National University

511 M.F. Jhocson St., Sampaloc Manila

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Bachelor of Science in Environmental and Sanitary Engineering

FSANCHL ESE171
SANITARY CHEMISTRY (LAB)

GROUP II
LABORATORY REPORT

Maria Alysa C. Atienza

Krizelle P. Diaz
Evan Rainier M. Garcia
Bhing Liok P. Ko
Paul Brian C. Hornilla
Student

September 1, 2017

ENGR. JOSEPH D. RETUMBAN

EnSE Professional Lecturer
ABSTRACT
This paper dealt with the different laboratory techniques in measurements
and laboratory operations. Laboratory operations composed of separation of
mixtures of different substances thru precipitation, filtration, decantation, and
evaporation whilst laboratory techniques in measurements involved mass,
volume, density, and temperature. A Bunsen burner was utilized in order to
determine the hottest and coldest part of the flame. It was revealed that the
hottest area (non-luminous blue flame) was located above the Bunsen burners
barrel and the coldest part (luminous yellow flame) was located at the outer
region of the flame. During the precipitation process, an insoluble white
substance was formed called Barrium Sulfate. In the filtration process, the
filtrate passed thru the filter media while filtering out the precipitate.
Additionally, in decantation process, the precipitate was allowed to settle at the
bottom of a container; the precipitate did not completely settle as it needed
longer time to do so. Furthermore, during the evaporation phase, it was
observed that after heating the filtrate for 30-45 minutes, salt crystals were
formed.

INTRODUCTION
Chemistry is a way of life. The simplest forms of chemistry can be found
in our surroundings: the earth where life is possible, the air we breathe in, the
food we eat, the water we drink, and the plants and animals that make our
surroundings more interesting. Our role as human beings is to study and
understand each and every components and aspects of our daily lives and in the
long run, formulate different ideas and techniques in order to turn these into
concrete actions.
In chemistry, there are two types of change in matter: physical change
and chemical change. Physical change is a change that occurs when an objects
appearance or form changes but its substance remains the same, while chemical
change is a change that occurs when particles make up two or more substances
that are reorganized in order to form a new substance. An application of
physical change can be seen when an ice cube melts and subjected to a high
temperature which later on will become water. From solid form, it changes to
liquid form. After some time, this water will boil and forms vapor in the air.
This process is called evaporation wherein a substance in liquid state changes
into gaseous state. Additionally, an application of chemical change is when
baking a cake. When several ingredients like flour, sugar, milk and eggs are
combined, a cake batter is formed. The batter is placed in an oven for a certain
amount of time and it changed into a cake. As observed, it absorbed heat
released from the oven; its color changes from yellow to golden brown, and it
smells incredible. Often, compared to physical change, a chemical change cant
be undone. This can be observed when the finished product cake cant be turned
back into flour, water, milk, and egg individually. Whilst in water, it can be
placed in a freezer to form ice cube.
The objectives of this experiment are to familiarize with the different
laboratory operations namely precipitation, filtration, decantation, and
evaporation and to study the different laboratory techniques in the measurement
of mass, volume, density, and temperature using different apparatus.
This experiment is divided into seven parts namely: liquid density
measurement, solid density measurement (by geometric measurement and water
displacement), heating thru the use of Bunsen burner, physical separation of
mixtures which includes precipitation, filtration, decantation, and evaporation.
In the first and second part, simple measurements were made using a triple
beam balance and ruler. Also, computations were made. In the third part, a
Bunsen burner was used. A Bunsen burner has two types of flame: luminous
and non-luminous flame. A luminous flame occurs when the air hole of the
burner is closed, thus, limited oxygen is sucked by the hole in order to form a
cooler yellow flame, soot if formed and partial combustion is observed. While
non-luminous flame is when the air hole of the burner is open, allowing as
much oxygen in order to produce hotter blue flame. Additionally, a blue flame
is very hot since nearly all energy is transformed into heat energy, thus, no soot
is formed. Moreover, a non-luminous flame has two zones: oxidizing and
reducing zone. Oxidizing zone can be observed in the outer portion of the flame
adjacent to the coldest region, while the reducing zone can be observed adjacent
to the hottest region, above the barrel of the Bunsen burner. The different
techniques for separating a mixture are precipitation where a soluble substance
is separated from its solutions as a solid, filtration which involves the separation
of a liquid from solid particles through the use of a porous material such as filter
paper, decantation which allows the settlement of solid particles then carefully
pouring off the liquid called the supernatant liquid, and evaporation which
involves a mixture to be subjected to a heat in order to separate volatile liquid to
form vapor while allowing the residual components remain dry.
METHODS

A. Density Measurement Liquid Density

1. Weighed the 10mL graduated cylinder using a triple beam balance
2. Placed 5mL of C2H5OH onto the cylinder

3. identified the mass and density of the cylinder and liquid

4. Solved the percent error

B. Density Measurement: Solid Density

B.1 By Geometric Measurement
1. Weighed eight 25-centavo coins using triple-beam balance
2. Determined the height using ruler

3. Determined the circumference of the coin using a string and the length
 4. Using ruler, the length of the string was measured

5. Calculated the volume of the coins and its density

B.2 By Water Displacement

1. Filled the graduated cylinder with 50mL of water

2. Immerse the coins into the graduated cylinder and calculate the
displaced water and recorded its final volume and calculate its density

C. Heating Operation of Bunsen Burner

C.1 Luminous and Non-Luminous Flame

1. Heated the test tube using Bunsen burner containing 5mLof water,
recorded time until it boils and observed the color of flame
 2. Repeated the steps by adjusting the collar close and open air holes

C.2 Oxidizing and Reducing Zone of a Non Luminous Flame

1. Placed the wet cardboard against the mouth of the burner and waited
before it ignites. Observed the oxidizing and reducing zone

D. Precipitation
1. Placed 3mL BaCl3 and 3mL of Na2SO4 in a test tube and waited to
precipitate to settle.
E. Filtration
1. Prepared the set up for filtration

2. The solution BaCl3 and Na2SO4 was transferred into the filter paper
and used Erlenmeyer flask to collect the filtrate

F. Decantation
1. Poured 10mL of water in a beaker and shake off the precipitate on the
filtrate paper
2. After the precipitate settles in the bottom of the test tube poured the
decant
G. Evaporation
1. Transferred the filtrate to the evaporating dish and put it above the
wire gauze and tripod
2. Heated the dish until crystals appear and observed the changes
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Density Measurement: Liquid Density

In this experiment we had to determine the density of an unknown liquid

and compare it to the theoretical value given. We had a value of 870 kg/m3by
dividing its mass and volume. The theoretical value given is 789 kg/m3. The
percent error we had is 9.31%. The error we had might came from human error
and the difference of the way on how the theoretical density was determined.

Density Measurement: Solid Density

We conducted two ways in determining the solid density of the 8pcs of 25

centavo coins, first was the geometric method. In geometric method we
measured the diameter of the coin and then measured its stacked height, after
that we weighed it then we divided its mass by its measured volume and got a
value of 0.0059 g/cm3. The second method is the water displacement method,
using the graduated cylinder with water; we immersed the coins in the water
and get the difference in the change of volume and then divided its mass by its
volume and got a value of 0.00536 g/cm3. The values were close and we can
differentiate the advantages and disadvantages of both methods. In geometric
method the advantages of it over the water displacement is that if the coins were
not to fit inside the graduated cylinder the disadvantage is the work intensive
and prone to human error in solving for the volume. Water dispersed method on
the other hand has the advantage of getting the volume but this method is
limited to what objects that can fit inside the graduated cylinder.

Heating: Operation of the Bunsen Burner

We distinguished the difference in luminous and non-luminous flame in

this experiment by its ability to boil water with respect to time. The luminous
flame was weaker due to its boiling time of 41 seconds while the non-luminous
flame had 20 seconds of boiling time.

The second part is distinguishing the reducing and oxidizing zone of the
non-luminous flame by burning a piece of illustration board and observing the
burned piece. We concluded the outer part was the oxidizing zone, from its
name oxidizing zone there are more oxygen compared to carbon and the
partwith more carbon which is the dark part is the inner part which is the
reducing zone.
Decantation and Filtration

In this experiment we compared both methods in the separation of the

solution. Filtration uses a filter media that filtered the precipitate in the media in
order to separate the solution. The decantation method on the other hand takes
time and precision in order to separate the precipitate.

Evaporation

Evaporation takes 30 minutes to evaporate the filtrate that was separated

from the precipitate using a burner and we got a crystal formation which was
salt.
CONCLUSION

It is vital that the students learn about the commonly used laboratory
operations especially those who will be working in technical practices and
operations. And to do that, laboratory experiments are deemed necessary to train
and equip the students to performing commonly used laboratory operations.

Therefore, learning the different laboratory techniques in measurements of

mass, volume, density and temperature using different apparatus are significant
to students. Because it will guide them in performing future laboratory
experiments which require the fundamentals in measuring mass, volume,
density and temperature. It is also important that students enhance their mastery
in this subject matter because obtaining accurate and precise results in the
measurements are essential in performing an experiment. Furthermore, it will
also be used in their future practice in their respective field of work.

Density measurement of liquid and solid density involves the accurate

measurement of volume and weight using laboratory apparatus. Therefore,
obtaining measurements manually using triple beam balance and/or using
graduated cylinder must be done carefully and accurately.

And in heating that involves the operation of bunsen burner, students

should be cautious in performing the experiment because negligence in using
the apparatus can cause fire and explosion in the laboratory room. It can also
cause burns to the skin. It is concluded in the experiment that the non-luminous
flame is hotter than the luminous flame because the latter consumed lesser time
to boil the water than the former. The reason behind is that; the luminous flames
dont burn as efficiently as non-luminous ones because they dont produce as
much energy due to insufficient amount of oxygen available to burn the
methane gas.

Also, students should also be familiarized with the different laboratory

operations such as precipitation, filtration, decantation and evaporation because
it is the basic of science. Especially to sanitary engineering students, learning
and understanding the basic concept of these laboratory operations is a must.

The laboratory operations such as precipitation, filtration, decantation and

evaporation are used in the experiment to obtain the precipitate of the solution
of Barium Chloride and Sodium Sulfate. And it is concluded that the precipitate
in the solution is the Barium Sulfate which is the particles that settled in the
bottom of the test tube. In the filtration process, the solution was poured in the
funnel with filter paper. And because of this, the precipitate was filtered out and
the filtrate passed through the filter paper and went to the beaker. And in the
decantation process, the precipitate that was filtered out was placed in the
beaker with water and was let to settle for a period of time. However, the
precipitate did not completely settle in the bottom of the beaker because it needs
more time to completely settle. In comparison, filtration process is used when
the solids/particles are in suspension while decantation process is used when the
solids/particles are settleable by gravity. And lastly, the evaporation process is
used to separate the soluble solid in the filtrate. After heating the filtrate, the
crystal solids are formed which are called salt.

RECOMMENDATION

The laboratory experiment in performing commonly used laboratory

operations can be improved and would have more accurate results by

1. The students should perform the experiment more seriously because it is vital
that they learn the commonly used laboratory operations.

2. The measurements acquired using the triple beam balance and/or graduated
cylinder should be as accurate as possible to obtain better results and smaller
percentage error in the density.

3. The laboratory apparatus should be calibrated as frequent as possible in order

to prevent acquiring inaccurate measurements because it is obtained manually.

4. The ignition test should be performed carefully to avoid fires and explosion
in the laboratory room. It can also cause burns to the skin if used
inappropriately.

5. The timer for the boiling of the water should be done correctly because it can
affect the results of the experiment.

6. The solution should be placed in a safe place and be kept for a longer period
of time in order for the precipitate to be formed.

7. The filtration process of the precipitate should be performed carefully as well

in order to filter out all the precipitate from the solution.
8. The decantation process should be performed for a longer period of time
because the allotted time for the precipitate to settle in the beaker with water is
not enough for the precipitate to completely settle.

9. The evaporation process involves the use of the bunsen burner and should be
executed with care. The fire should be placed very near the bottom of the
evaporating dish to evaporate the filtrate faster.

10. And lastly, the students should wear their Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE) in the duration of the experiment to prevent any incident or injury.
APPENDIX I

EXPERIMENT 2

Commonly Used Laboratory Operations

Group Number: ________2_______ Date of Experiment ________July 29, 2017_______

Group Members: Ko, BhingLiok P., Hornilla, Paul Brian C., Garcia, Evan Rainer M.,Diaz,
Krizelle P.,Atienza, Maria Alyssa C.___________________________________________

DATA AND RESULTS

Table A. Density Measurements: Liquid Density

Weight of Dry 10-mL Cylinder 21.85 g

Volume of Unknown Liquid 5 mL

Weight of Cylinder and Liquid 26.2 g

Weight of Liquid 4.35 g

Density of Liquid (Experimental) 0.870 g/mL = 870 kg/m3

Density of Liquid (Theoretical) 789 kg/ m3

Percent Error 10.27 %

Table B. Density Measurements: Solid Density

B1. By Geometric Measurement

Weight of Stack of 8 Coins 26.8 g

Height of Stack of 8 Coins 13.1 mm

Diameter 21.049 mm

Volume 4.558cm3

Density 5.88 g/cm3

B1. By Water Displacement

Weight of Stack of 8 Coins 26.8 g

Initial Volume of Water 50mL

Final Volume of Water 55 mL

Volume of Coin by Water Displacement 5 mL

Density 5.36 g/cm3

Table C. Heating: Operation of Bunsen Burner

C1. Luminous and on-Luminous Flame

BASIS OF COMPARISON LUMINOUS FLAME NON-LUMINOUS

FLAME
Color of Flame Blue Bottom Blue
Yellow Top
Nature of Air Holes Closed Open

Color of the Bottom of Test Darker Clear

Tube
Time for Water to Boil 41 sec 20 sec

C2. Oxidizing and Reducing Zone of a Non-Luminous Flame

From the result of the cardboard test and the ignition test, make a sketch of the non-luminous
flame. Label the oxidizing and the reducing zone. Also, label the hottest and the coldest
region.

Coldest

Hottest
Table D. Precipitation

Reactants Barium Chloride and Sodium Sulfate

Products Barium Sulfate and Sodium Chloride

Observations In the solution, we observed that white particles settled at the bottom
of the test tube. These particles are called Barium Sulfate

Balanced Chemical Equation

+ = +
+ = +

Which of the two product is the precipitate? Why? Is there any pattern/rule in forming
a precipitate whenever two aqueous solutions are combined?

The precipitate is the 4 or Barium Sulfate. We had concluded that 4 is the

precipitate because it settle down at the bottom of the test tube, thus, it is called insoluble.

Table E. Filtration

Observations While pouring the solution in the flask, using a funnel with filter
paper, the precipitate was filtered out and the filtrate passed through
the filter paper.

Draw the Filtration Set up, Label the necessary parts.

Table F. Decantation

Observations The precipitate in the solution was let to settle in the bottom of the
beaker for a period of time. However, the precipitate did not
completely settle in the bottom of the beaker because it needs longer
time to settle.

Differentiate between filtration and decantation. In what instances is filtration used to separate
solid liquid mixtures? Decantation?

The filtration uses a filter media to separate the precipitate from the solution. On the other
hand, in decantation, the precipitate in the solution is let to settle in the bottom of the beaker.
Filtration is used to separate solids/particles in suspension.

Table G. Evaporation

Observations The filtrate was heated using a Bunsen burner having a non-luminous
flame. After 30 45 mins the filtrate evaporated and crystal solid
were formed.

Define Evaporation?

Evaporation is to separate soluble solute from a solution.

What do you call the crystal that forms after evaporation of the filter obtained in the filter
experiment?

The crystal that forms after evaporation of the filter obtained is called or sodium
chloride or salt.
APPENDIX II

SAMPLE COMPUTATION

Table A.

Given:

Weight of Dry 10-mL Cylinder = 21.85 g

Volume of Unknown Liquid = 5 mL

Weight of Cylinder and Liquid = 26.2 g

Density of Liquid (Theoretical) = 789 kg/ m3

= . .

= .

() =


.

() =

() =

% = | | %

% = | | %

% = . %

Table B.
Given:

Weight of Stack of 8 Coins = 26.8 g

Height of Stack of 8 Coins = 13.1 mm

Diameter = 21.049 mm

21.049
= = = 10.5245
2 2
1 3
= 2 = (10.5245)2 (13.1) = 4 558.52 3 (10)

= 4.558 3

26.8
= = 4.558 3

= 5.88 3

Table C.

Given:

Weight of Stack of 8 Coins = 26.8 g

Initial Volume of Water = 50 mL

Final Volume of Water = 55 mL

= , .

= 55 50

= 5

26.8
= = 1 1000 3
5
1000 1

= 5.36 3

APPENDIX III
APPARATUS USED:

100 mL & 10 mL Graduated Cylinder Evaporating Dish

100 mL & 50 mL Beaker Erlenmeyer flask

Test tube Bunsen Burner

5 mL pippete Stirring rod

Triple Beam Balance Test Tube Rack

Test Tube Holder Thermometer

Funnel Tripod
Aspirator Crucible Tong Wire Gauze

References:

1. What is Meant by Oxidizing Flame? by Simple Sparky. www.youtube.com

2. Chemical Changes: Crash Course Kids # 19.2 by Crash Course Kids. www.youtube.com

3. Examples of Chemistry in Daily Life. https://www.thoughtco.com/examples-of-

chemistry-in-daily-life-606816

4. Oxidizing, Reducing Flame. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_and_reducing_flames