highest to lowest. All loops are identical and carry the same current.
Assume B = Bi is uniform throughout.
I
B B
I
0 I
B sin B
Identical loops and same current same
(c) > (b) > (a)
Potential Energy
When a magnetic dipole rotates due to the magnetic
field, the field does work on it
d dW d
This produces a corresponding change in U, using the
symmetry between the magnetic and electric dipole
cases,
U B B cos
Equilibrium Conditions
Equilibrium?
NO F 0 Stable Equilibrium
Minimum U
and/or
YES
0
0
F 0 Unstable Equilibrium
Maximum U
and
180
0
EXAMPLE 27.16: Current Loop
What will happen to the current loop initially at rest with a
magnetic dipole moment shown below? Figure shows side-view of
the loop.
It will rotate clockwise.
EXAMPLE 27.17: Current Direction
A not-so-circular-shaped loop (in the yz plane) is immersed in a uniform magnetic
field (directed to the -y axis) experiences a net torque (directed to the -z-axis). What
is the direction of the current viewed from the +x axis?
I
EXAMPLE 27.18: Circular Loop B
A circular loop with radius R = 2 m
carries 3 A of current. It is I
immersed in a uniform magnetic
field equal to 5T. What is the: R
A. Magnetic force Zero: magnetic field is uniform
B. Magnetic moment IA = (3 A)(2 m)2 = 12 Am2,
C. Magnetic torque = (12 Am2)(5T) = 60 Nm, into the page
U = -Bcos(90o) =zero
D. Potential energy
E. Status of Equilibrium
0 not in equilibrium
EXAMPLE 27.19
PS6: Chapter 27 Exercises 27.1, 27.13, 27.18, 27.39, 27.48
Due: March 29, 2016 (Tue)
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 27
Magnetic force of a moving charge
F qv B
Magnetic flux
B B dA
B dA 0
Motion in a B-field
mv
R
qB
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 27
Magnetic force on a conductor
F Il B
Magnetic torque
B
U B
