1

Laboratory Manual
for

Hydropower Engineering for B.E.

Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Raghu Nath Prajapati
Civil Engineering Department

Nepal Engineering College

2017

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Pelton turbine
Name: Roll No.:

Experiment No.: Date:

Objective:

To conduct an experiment on Pelton turbine, measure the performance and draw the
characteristic curves.

Apparatus required:

1. Tachometer
2. Steel rule
3. Brake dynamometer
4. Pelton turbine

Formulae used:

1. Efficiency of pelton = 100%

Where,
Po =output power of the pelton turbine in kilowatts
Pi = input power of the pelton turbine in kilowatts
2. Input power pelton turbine = . .
Where,
= specific weight of water in KN/m 3
Qact= actual discharge in m3/s
H = total head in m of water
3. Output power pelton turbine =
Where,
N=speed of pelton turbine in rpm
T=torque in N-m
4. Torque ! = "# $%
Where,
w=weight in Kg
g=acceleration due to gravity in m/s2
r=equivalent radius in meter of torque applied
5. Total head = " = 9.81
Where,
P=pressure gauge readings in Kg/cm2
/
6. Actual discharge = (). * . +2". -. . 0 [As rectangular notch]
Where,
y= water depth over the notch

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L= length of notch
Cd= coefficient of discharge

7. Specific speed $1 = 4 #6%
35
Where,
N=speed of shaft in rpm
Po=Output power of the pelton turbine in Kilowatts
H=total head in meter of water.

Description:

Pelton turbine is an impulsive turbine used to utilize high heads of water for generation of
electricity. All the available pressure head is converted to kinematic energy by means of a
spear wheel and a nozzle arrangement. The water leaves the nozzle in a jet formation.
Then the jet of water strikes the buckets of the pelton wheel runner. While passing along
the buckets water is deflected causing a change in momentum of the water jet hence the
impulse force is supplied to the cups. The specific speed of the pelton wheel varies from
rpm.

The pelton wheel is supplied with water under high pressure by a centrifugal pump. A gate
valve is used to control the flow rate to the turbine.

Fig.a) Schematic of impulsive turbine

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Fig.b) arrangement of apparatus

Observation sheet:

Length of rectangular notch (L) =

Value of coefficient of discharge (Cd) =

Equivalent radius of brake (r)=

Expt. Pressure Head Water Acutal Turbine Speed Braking Torque Turbine Efficiency Specific Rem
No. gauge depth discharge input of load output speed ark
reading in power turbine power
notch
P Qact.
H (m) Y (m) Pi (Kw) N (rpm) w (Kg) T (N.m) Po (Kw) 7 (%) Ns (rpm)
(kg/cm2) (m3/s)

Experimental Procedure:

1. Keep the nozzle opening at about position

2. Prime the pump if necessary

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3. Close the delivery gate valve completely and start the pump
4. After the motor is running at normal speed, open the delivery gate valve until the
pressure gauges indicated a different pressure of about 0.5 Kg/m2. This
corresponds to the design flow rate.
5. Note the turbine inlet pressure in the pressure gauges
6. Note the speed of the turbine
7. Note the turque load of manual load
8. Calculate the efficiency and specific speed
9. Repeat the experiment for different loads

Some component of pelton turbine in laboratory

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Calculations:

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Calculations:

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Graph:

The following graphs are drawn for pelton turbine by taking actual discharge on x axis and
the other parameter on y axis.

1. Actual discharge Vs total head

2. Actual discharge Vs speed
3. Actual discharge Vs input power
4. Actural discharge Vs output power
5. Actual discharge Vs efficiency

Results:

Thus the performance of pelton wheel turbine is measured and the characteristic curve
were plotted. From the graph the following results are obtained.

1. Maximum efficiency of pelton wheel ( = %

2. Output power at maximum efficiency (Po) = Kw
3. Input power at maximum efficiency (Pi) = Kw
4. Speed at maximum efficiency (N) = rpm
5. Total head at maximum efficiency (H) = m of water
6. Actual discharge at maximum efficiency (Qact) = m3/s
7. Pressure head at maximum efficiency (H) = m of water
8. Specific speed at maximum efficiency (Ns) = rpm

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Francis turbine
Name: Roll No.:

Experiment No.: Date:

Objective:

To conduct an experiment on a Francis turbine, measure the performance and draw the
characteristic curves.

Apparatus required:

1. Tachometer
2. Steel rule
3. Brake dynamometer
4. Francis turbine

Formulae used:

5. Efficiency of Francis turbine = 100%

Where,
Po =output power of the francis turbine in kilowatts
Pi = input power of the francis turbine in kilowatts
6. Input power francis turbine = . .
Where,
= specific weight of water in KN/m 3
Qact= actual discharge in m3/s
H = total head in m of water
. . .
7. Output power francis turbine =
Where,
N=speed of francis turbine in rpm
T=torque in N-m
8. Torque ! = . ". # $%
Where,
w=net weight in Kg
g=acceleration due to gravity in m/s2
r=equivalent radius in meter of torque applied
9. Total head = 9.81 % 8 9#
Where,
P=pressure gauge readings in Kg/cm2
V=vaccum gauge reading
Z= datam level in m
/
10. Actual discharge = (). * . +2". -. . 0 [As rectangular notch]

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Where,
y= water depth over the notch
L= length of notch
Cd= coefficient of discharge

11. Specific speed $1 = 4 #6%
35
Where,
N=speed of shaft in rpm
Po=Output power of the francis turbine in Kilowatts
H=total head in meter of water.

Description:

Francis turbine is a reactive type of turbine used to utilize low heads of water for
generation of electricity in sufficient discharge. The water enters to wheel at the outer
periphery and flow towards the center of the wheel. The specific speed of the francis
turbine varies from rpm.

The francis turbine is supplied with water under high pressure by a centrifugal pump. A
gate valve is used to control the flow rate to the turbine. The net pressure difference
across the turbine inlet and outlet are measured with a set of pressure gauge and vaccum
gauge. A tachometer is used to measure the speed.

Fig.a) general view of francis turbine

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Fig.b) arrangement of apparatus

Observation sheet:

Length of rectangular notch (L) =

Value of coefficient of discharge (Cd) =

Equivalent radius of brake (r)=

E Pressur Vaccum Head Water Acutal Turbine Speed Braking Torque Turbine Efficie Spe Re
xp e gauge gauge depth discharg input of load output ncy cific mar
t. reading reading in e power turbine power spe ks
N notch ed
o. Ns
P V Qact.
H (m) Y (m) Pi (Kw) N (rpm) w (Kg) T (N.m) Po (Kw) 7 (%) (rpm
(kg/cm2) (Kg/cm2) (m3/s)
)

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Experimental Procedure:

1. Keep the guide vane opening at about position

2. Prime the pump if necessary
3. Close the delivery gate valve completely and start the pump
4. After the motor is running at normal speed, open the delivery gate valve until the
pressure gauges indicated a different pressure of about 0.5 Kg/m2. This
corresponds to the design flow rate.
5. Note the turbine inlet pressure in the pressure gauges and vaccum gauge reading in
Kg/cm2
6. Note the speed of the turbine with tachometer
7. Note the turque load of manual load
8. Calculate the efficiency and specific speed
9. Repeat the experiment for different loads

Calculations:

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Calculations:

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Calculations:

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Graph:

The following graphs are drawn for francis wheel turbine by taking actual discharge on x
axis and the other parameter on y axis.

1. Actual discharge Vs total head

2. Actual discharge Vs speed
3. Actual discharge Vs input power
4. Actural discharge Vs output power
5. Actual discharge Vs efficiency

Results:

Thus the performance of francis turbine is measured and the characteristic curve were
plotted. From the graph the following results are obtained.

1. Maximum efficiency of francis turbine ( = %

2. Output power at maximum efficiency (Po) = Kw
3. Input power at maximum efficiency (Pi) = Kw
4. Speed at maximum efficiency (N) = rpm
5. Total head at maximum efficiency (H) = m of water
6. Actual discharge at maximum efficiency (Qact) = m3/s
7. Pressure head at maximum efficiency (H) = m of water
8. Specific speed at maximum efficiency (Ns) = rpm

Note: for Kaplan Turbine, All sheet and methodology of Francis Turbine can be used

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Centrifugal Pump
Name: Roll No.:

Experiment No.: Date:

Objective:

To conduct an experiment on a single stage centrifugal pump at a various speeds, measure

the performance and draw the characteristic curves.

Apparatus required:

1. Tachometer
2. Centrifugal pump
3. Collecting tank
4. Stop watch
5. Steel rule

Formulae used:

1. Efficiency of centrifugal pump = 100%

Where,
Po =output power of the centrifugal pump in kilowatts
Pi = input power of the centrifugal pump in kilowatts
2. Input power of centrifugal pump = %. %. # :1
Where,
Pm=input power of motor in Kilowatts
7% = efficiency of motor
7 # :1 = efficiency of transmission
;
3. Input power of motor % = .
3600
Where,
R = number of revolutions in the energy meter disc
N = energy meter constant in rev./Kwh
T = Time for R revolution of energy meter disc in seconds
> ?@AB A/
4. Actual discharge =
C AB D

EF > A/
= = C
C D

Where,
V= volume of water collected in m3
h= rise of water level in the collecting tank in meters
t = time for h cm rise of water in the collecting tank in seconds
A = cross sectional area of the collecting tank in m

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+GHIC
5. Specific speed $1 = / #6%
35
Where,
N=speed of shaft in rpm
Qact=Output power of the centrifugal pump in Kilowatts
H=total head in meter of water.
6. Cross sectional area of the collecting tank (A) = L.B m2
Where,
L = length of the collecting tank in meters
B = breadth of the collecting tank in meters
7. Total head = 9.8 % 8 9#

Description:

Centrifugal pump is a roto dynamic pump in which a dynamic pressure is created which
enables to raise liquids from a lower level to a higher level. In these pumps, the whirling
motion imparted in the liquid by the blades of the impeller causes a centrifugal force to
act on the rotating liquid. Hence this pump is centrifugal pump. In addition to this force at
the liquid passes through the rotating impeller there is an increase in pressure due to
change in its angular momentum. Thus the high pressure liquid rises through the delivery
pipe to the required height. Because of their simplicity, low cost and ability to operate
under a variety of conditions, centrifugal pump is one the most popular types.

A centrifugal pump consists of an impeller rotating inside a casing. The impeller has a
number of curved vanes. Due to the centrifugal force developed by the rotation of the
impeller water entering at the center flows outwards to the periphery. Here it is collected
in a gradually increasing passage in the casing known as a volute chamber. This chamber
converts a part of the velocity head kinetic energy of the water into pressure head
(potential head)

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Fig.a) general view of centrifugal pump

Fig.b) arrangement of apparatus

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Observation sheet:

Length of rectangular notch (L) =

Value of coefficient of discharge (Cd) =

Equivalent radius of brake (r)=

E Pressur Vaccum Head Water Acutal Turbine Speed Braking Torque Turbine Efficie Spe Re
xp e gauge gauge depth discharg input of load output ncy cific mar
t. reading reading in e power turbine power spe ks
N notch ed
o. Ns
P V Qact.
H (m) Y (m) Pi (Kw) N (rpm) w (Kg) T (N.m) Po (Kw) 7 (%) (rpm
(kg/cm2) (Kg/cm2) (m3/s)
)

Experimental Procedure:

1. Keep the guide vane opening at about position

2. Prime the pump if necessary
3. Close the delivery gate valve completely and start the pump
4. After the motor is running at normal speed, open the delivery gate valve until the
pressure gauges indicated a different pressure of about 0.5 Kg/m2. This
corresponds to the design flow rate.
5. Note the turbine inlet pressure in the pressure gauges and vaccum gauge reading in
Kg/cm2
6. Note the speed of the turbine with tachometer
7. Note the turque load of manual load
8. Calculate the efficiency and specific speed
9. Repeat the experiment for different loads

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Calculations:

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Calculations:

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Graph:

The following graphs are drawn for centrifugal pump by taking actual discharge on x axis
and the other parameter on y axis.

1. Actual discharge Vs total head

2. Actual discharge Vs speed
3. Actual discharge Vs input power
4. Actural discharge Vs output power
5. Actual discharge Vs efficiency

Results:

Thus the performance of centrifugal pump is measured and the characteristic curve were
plotted. From the graph the following results are obtained.

1. Maximum efficiency of centrifugal pump ( = %

2. Output power at maximum efficiency (Po) = Kw
3. Input power at maximum efficiency (Pi) = Kw
4. Speed at maximum efficiency (N) = rpm
5. Total head at maximum efficiency (H) = m of water
6. Actual discharge at maximum efficiency (Qact) = m3/s
7. Pressure head at maximum efficiency (H) = m of water
8. Specific speed at maximum efficiency (Ns) = rpm

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