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Rigorous Derivation of Hooghoudt's Equation For Drainage Spacing

Drainage

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James K. Kirahuka
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581 views41 pages

Rigorous Derivation of Hooghoudt's Equation For Drainage Spacing

Drainage

Uploaded by

James K. Kirahuka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TR/BR-12/1998-99 RIGOROUS DERIVATION OF HOOGHOUDT'S EQUATION FOR DRAINAGE SPACING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HYDROLOGY JAL VIGYAN BHAWAN ROORKEE - 247 667 PREFACE ‘Waterlogging can be caused by excess soil moisture due to periodic flooding, overflow by runoff, over irrigation, seepage, artesian water and impeded subsurface drainage. These conditions affects the growth and yield of crops and in course of time, turns the land saline or alkaline and ultimately render it unfit for cultivation. The valleys of Tigris and the Euphrates, which were once very fertile, were rendered barren because of this malady. Usually the cause of waterlogging in Indian subcontinent is limited to impeded drainage, over irrigation and inadequate drainage facilities. This is a very paradoxical situation where on one hand water being a scarce resource, is required to be conserved and its availability maintained through measures for maximising retention ‘and minimising losses, and on the other hand indiscriminate use of water of limited availability results into waterlogging, The most effective answer to waterlogging is a properly designed drainage system. In view of the above, the present study has been carried out for the rigorous derivation of Hooghoudt’s equation for drainage spacing. This report entitled "Rigorous Derivation of Hooghoudt Equation for the Drainage Spacing” is the part of the research activities of ‘Drainage Division’ of the Institute, This study has been carried out by Dr. Vivekanand Singh, Scientist B' and Dr. G. C. Mishra, Scientist ‘F” rch Director CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES. rnennnnnnsnnintnnmnmnaniannes LY LIST OF TABLES vssne IV ABSTRACT esas rrr LO INTRODUCTION revsonnsinnntinnesinininnnneninnenn remnnesnnnnnaned 2.0 DRAINAGE SYSTEM snssnnnnnniinmnnnnnnntqanint nena 2.1 SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM ... 2.2 SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM 2.211 Relief Drainage... 2.2.2 Interception drainage. 3.0 DERIVATION OF THE EQUATION werennonnannnnse 3.1 DISSIPATION OF HEADIN THE RADIAL FLOW ZONE: 3.2 DISSIPATION OF HEAD IN HORIZONTAL FLOW ZONE. 4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION jernsnemannnnnntnnne 4.1 WORKED OUT EXAMPLE ssn 4.2 COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS FROM BOTH THE METHODS... 4.3 APPLICATION OF HOOGHOUDT EQUATIONS 4.4 EQUIVALENT DEPTH THEORY. 5.0 CONCLUSIONS serenensnneannuetnnatnnnhsnnnntnninannn enn REFERENCES. eeasnennssnennnnnninnsn APPENDIX 1. NOTATION senenmennnnnnsinnsiinnninannininnmmnerinnionenrnenen dS ii LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Steady Flow to Pipe Drains showing Horizontal and Radial Flow Zones 8 Fig. 2: Problem Defination of the Horizontal Flow 15 Fig. 3: Comparison of h,., Computed by Rigorus Method and Hooghoudt Method 18 Fig. 4 Water Surface Profile Computed Using Rigorous and Hooghoudt’s Methods for R/K=0.25 and LID = 4 19 Fig. 5 (a): The values of b,,./D with L/D for R/K = 0.0025 and 0.025. a Fig. $(b): The values of b,,/D with L/D for R/K = 0.28, 0.61685 and 1.0 2 LIST OF TABLES Table1: Values of b,,, for different R/K = 0.615, 0.61685, and 0.6175 18 Table 2: Comparison of h,,./D computed by Rigorous Method (RM) and by Hooghoudt Method (HIM) for different R/K (r/D= 0.01) 20 Table 3: Values of bg,/D for different vatues of L/D and R/K. 2 Table 4: Values of the equivalent depth of rigorous method 4 (F,= 0.1 ms R/K = 0.0025) Table S: Values of the equivalent depth of rigorous method 6 (F,= 0.1 m; R/K = 0.025) ‘Table 6: Values of the equivalent depth of rigorous method 8 Table 7: 30 ‘Table 8: Values of the equivalent depth of rigorous method 2 (= 0.1 mj RIK= 1.0) ABSTRACT Hooghoudt’s drain spacing formula is based on an implied assumption that in the radial flow one there is no spatial variation in the flux and hence no vertical recharge in this zone. The head loss in the radial flow zone has been accounted presuming that half of the total vertical recharge within the drains enters atthe outer boundary of the radial flow zone. In the present report, a drain spacing formula has been derived rigorously considering the variation in radial flux and the area ‘above the drain level inthe radial flow zone, The Hooghoudt's formula computes maximum water table height very close to that computed by the present rigorous method. For a ratio of high recharge rate to hydraulic conductivity of drainage layer, R/K =0.5, and a ratio of close drain spacing to thickness of soi layer below the drains, L/D=4, the divergence between the two sets of results is '8%. For normal recharge rate, shallow soil layer below the drains and usual drain spacing, the error involved in computation of the maxinnum water table height by Hooghouel's formula is less than 1%, The water table height near the drains computed using the equivalent depth proposed by Hooghoudt differs considerably fom that computed by the rigorous method. 1.0 INTRODUCTION An agricultural land is said to be waterlogged when the sil pores in the crop root zone ‘ets completely saturated with water. This is usually caused by a rise ofthe subsoil water table. When the soil in the crop root zone becomes saturated, the plant roots are denied normal circulation of ai, the level of oxygen declines and that of carbon dioxide increases, a organic ‘matter decomposes with the saturated results in wilting and ultimately i the death of the plants. An anfcial subsurface drainage is provided in agricultural lands of inadequate natural drainage to guarantee suitable condition for plant growth. Drainage isthe removal of excess water, by artificial means, from the soi or from the Jand surface it objoctive being to make the land more suitable for se by man, fn apsicutare, the prime requirement for successfully irrigated agriculture isthe development and maintenance cof soil oot zone in which the moisture, oxygen and salt balance i favourable fo plant growth, Plant requires both moisture and oxygen to lve. The sol moisture deficiency is sted through imigation and the oxygen deficiency is overcome by drainage. Its sims are to increase production, to sustsin yields, orto reduce production coss- all helping the farming enterprise to maximise ite net profit. In an arid region, efficient use of land and water resources is to @ great extent dependent ‘upon the control of salnisation problem. The long history of inigation hes recorded severe ‘deterioration of land resources due to salinisation and waterlogging. It is welt known ‘Phenomenon that, when an area is ieignted excessively over an extended period of time, the sroundwater level rises, When the water table reaches height, which is within the capillary it ‘ofthe sol, the soil moisture is brought to the surface where it evaporates, Sats which were ‘originally present in the irsgaton water or which were dissolved inthe rising groundwater, got ‘concentrated on the land surface by the 6 call ‘ta ete effec’. This causes sol salinity an some times alkalinity, which are harmful to plant growth, When a saline watcr table rises and remains in the root zone longer than about 48 hour, resulting in an abnormally high saline ‘moisture condition, agricultural production is usually seriously affected and this heavy ‘concentration of salts renders the soil infertile, In modem times, the rate of salinisation and land destruction has been greatly aceleated, especially in areas itigated with plentiful, low cost ‘water, which contains dissolved salts. ‘The most effective answer to waterlogging isa property designed drainage system. The rainage system of an area isthe reverse of the irrigation system. Just as the main canal takes off from the river, branches off into distributories and minors and finally ends in field channels supplying water to individual fields, in reverse order, the drainage is collected into main drains, and then discharged off in bigger stream. In the nineteenth century the French hydrologists, Darcy and Dupuit, were the first to formulate the basic equations for ground water flow through porous media and to apply them to ftow to wels. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Rothe applied these equations to groundwater flow to drains, and he was to derive the first drainage formula, But it was Hooghoudt who, in the thirties, gave the real stimufus to a rational analysis of the drainage problem, by studying it in the context of the plani-soil-water system. Since then, great contributions towards «further refinement of this rational analysis have been made by scientists allover the world: childs in England, Donnam, Luthin, and Kickham in the United States, and [Emst and Wesseling in the Netherlands (Wesseling, 1983). But when drainage theories are applied in practice, we sil fice a numberof limitations, These limitations are a consequence of the wide variability we encounter in nature when dealing with soils and plants. We are faced with such questions 8s: how to characterise a soil profile consisting ofa large number of different layers changing in position and magnitude from one place to another; how to measure the physical soil ‘constants; how to formulate the agronomic requirements in respect to excess ‘water All these factors contribute to an inevitable inaccuracy, which we have to accept when ‘working in drainage. Therefore, the statement made by Clyde Houston in 1961 is sil valid “although excellent progress has been made in recent years in developing drainage erteria and jnvestgational tools, it sil takes good judgement, local experience, and tial and eror ~ along with a thorough understanding of the basic principles ~to design a successful drainage system”. ‘Subsurface drainage problems can be solved either by horizontal subsurface drains or by pumping ground water by tube wells. The design of the subsurface drainage is mainly depends ‘on the geo-hydrological condition of the area, crops cultivated in the command area and the drainage coefficient. Tube well drainage, under some conditions is an effective method of lowering a high water table and reducing salinity hazard in an irrigated area. Before a tube well

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