Reinforced Concrete Building Structures

Structural Systems

LB3 Civil Engineering ITS

Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya

Last Edited Sep-2016

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Introduction
One of the basic factors contributing to the proper seismic behaviour
of a building is a rational conceptual design of the structural system in
a way that lateral seismic actions (inertia-forces) are transferred to the
ground without excessive rotations of the building and in a ductile
manner. This cannot be achieved only through mandatory
requirements of the Code. Therefore, there are also some general
principles that can lead to the desirable result when they are followed.
The guidelines are:
Structural simplicity
Uniformity and symmetry
Redundancy
Bidirectional resistance and stiffness
Torsional resistance and stiffness
Diaphragmatic action at storey levels
Adequate foundation
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Geotechnical Report

It should also be remembered that in the case of big projects,

geotechnical site investigations should be carried out and a
geotechnical report should be prepared by an expert in soil mechanics
to include all necessary information about:
The stratification profile
The mechanical properties of the soil
The ground type
The water table
The presence of liquefiable soils
The proposal on the type of foundation (shallow or deep)
It must be noted that even in case of small projects it is necessary that
soil investigation be carried out if there is no relevant information
from buildings existing in the neighbourhood.

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Structural Systems
Available structural systems are:
Flat Slab-Beam System
Flat Slab-Frame with Shear Walls
Coupled Shear Walls
Rigid Frame
Tube System with Widely Spaced Columns
Rigid Frame with Haunch Girders
Core-Supported Structures
Shear Wall-Frame Interaction
Frame Tube System
Exterior Diagonal Tube
Bundled Tubes
Outrigger system

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Structural Systems

Coupled Shear wall

Shear wall framed
Shear wall

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Structural Systems

Framed Tube Braced tube

Tube in tube

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Structural Systems:

Outrigger
Bundled Tube

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Interior enhancement

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Exterior enhancement

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Tall Buildings of the world

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El Centro Eartquake Record

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Intro to Dynamic Analysis

applying Newtons second law of motion gives

p fS fD = mu or mu + fD + fS = p(t)

This give well known dynamics equation

mu + cu + ku = p(t)

where:
m is mass, c is damping, k is stiffness, and p(t) is load acting on
structure.
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Classical Solution

Consider a step force: p(t) = po , t 0. In this case, the differential

equation of motion for a system without damping (i.e., c = 0) is

mu + ku = po

The particular solution is

up (t) = Po /k

and the complementary solution is

uc (t) = A cos n t + B sin n t

The complete solution is

u(t) = A cos n t + B sin n t + Po /k

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Classical Solution
If the system is initially at rest, u(0) = 0 and u(0) = 0 at t = 0. the
constants A and B can be determined:
A = Po /k, B=0
Substituting to equation gives
r
Po k
u(t) = (1 cos n t), where : n =
k m

Displacement (a)without damping and (b) with damping

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Numerical Solution

pi
p ( ) = pi +
ti
pi = pi+1 pi

The equation to be solved is

pi
mu + ku = pi +
ti

the solution is (not elaborated here):

p
 
ui p sin n
u( ) = ui cos n + sin n + i (1 cos n ) + i
n k k ti n ti

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Numerical Solution
Evaluating these equations at = ti gives the displacement ui+1 and
velocity ui+1 at time i + 1, the solutions are:
ui+1 = Aui + Bui + Cpi + Dpi+1
ui+1 = A0 ui + B0 ui + C0 pi + D0 pi+1

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Example

An Singe Degree of Freedom (SDF) system has the following

properties: m = 0.2533 kN-sec2 /in., k = 10 kN/mm., Tn = 1 sec
(n = 6.283 rad/sec), and = 0.05. Determine the response u(t) of
this system to p(t) = 10 sin(t/0.6) defined by the half-cycle sine
pulse force shown in Figure by (a) using piecewise linear interpolation
of p(t) with t = 0.1 sec, and (b) evaluating the theoretical solution.
Solution:

Calculate the variables:

A = 0.8129 B = 0.09067 C = 0.01236 D = 0.006352
A0 = 3.5795 B0 = 0.7559 C0 = 0.1709 D0 = 0.1871

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 ti pi Cpi Dpi+1 Bui ui Aui ui Theory* ui
0.0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0318 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.1 5.0000 0.0618 0.0550 0.0848 0.9354 0.0258 0.0318 0.0328
0.2 8.6602 0.1070 0.0635 0.2782 3.0679 0.1849 0.2274 0.2332
0.3 10.0000 0.1236 0.0550 0.4403 4.8558 0.5150 0.6336 0.6487
0.4 8.6603 0.1070 0.0318 0.4290 4.7318 0.9218 1.1339 1.1605
0.5 5.0000 0.0618 0.0000 0.1753 1.9336 1.2109 1.4896 1.5241
0.6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.2735 -3.0159 1.1771 1.4480 1.4814
0.7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.6767 -7.4631 0.7346 0.9037 0.9245
0.8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.8048 -8.8765 0.0471 0.0579 0.0593
0.9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.6272 -6.9177 -0.6160 -0.7577 -0.7751
1.0 0.0000 -2.5171 -1.2432 -1.2718
*u(t) = en t (A cos D t + B sin D t) + C sin t + D cos t
similarly we can calculate the derivative of the displacement u, not
shown here, try it your self.

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Response History
For a given ground motion ug(t), the deformation response u(t) of an
SDF system depends only on the natural vibration period of the
system and its damping ratio.

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Response Spectrum Concept

A plot of the peak value of a response quantity as a function of the

natural vibration period Tn of the system, or a related parameter such
as circular frequency n or cyclic frequency fn , is called the response
spectrum for that quantity. Each such plot is for SDF systems having a
fixed damping ratio , and several such plots for different values of
are included to cover the range of damping values encountered in
actual structures.
Consider the following peak responses:

uo (Tn , ) max|u(t, Tn , )|
t
uo (Tn , ) max|u(t, Tn , )|
t
uto (Tn , ) max|u(t, Tn , )|
t

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Deformation Response Spectrum

Choose the max displacement of

every Tn and plot

El centro earthquake
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Pseudo-velocity Response Spectrum

Consider a velocity V for an SDF system with natural frequency n

related to its peak deformation D u o due to earthquake ground
motion:
2
V = n D = D
t
It is related to the peak value of strain energy ESo stored in the system
during the earthquake by the equation

mV 2
ESo =
2

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Pseudo-acceleration Response Spectrum

Consider an acceleration A for an SDF system with natural frequency

n related to its peak deformation D u o due to earthquake ground
motion:  2
2 2
A = n D = D
tn
The quantity A has units of acceleration and is related to the peak
value of base shear Vbo .
A
Vbo = fSo = mA or Vbo = w
g

where w is the weight of the structure and g the gravitational

acceleration. When written in this form, A/g may be interpreted as the
base shear coefficient or lateral force coefficient. It is used in building
codes to represent the coefficient by which the structural weight is
multiplied to obtain the base shear.
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Pseudo Spectrum

Why do we need three spectra

when each of them contains the
same information?
The deformation spectrum
provides the peak deformation of a
system.
The pseudo-velocity spectrum is
related directly to the peak strain
energy stored in the system during
the earthquake.
The pseudo-acceleration spectrum
is related directly to the peak value
of the equivalent static force and
base shear.
Plot of D,V, and A at the same Tn

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Construction of Response Spectrum
The response spectrum for a given ground motion component ug(t)
can be developed by implementation of the following steps:
1 Ground acceleration ug(t); typically, the ground motion ordinates
are defined every 0.02 sec.
2 Select the natural vibration period Tn and damping ratio of an
SDF system.
3 Compute the deformation response u(t) of this SDF system due to
the ground motion ug(t) by any of the numerical methods
described.
4 Determine uo , the peak value of u(t).
5 The spectral ordinates are D = uo , V = (2/Tn )D, and
A = (2/Tn )2 D.
6 Repeat steps 2 to 5 for a range of Tn and values covering all
possible systems of engineering interest.
7 Present the results of steps 2 to 6 graphically.
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Spectra for different damping

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Spectra in the code

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Jakarta Spectrum

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Home Work

Goto
http:
//puskim.pu.go.id/Aplikasi/desain_spektra_indonesia_2011/
chose the cities with MCEG between 0.1-0.15g, 0.5-0.6g, and 0.8-0.9g,
create the Response spectra for chosen city.
Make some comment for response spectrum created.

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