Unit 14
Unit 14
Unit 14 Employment Communication – Resumes and
Cover Letters
Structure
14.1 Introduction
Objectives
14. 2 Writing a Resume
14.2.1 Types of Resumes
14.2.2 Components of Resumes
14.2.3 Language and other Guidelines for Resumes
Self Assessment Questions 1
14.3 Writing Job Application Letters
14.3.1 Types of Job Application Letters
Self Assessment Questions 2
14.4 Other Letters about Employment
Self Assessment Questions 3
14.5 Summary
Terminal Questions
Answers to SAQ’s and TQ’s
14.1 Introduction
The job application process begins with writing resumes and application letters. While a well drafted
resume and application letter alone cannot get you a job, they can certainly increase your chances of
being included in the “short list” of candidates to be considered. The way your resume and
application letter are worded and presented can create a favorable first impression among
prospective employers. They can provide an insight into the type of person that you are. Needless to
say, a lot of time and attention should be given to preparing resumes and application letters, ensuring
that they are written in an appropriate format and reflect your strengths and skills. This unit offers
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some useful guidelines for writing effective resumes, application letters and other types of
employment letters.
Learning Objectives:
After studying this unit, you should be able to understand the following.
1. Develop a good understanding of the job application process
2. Prepare an effective personal resume
3. Write application letters tailored to the needs of prospective employers
4. Project an overall favorable image of yourself to prospective employers
14.2 Writing A Resume
A resume is a document that summarizes your background, educational qualifications,
experience and interests. It may be sent not only to current employers, but also to potential
employers, who may hire you for a job that has not been announced. From a prospective employer’s
point of view, it serves as a screening device, helping to select the most worthy candidates for a
particular position and to eliminate the others. From a job seeker’s point of view, the resume conveys
how you present your ideas, whether you are organized and what your strengths are, apart from
listing your qualifications.
Although resumes and job application letters go together and the letter is seen first, the resume
should be written before the letter. The resume helps to decide which ideas are to be highlighted in
the application letter. Resumes, like application letters, should focus on the needs of employers. For
example, a person seeking a job as a visualizer in an advertising agency, should emphasize his
creative skills over other skills.
14.2.1 Types Of Resumes
There are two approaches to writing a resume. Which of these you choose will depend on your
experience and accomplishments.
1. Chronological Resume – This type of resume consists in listing your education and
experience in reverse order, mentioning your most recent job or qualification first. This is the most
commonly used approach and is generally used when your education and work experience are
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clearly related to the job that you are applying for. It is also appropriate for recent college graduates,
with little or no work experience.
An example of a chronological resume is shown below –
Susan Thomas
207, Summer Block
“ The Residences”
57, Benson Cross Rd.,
Bangalore 560 046
Phone (080) 23537133
Mobile – 98450 – 31352
Email – [email protected]
OBJECTIVE A middle to senior level position in the area of Client Servicing, in an
Advertising Agency.
EDUCATION M.S., Advertising & Marketing, the University of Texas at Austin,
Texas, USA, September 2005.
B.A., Mass Communication, Mount Carmel College, Bangalore, May
2001.
EXPERIENCE Account Supervisor, Ogilvy & Mather, Bangalore, October 2005 –
present.
Independently handle the advertising campaigns of prestigious FMCG
Clients, such as Hindustan Unilever. Supervise a team of client service
executives.
Client Service Executive, Sista Saatchi & Saatchi, Bangalore, June
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2002 June 2003.
Assisted account supervisor in prelaunch advertising activities for
a number of new product launches.
Management Trainee, Hindustan Thompson Associates, Bangalore,
June 2001 – 2002.
Went through allround training in the different departments of an
advertising agency, with emphasis on client servicing.
ACTIVITIES Member, Advertising Club, Bangalore, 2007 present
& INTERESTS Member, Bangalore Management Association, Bangalore, 2006 –
present
Consulting Editor, Advertising & Marketing magazine, Bangalore,
2005 present
REFERENCES Available on request
2. Functional Resume – This type of resume is appropriate when you have held a number of jobs in
different functional areas, or when you are changing your career completely.
Example – Moving from a Marketing job to a Human Resources related job, or changing your career
focus from an industry job to an academic job.
In this case, the resume will be prepared in such a way that all jobs in a particular area will be
grouped together.
A functional resume would be written as follows –
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CAREER OBJECTIVE
A position in Marketing Communication, that would leverage both my industry and academic
experience.
EXPERIENCE
Summary of Industry Experience ( 1994 – 2002)
Worked for over eight years in the advertising industry. Started my career as a management trainee
with a mid sized agency and was exposed to all agency departments. Joined an inhouse agency of
a reputed organization and worked with them for two years as account executive on a consumer
durable account. Moved on next to India’s third largest advertising agency, where I independently
handled the advertising campaigns of a leading fast moving consumer goods client. After three years
with them, I took up an offer as Branch Manager of a smaller agency catering to IT clients, and
worked with them for a couple of years.
Summary of Academic Experience (2003 – present)
I shifted my career focus to academics in 2003 and was a visiting faculty in Marketing at leading
business schools in Bangalore. Worked as Editor for an institute offering distance education
programs in Marketing and Advertising for a couple of years, before joining a business school that
offers an American MBA in India. As Marketing Director, I was responsible for teaching Marketing
related subjects, placement coordination and marketing the program to prospective students. After a
long fiveyear stint with them, I recently joined Sikkim Manipal University, where I look after the
management programs offered through distance education.
A chronological “work history” would follow the “experience” section, listing all jobs held in reverse
chronological order, starting from the most recent job. The “education”
section would come next, listing institutions, degrees and dates.
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14.2.2 Components Of Resumes
Irrespective of the type of resume, all resumes will have the same basic information or standard
components –
1. Basic Data – This includes the name, address, telephone number and email id. The information
provided should allow a prospective employer to reach you easily. If you are still in college, it is better
to provide both a home and a college address. If you are already employed, list either a business
phone number, or a mobile number where you can be reached during work hours.
2. Career Objective – An objective should be very specific, stating clearly the position you are
seeking and the area in which you want to work. The objective statement should consist of two parts
– 1) Your general goal, mentioning some skills that you feel will qualify you for the job and 2) One or
more specific areas in which you wish to work.
Example – An entrylevel position in public relations, with an opportunity to use my
skills in writing and researching. Special interests in publicity, radio and television programming.
3.Education – Employers are interested in knowing about your academic qualifications after high
school. Educational qualifications should be listed in reverse chronological order, starting with the
most recent qualification first. The degree earned, the name of the institution, and the date of
receiving the degree should be mentioned.
Example – Master of Business Administration in Retail Operations, Sikkim Manipal
University, August 2008.
In addition, any theses written, special courses taken, ranks, awards and scholarships earned may
also be mentioned, if relevant.
4.Experience – Like educational qualifications, work experience should be listed in reverse
chronological order. If your experience is limited, you may also list parttime jobs, internships and
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voluntary work, under the title “work experience.” More than job designations, employees are
interested in knowing what you can do. Therefore, a brief description of each job and the duties
performed by you should be included. Short phrases may be used, instead of complete sentences.
Technical terminology may also be used to describe the work done by you.
Example –Production Supervisor, Western University Media Productions, 199697
Assisted in videotape productions, digital and online videotape editing, using
studio and portable cameras.
5.Skills/Other Knowledge – In this section, capabilities such as languages known, computer skills
and special writing skills may be listed.
6. Organizations and Activities – Membership of student and professional associations, clubs and
committees, offices held, as well as extracurricular activities such as sports, music and photography,
should be listed.in this section. This information gives prospective employers an idea of your
aptitudes, attitudes and personality.
7. References – References could be obtained from anyone who is familiar with either your
academic or professional work, such as your professors, or immediate supervisor. Prior permission
should always be sought before listing anyone as a reference. Generally, it is sufficient to include the
statement “References available on request” in your resume and to furnish the names only if you are
asked to. Employers ask for references only if they wish to do a background check on you. When
listing references, the name of the person, designation, institution and contact details should be
provided.
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14.2.3 Language And Other Guidelines For Resumes
The general appearance of a resume is extremely important. It should project a professional image of
yourself to the organization. A badly presented resume with errors in spelling and grammar could
cost you the job. That is why many job seekers prefer to hire the services of a professional firm to
prepare their resumes.
The following points should be kept in mind, regarding the appearance of a resume
· Print your resume on good quality paper
· Leave a lot of white space, so that the resume does not look cluttered
· Use a high quality printer or copy machine, for good reproduction
· Avoid using special types of paper and fancy typefaces for special effects
· Limit your resume to a maximum of two pages, since employers do not have the time to go
through lengthy resumes
Regarding the language and writing style, avoid being wordy or verbose and use simple, brief
statements. Your resume should also come across as dynamic and highlight your accomplishments.
A list of “action words” that should be used in writing resumes, is given below
Achieved Defined Helped Planned
Acted Delegated Identified Prepared
Adapted Demonstrated Informed Presented
Advised Described Inspected Produced
Allocated Designated Instructed Recommended
Analyzed Determined Integrated Reorganized
Applied Developed Initiated Resolved
Appointed Directed Introduced Revised
Approved Distributed Investigated Reviewed
Arranged Drafted Involved Scheduled
Assessed Edited Launched Selected
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Assigned Encouraged Located Started
Assisted Established Managed Studied
Classified Evaluated Marketed Suggested
Collected Examined Modified Supervised
Communicated Facilitated Monitored Supported
Compared Forecasted Motivated Surveyed
Compiled Formulated Negotiated Taught
Completed Gathered Observed Tested
Coordinated Generated Organized Trained
Conducted Guided Participated Translated
Created Handled Performed Updated
Self Assessment Question 1
Are the following statements true or false?
1. Resumes should be tailored to the needs of different employers.
2. In a chronological resume, only the most recent job is listed.
3. A functional resume is more applicable for experienced candidates.
4. The components included in a resume will depend on the type of resume.
5. There is no prescribed length for a resume.
14.3 Writing Job Application Letters
A job application letter is also known as a “cover” letter, since it introduces or covers the major
points mentioned in the resume. It is prepared after the resume. A resume by itself is incomplete,
unless it is accompanied by a cover letter. The cover letter, like the resume, should be well written
and presented, since it creates a first impression and can get you an interview.
Cover letters should be written much like sales letters, using all the techniques of persuasion. You
have to sell yourself to a prospective employer, in the same way that you sell a product to a
prospective customer. Cover letters can also be used to personalize your qualifications for a specific
job.
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Every job application or cover letter should include the following standard components –
1. Address and salutation – The letter should be addressed to a specific individual and not to the
organization. The individual should be addressed formally, by his/her last name.
Example – Dear Mr. Johnson/Ms. Johnson
If the name of the individual is not known, he/she should be addressed by his/her designation.
Example – Dear HR Manager/ Sales Manager.
2. Opening – The opening statement or paragraph should be straightforward and brief, mentioning
the purpose of the letter.
3. Body – Highlight your strongest qualifications in a couple of paragraphs, explaining how they will
benefit the employer, using words that are different from those in the resume.
4. Closing – Ask for the opportunity of a personal interview, showing flexibility in time and location.
While the standard parts of the letter will remain the same, the format may vary, depending on the
type of letter. We will discuss the types of cover letters briefly.
14.3.1 Types Of Job Application Letters
Job application letters may be classified into two broad categories – 1) Solicited application letters
and 2) Unsolicited application letters.
1. A solicited application letter may be defined as a letter written to a prospective employer, in
response to an advertised job. Sometimes job application letters may also be sent to prospective
employers who have not advertised for an immediate position. A candidate may have a list of
preferred employers and send job applications to them, in the hope of being contacted, as and when
a position becomes available. These are known as unsolicited application or cover letters.
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A solicited application letter is easier to write and is more direct and straightforward than an
unsolicited application letter. It is written following the direct organizational plan or format, which we
discussed in detail, in an earlier unit on business letter writing. The direct organizational plan, to
recap what we discussed earlier, consists in presenting the main idea first, followed by reasons and
an explanation and then a friendly closing. A solicited letter would be written in the following pattern
· Include a subject line, stating the purpose of the letter.
Example – Application for the position of Management Trainee.
· Mention right in the beginning that you are applying for a specific position that is available, stating
how you learned about the opening example, through an advertisement, through friends, or
through headhunters.
· State the reasons for applying for this particular position, i.e., why your qualifications and
experience make you suited for the job.
· Close in a cordial manner and ask for a personal interview at the convenience of the employer.
An example of a solicited cover letter, written in the direct organizational format, is shown below –
The HR Manager
East West Infotainment
Bidadi Industrial Area
Bangalore 560 035 April 8, 2008
Dear HR Manager,
Sub : Application for the position of Management Trainee
I am writing this with respect to your advertisement in the Times of India Ascent, dated
April 5 th , 2008, for the position of Management Trainee with specialization in Human
Resources.
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I believe that my qualifications and experience will match the needs of the above
position. I have recently completed my MBA from Sikkim Manipal University via distance
education, with specialization in Human Resources. My final MBA project was on “ HR
Recruiting Policies” in Ampersand Information Systems, Bangalore. In addition, I have
also worked on a parttime basis with an IT recruitment firm in Bangalore, for around six
months.
I am enclosing my resume, along with an executive summary of my project report, for
your review. I request you to give me the opportunity of an interview with you at your
earliest convenience.
Thanking you,
Sincerely,
Enclosures (2)
A solicited cover letter, such as the one shown above, should be accompanied by a “solicited”
resume, where the career objective is tailored to the advertised position and the relevant experience
if any, is highlighted and follows the career objective.
2. The unsolicited job application letter has certain advantages from the applicant’s point of view –
· By sending out a number of unsolicited letters to potential employers, the job seeker increases
the number of job opportunities available to him/her.
· There is less competition for the job seeker than there would be in the case of solicited job
application letters, which are sent in response to an advertisement.
· If the letter is persuasive enough and meets a potential employer’s requirements, it could even
be successful in creating a job.
· It suggests initiative on the part of the job seeker.
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The unsolicited job application letter also offers some advantages to potential employers
· It saves advertising costs for the organization.
· It saves time, since having a ready file of resumes helps the HR department to shortlist and
contact applicants immediately, instead of advertising and waiting for responses. An
advertisement may also fetch hundreds of responses, all of which may take time to screen and
shortlist.
· It increases the likelihood of getting candidates with initiative and foresight.
The unsolicited job application letter is not as direct as a solicited letter. This is because it has to be
much more persuasive and convince the prospective employer to select you for a job that is not
currently available. It is essentially a sales letter and follows the fundamental steps of selling, or the
“Attention, Interest, Desire, Action” format, that was discussed in an earlier unit. The AIDA format is
one type of indirect organizational plan. Let us discuss this format with regard to unsolicited letters.
1. Getting Attention – Similar to a sales letter, an unsolicited cover letter must get the attention of
the prospective employer. There are different ways of doing this.
One way is to show familiarity with the company.
Example – “ I have researched IT companies and identified yours as one of the leaders in the field of
microprocessor design, using advanced technology.”
Another attentiongetting technique is to highlight some of your outstanding qualifications.
Example – “If you need an executive assistant who can type at a speed of 100 words per minute,
contact me.”
Referring to the source of job information could also serve as an attention getter, especially if the
source is highly regarded by the employer.
Example – When your Vice President, Marketing visited our campus to give a guest lecture last
semester, he mentioned that you hired a few management trainees with marketing specialization,
every year.
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References to magazine and newspaper articles can also be used as attentiongetting devices.
Example – “ I read in the latest issue of the Advertising and Marketing magazine that your agency
has won a prestigious new account and understand that you may want to hire some client service
executives to service the account.”
2. Creating Interest – This can be done by highlighting your strongest qualifications and relating
them to the needs of a specific position. Prospective employers are most interested in your
qualifications and experience that are related to the job and expect you to point out that relationship
This will assure them that you understand what the job involves.
In order to create interest, the cover letter should avoid repeating facts from the resume. Instead, it
should interpret the facts.
Example – “ From the business courses taken during my MBA program and from three years’
experience as a collection agent, I have learnt how to tackle a number of customer related problems
such as legal, psychological and sales promotional. These problems are similar to what a claims
adjuster would have to face – acting within the limits of the law and a code of ethics, choosing the
words that are most likely to influence a particular client and constantly promoting the company’s
products.”
The above paragraph creates interest, by relating the qualifications and experience to the needs of a
specific position, namely, a claims adjuster. Note that it does not repeat factual details which can be
found in the resume, such as the name of the college where the applicant did his/her MBA, the name
of the courses taken, or the firm where he/she worked as a collection agent. It conveys to the
prospective employer that the applicant knows what the job of a claims adjuster would involve.
3. Inducing Desire – Similar to convincing a consumer that a product is relevant to his/her needs,
the prospective employer must be convinced that the applicant is the right person for the job at hand.
This can be done by providing concrete evidence and by stressing the benefits to the prospective
employer.
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The technique for selling a product is to emphasize the prominent features of a product, along with
supporting evidence. Similarly, the job applicant must choose his/her major strengths (such as a
particular qualification or a part of his/her job experience) and provide enough details about them to
sound convincing.
Example – My MBA final project work was with a leading international bank. I have also completed a
Post Graduate Diploma in Bank Management, offered via distance education by a reputed institute. I
am currently pursuing a parttime course in the programming of the XXX computer – the same model
that your bank is now in the process of installing.
4. Asking for Action – The last paragraph of the letter should ask for action on the part of the
prospective employer. In a solicited letter, the desired action is usually a request for a personal
interview. However, in an unsolicited letter, it consists in getting the prospective employer to indicate
whether there might be an opening for a specific position in the near future. This is as per the indirect
organizational plan, where the main idea (asking for a suitable opening) is stated last.
The following points should be remembered when asking for action –
· Ask for the specific action politely, without making demands.
· Express gratitude, because you are seeking a favor.
· Emphasize your strengths again in the last paragraph.
Example – “Please contact the references in my enclosed resume, for their comments on my
knowledge of accounting and my interpersonal skills. I would be grateful if you could indicate whether
there would be an opening for an auditor in your esteemed organization, in the near future.”
Self Assessment Question 2
Match the following –
1. Solicited application letter a. Providing evidence and benefits
2. Less competition for applicant b. Relating qualifications with job
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3.Attentiongetting opening c. Subject line
4. Creating interest d. Unsolicited application letter
5. Convincing prospective employer e. Showing familiarity with
employer
14.6 Other Letters Regarding Employment
Apart from job application letters, business executives often have to write other letters related to
employment or to a job application. Some of these will be discussed briefly.
1.Recommendation Letters
These are letters written to prospective employers about an applicant’s suitability for a
particular job. They may be worded positively or negatively. If the letter recommends the applicant
with enthusiasm, it is generally written following the direct organizational plan or format, stating the
main idea first. In other words, the applicant is endorsed right in the beginning of the letter. On the
other hand, if the recommendation is negative, the indirect organizational plan is followed, giving the
reasons first and then stating that the applicant is not suitable for the job.
The following points must be considered, when writing recommendation letters –
· Fairness to applicants and prospective employers must be shown. Helping an applicant to get a
job for which he is not suitable, is being unfair to a prospective employer. Similarly, giving a
negative recommendation to a worthy applicant because of personal bias, is not being fair to the
applicant.
· Relevant information must be provided in the letter. This includes the length of the applicant’s
current employment, the nature of the job, performance, his/her strengths and weaknesses and
any other information that would help to evaluate the applicant.
· Legal safeguards must also be included in the letter. For example, a statement should be
included that the information provided is confidential, or used only for professional purposes.
Failure to state this could lead to a lawsuit being filed against the writer.
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Some employers use forms for getting information about job applicants, instead of asking for
recommendation letters. This helps them to get the needed information faster, since filling out
forms is easier than writing a letter.
1. Job Acceptance Letters
These are similar to letters that convey good news and should be written following the direct
organizational plan. They should begin by accepting the job right away, followed by any necessary
details, such as documents to be submitted and then a friendly closing, indicating that you are
looking forward to working with the employer.
3.Job Refusal Letters
Prospective employers like to know as soon as possible, whether a job offer has been accepted or
not. When a job offer is rejected, they would like to know the reasons why it has been declined.
Therefore, a job refusal letter should state the reasons first, although it should be tactfully worded, so
as to retain the goodwill of the employer for future purposes. The bad news, or the news that the job
is being rejected, should be stated towards the end, following the indirect organizational plan.
Example
Dear Mr. Harrison,
Yours was one of the most challenging job interviews that I attended in my search for a
tax accounting related job. I found your ideas on the percentagedepletion problem
particularly interesting.
As you yourself mentioned during our meeting, opportunities in your organization are
good for those who are interested in costs. However, my special area of interest and
expertise is tax accounting.
Therefore, I have recently accepted a job with the 2M company, where my
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responsibilities will lie solely in the area of tax accounting.
I thank you for your time and the opportunity given to me to explore career prospects in
your organization..
Sincerely,
4. Thank You Letters
These letters are appropriate after the applicant has attended a job interview. As a matter of
courtesy, they should be sent out, even if the applicant does not stand a chance of getting the job.
This retains the prospective employer’s goodwill and increases the chances of being considered for
future jobs. If the applicant is being considered for the present job, a thank you letter may be the
deciding factor in his/her favor.
Thank you letters are relatively shorter than other employment letters. Writing in too much detail de
emphasizes the appreciation and gratitude that they are meant to convey.
Self Assessment Question 3
1. Letters of recommendation should contain ______________ _______ and
_________________ ______________________.
2. The indirect organizational plan is used to write ___________ ___________________
letters and _____________ _____________________ letters.
3. A ___________ __________________ letter conveys good news.
14.7 Summary
This unit dealt with two important aspects of employment communication – resumes and job
application letters, or cover letters.
The resume is basically a summary of one’s qualifications, experience, interests and aptitudes.
However, from a job applicant’s point of view, it also projects an overall image and provides an
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insight into his/her personality. It is used by prospective employers to screen and shortlist job
applicants for an interview.
The resume is written before the job application letter and determines the ideas to be highlighted in
the job application letter. It may also be tailored to the needs of a specific position.
Resumes are of two types – 1) Chronological resumes and 2) Functional resumes. Chronological
resumes are appropriate when qualifications and experience are directly related to the job for which
one is applying. It lists the qualifications and experience in reverse chronological order, i.e., starting
with the most recent job or qualification. Functional resumes are appropriate when a person has had
varied experience in different functional areas, or has switched careers. In this case, all the related
work experience is grouped together.
All resumes should include the following standard components –
· Basic data
· A specific career objective
· Education
· Work experience
· Skills/Other knowledge
· Organizations and Activities
· References
The appearance and language used in a resume is as important as the content of a resume.
Job application or cover letters are similar to sales letters, since their purpose is to sell oneself to a
prospective employer. Like resumes, they may be tailored to the needs of a specific position. They
should include the following standard components –
· Date and address
· Salutation
· Opening
· Body
· Closing
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Cover letters are of two types – 1) Solicited letters and 2) Unsolicited letters. Solicited cover letters
are written in response to a position that is currently available. It is written in a straightforward
manner, following the direct organizational plan. Unsolicited cover letters are written to potential
employers who do not currently have a specific job opening, but may consider the applicant at a later
date. They have to be highly persuasive and are written following the AIDA format, or the indirect
organizational plan.
Apart from job application letters, other letters regarding employment include letters of
recommendation, job acceptance and refusal letters and thank you letters.
Terminal Questions
1. Prepare a resume in chronological format, summarizing your education, experience and interests.
Include all the standard resume parts.
2. Go through the appointment pages of a local daily newspaper and select an advertisement for a
position that you would like to apply for. Write a solicited application letter, in response to this ad.
3. Select an organization of your choice and write an unsolicited letter addressed to the HR
Manager, enquiring about a possible opening in your area of interest or expertise.
Answers to Self Assessment Questions
Self Assessment Questions 1
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. False
Self Assessment Questions 2
1. c
2. d
3. e
4. b
5. a
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Self Assessment Questions 3
1. Relevant information; legal safeguards
2. Job refusal; negative recommendation
3. Job acceptance
Answer to Terminal Questions
1. Refer 14.2, 14.2.1,14.2.2, 14.2.3
2. Refer 14.3, 14.3.1
3. Refer 14.3, 14.3.1
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