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Elastic Constant

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Elastic Constant

1231

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Anonymous RRIi0esyw
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1 - Simple Stresses and Strains 1.1. INTRODUCTION ‘When an extornal force acts on a body, the body tonds to undergo some deformation. Due{o cahasion between the molecules, the body resists deformation. This resistance by which material of the body opposes the deformation is known as strength of material. Within a certain limit (.e, in the elastic stage) the resistance offered by the matarial is proportional to the deformation brought out on the material by the external force. Also within this limit the rotistance Is oqual to the external fores (or applied load). But beyond the elastic stage, the ‘sistance offered by the material is less than the applied load. In such a ease, the deformation continues, anti failure takes place. Within clastic stage, the resisting fore equals applied load. This resisting foree per unit ‘reais called stross or intensity of stress. 1.2, STRESS ‘The force of resistance por unit area, offered by a body against deformation is known as stress, The external force acting on the body is called the load or foree. The load is applied on tthe body while the stress is induced in the material ofthe body. A loaded memaber remains in equilibrium when the resistance offered by the member against the deformation and the ap- plied Toad are equal. Pp Mathematically stress is written as, 6 = = ly st aot where o = Stress (also called intonsity of stress), P = External foree or load, and ‘A= Cross-sectional area. 21. Units of Stress. The unit of stress dopends upon the unit of load (or foree) and unit of ares, In M.KS. units, the force is expressed in kgf and area in motre square (em?) Hence unit of stress becomes as kgflm®. If area is expressed in centimetre square (.e., dew) : STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ‘The large quantities are represented by kilo, mega, giga and torra. They stand for Kilo = 10° and represented by vw ‘Moga = 10° and represented by ou M Giga = 10° and represented by... G ‘Terra = 104 and represented by vou. T. ‘Thus mega newton means 10° newtons and is represented by MN. The symbol 1 MPa stands for 1 mega pasest which is equal to 10® paacal (or 10° Nima). ‘The small quantities are represented by milli, micro, nana and pica, They are equal to Milli = 10° and represented by ou. 1 ‘Micro = 10°* and represented by... Nana = 10° and represented by... 1 ica = 10° and reprosonted by... p "Notas. 1. Nivton ea fore acting on a mase ofene kg and produces an aseleration of m/sPie, N= 1 Gig) x 1 mt 2. The stress in SI. unite ie expressed in Nin oF Nin? 23. The stress 1 Ninn» 10° Nin? = Mim Tas one Niman! is equal to one MN/nt 44 One paseal i written aa 1 Pa end ie equal to 1 Nim 13. STRAIN ‘When a body is subjacted to some external fore, there is come change of dimension of the body. The ratio of change of dimonsion ofthe body to the original dimension is known as strain. Strain is dimensionless, Strsin may be 1 Tensile strain, 2, Comprossive strain, 8, Volumetric strain, and 4. Shoar etzain. If there is some increase in length of a body due to external force, then the ratio of increase of length to the original length of the body is known as tensile strain. But i there is ‘some decrease in length of the body, then the ratio af decrease ofthe length ofthe body to the original length Is known as compressive strain. The ratio of change of volume of the body to the original volume is known as volumetric strain. The strain produced by shear stress is known ‘ss shear strain 14. TYPES OF STRESSES ‘Tho stress may be normal stress or a shear stress. Normal stress is the stress which acts in a divection perpendicular to the aree. Tt is represented by (sigma), The normal stress is further divided into tensile stress and compressive stress 1.4.1, Tensile Stress. Tho stress inducod in a body, when subjected to two equal and opposite pulls as shown in Fig. 1.1 (a) as a roeult of which there is an increase in length, is ‘known as tonsile stress, ‘The ratio of increase in length to the original length Is known ss tensile strain. The tensile stress acta normal tothe area and it pulls on the are. SIMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS Pull (or force) acting on the body, Am Cross-vectional area of the body, Original length of the body, increase in length due to pull P acting on the body, = Stress induced in the body, and train (ie. tensile strain). Fig. 1.1 (a) shows a bar subjected to a tensile force P at its ends. Consider a section x-x, which divides the bar into two parts. The part left to the section x-x, will bein equilibrium if P= Resisting force (R). Thisis shown in Fig, 1.1 (). Similarly the part right to the section x, will be in equilibrium ifP = Resisting force as ehown in Fig. 1-1 (c). This resisting fores por anit {ea is known as atress or intensity of stress, Let a) 4 FF rising ores) a) ato Fig 1a ‘Tensile stress =o = Resisting free R)__ Tensiteload P) ie a oF Ad) a ‘And tonsil strain is given by, Increase inTongth _ dl iy ° “Originallengih ~ L 1.4.2. Compressive Stress. The stress induced in a body, when subjected to two equal ‘and opposite pushes ae shown in Fig. 1.2 (a) as a resalt of which there is a decrease in length, ‘af the body, is known as compressive stress. And the ratio of decresso in longth tothe original length is known as compressive strain. ‘The comproseive stress acts normal to the area and it pushes on tho area. Let an axial push P is acting on a body is cross-sectional area A. Due to external push P, let the original length L of the body decreases by dL. Fig 12 ‘Then compressive stress ie given by, Resisting Force (R) , Push (P) _ P. we area(a) Area)” A ‘And compressive strain is given by, po Decrease inength Original length 4.43, Shear Stress. The stress induced in a body, when eubjected to two equal and opposits rose nich are acting tangentially across the resisting eostion aa shown in Fig, 13 Sere cof wih ee body tends to shea of arcs the azetion, is known as shear strst: The wEAoponding strain is known as shear strain. The shear siose isthe stress which a ental to the area. I is represented by © ee @ Fig. 18 SIMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS 5 Consider a rectangular block of height h, length Land width unity. Lat the bottom face ‘AB of the block be fixed to the surface as shown in Fig. 14 (a). Let a force P be applied tangentially along the top face CD of the block. Such a force acting tangentially along a surface Is known as shear force. For the equilibrium of the block, the surface AB will offer a tangential reaction P equal and opposite ‘o the applied tangential foree P. a Rg es #—— § @ » @ y Fig. 14 Consider a section x3 (parallel to the applied force), which divides the block into two parts, The upper part will be in equilibrium if P = Resistance (R). This is shown in Fig. 1.4.) Similarly the lower part will be in equilibrium if P = Resistance (R) as shown in Fig. 1.4 ‘This resistance is known as shoor resistance. And the shear resistance per unit area is known, ‘ax shear stress which is represented by «. Shear resistance | R 2 Shoar strss, x= See esata G (Round as) [Note thet shear sess tongentat fo the ere oer which ic acts As the bottom face of the block is fixed, the face Cea ae ABCD will be distorted to ABC,D, through an angle ¢asa -¢ f—rt reaul of force Pas shown in Fig. 14 (2. | ‘And shear strain (i given by, a] jo Transversal isplacoment ly Distance AD | i s DD, _ dl +#— t—41 hd De seu Fig. 4 @) 15. ELASTICITY AND ELASTIC LIMIT ‘When an external force aets on a hedy, the body tends to undergo some deformation. If ‘the extemal force is removed and the body comes back to ita origin shape and size (which ‘sans the deformation disappears complotoly), tho boy is known as laste body. This property, 6 STRENGTHOFMATERIALS by virtue of which certain materials return back lo thelr original position after the removal of the external force, is called elasticity. ‘The body will regain ite previous shape and size only when the daformation caused by the external force, is within a certain limit. Thus thore is a limiting value of force up to and within whies, the deformation completely disappears on the removal of the force. The value of| stress corresponding to this limiting force is known asthe elastic limit ofthe material. [Ef the extornal force is so large that the stross exceeds the elastic limit, the material loves to same extent its property of elasticity. IPnow the forca is removed, the material will nat return to its origin shape and size and there will be a residual deformation in the material 16, HOOKE'S LAW AND ELASTIC MODULIL Hooke's Law states that when a material is loaded within elastic limit, the stress is ‘proportional to the strain produced by the stress. This means the ratio of the stress to the corresponding strain is a constant within the elastic limit, This constant is known as Modulus of Blasticity or Modulus of Rigidity or Blastie Moduli 1.7, MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (OR YOUNG'S MODULUS) "The ratio of tensile stress or compressive stress to tho corresponding strain is a con- stant. This ratio is known as Young's Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity and is denoted by pe Tensilestress Compressive stress Tonsilestrain °" Compressivestrain or B=% AL8) LT. Modulus of Rigidity or Shear Modulus. The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain within the elastic limit, fs known as Modulus of Rigidity or Shear Modulus. This is denoted by C or G or N, Shear stress _ © Cor Gon = Serres =F Let us define factor of safety also. «1.8 18. FACTOR OF SAFETY 118 defined as the ratio of ultimate tensile stress to the working (or permissible) stress. ‘Mathematically itis written as, Uitimate stress Factor of $0007 = Permissible ates sade 1.9. CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRESS AND STRAIN 1.9.1. For One-Dimensional Stress System. The relationship between stress and ‘strain fora unidirectional stress e, for normal stress in one direction only) is given by Hooke’s law, which states that when a material is loaded within its elastic limit, the normal stress developed is proportional to the strain produced. This means that the ratio of the normal SIMPLE STRESSES AND S]RANS Sor wtie acelin dai scott SONA TSR SL tate ‘Normal stress o Normal tte88 constant or Corresponding strain e where o = Normal stress, ¢ = Strain and E = Young's modulis £ ALT (AN ‘The above equition give the stress and strain relation forthe normal stress in one direction 1192, Ror Tw-Dimensional Stress System. Bafore knowing the relationship be- evo tinea nd eral fr twordmensional stress syiam, we hall have to define longta3i- tal tain lateral sri, and Peison' ratio Tr Longitadingt strain. When a body is subjected to an axial tensile Lod, there isan sneroaes ts he length tte body- Bute the Same tne theresa dacrease in other dimensions Sho oy ae rghit ales to the line of action of th applied loa, Thus the body i having sear dehetostion aed aloe deformation at right angle to tho line of ation of te apaliedToad dies lateral deformation. “The ratio a axildafrmation to the original length ofthe bodys known as longitudinal Cortina) cache ht longitadinal strain sels defined os the defrmation ofthe body per Shut lengh in tho difetion of he apple load. Let = Lenglh of the body, P= Tensile force acting on the body, = Incrate nthe length of ie boy inthe diction of? ‘Then, longitudinal etrain = 2. Lateral strajin. The strain at ight angles to the direction of applied load is known as lateral strain. Let a rectangular bar of length Z, breadth b and depth d is subjected to an axial tensile load P as shown in Fig. 1.5. The length of the bar will inerease while the breadth and depth will decrease. Let SL Increase in ength, {85 = Decrease in breadth, and | Sd-= Decrease in depth rhe ta tin = 170) and lati strain= % or 7) £ Le 8 STRENGTHOFMATERIALS [Note. (if longitudinal strain is tenaile, the lateral strains willbe compressive. Gi) tf longitudinal strsin is compressive thon lateral strains willbe len. Li) Hence every longitudinal ctain ia the direction of load ie accompanied by lteral strains of ‘the opposite kind in all diestions perpendicular tothe lend 8, Poisson's ratio. The ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain ie a constant for « given material, when the material is stressed within the elastic limit. This ratio is called Poisson's ratio and it is generally denoted by u. Hence mathematically, Lateral strain Longitudinal strain or Lateral strain = u x Longitudinal strain As Interel strain is opposite in sign to longitudinal strain, hence algebraically, lateral strain i written as Lateral strain = ~ y x Longitudinal strain 4, Relationship between stress and strain, Consider # two-dimensional figure ABCD, subjected to two mutually perpen. dicular stresses o, and a, Refer to Fig. 1.5 (. Tet (9, = Normal stress in z-direction ‘0, = Normal stress la y-direction Consider the strain produced by 0 ‘The stress o, will produce strain in the direction of x and also in the direction of y. The strain in the direction of 2 will be Se Poisson's ratio, w= {1.7 D1 7001 Jongitudinal strain and will be equal to St whereas the strain in Fig. 15 (@) ‘the direction of y will be lateral strain and will be equal to - n x 3 =- ux longitudinal strain) Now consider the strain produced by 0. ‘The trees 0, will produce strain Inthe direction of y and also in the direction of x. The Lateral strain sin inn etn fy wil a ogi sein and wl be equal to SE whee the strain in the direction of x will be lateral strain and will be equal to - x 4. Tat 4, ~ Total otrain in w-dinection ‘e,= Total strain in y-direction Now tote strain in the dertion fx due to stresses o, and 0,» 9 i701 [lt SMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS s The above tv equations gies the otras and strain relationship fr the twodimen- sional stress sytem. Inthe above equations, tensile stress is tkon to be poriive whereas the omprecsiveelveas negative ; . For Three Dimensional Stress System, Fig. 5) shows a three dimensional toay sii totes ortogonlnornal teases, Op 94 ating in the directions of, and respectively. (Consider the strains produced by each stress sepe- rately. ‘To sirens o, wil produce strain inthe direction of = ad lao nthe deena fy ands The stra i the direc jon of x will be St whereas the strains in the dizection of y ‘tion ofx wll be St and will be Similany the stress 0, will produce atrain Sin the 2, Fig. 15.0) direction oy and strain of u SE in the direction of x andy each. i ‘Also the tres, wil produce stan in the dvetion of and strain of— 1x 9 in tho dection fx andy 1% O. ‘Total strain inthe direction of x due to stresses 0, 0p and ay = 32 —y SE SB Similarly total straine in the direction of y due to stresses cy, 0, and 0, 9299p St eo“ Ee and total etrains inthe direction of = due to stresses o,, a and c, Sy My EYEE Late; and e, are (otal strains in the direction of x,y and z respectively. Then 7 Go) 70) A) and ‘The above three equations give the stress and strain relationship forthe three orthogonal normal stress syste oan axial pull of ‘Problem L.1.A rod 150. long and of diamicter 2.0 om is subjected to an axial p 20 AN. Ifthe moc of elasticity of the material ofthe rod is 2 10° Nimm# ; determine the stress, Gi the strain, and- (Gi) the elongation ofthe rod: i [STRENGTHOFMATERIALS Sol. Given : Length of the rod, I = 150m 1D =20¢m=20 mm Diameter ofthe rod, Area, ‘Axial pull, Modulus of elasticity, {The stress (o) Is given by equation (1.1) as i 20 : F 2000 ssgeantnn?, Ans ong equate (3h ln taeda sien on $88 gan08, Ane (uy Began sited ang utn 1.2) 08 | ae Zosotss 1s seadrt om. Ans Problom 12. Fnd the minimum diameter fated which i wad of 4000 N if these thio oto eed SS ating, UNDA rd orien rad i Sol. Given: Load, P=4000.N ‘Stross, 0295 Nin? = 9 (Me Mega = 10 i 95 Nina ( 10°Nin? = 1 Niu?) Let Dw Diamotarof wire i mm Area, Ast! + Now stress = Mead re 4000, ap a D=732 mm. Ans. Problem 1. Find the Yours Modulus of @ brass rod of diameter ter 250 mim which is subjecte « stn the exonson ofthe od leah 20 vi wc ce toa oof 50 when th tension of the od Sol. Given: Dia. of ol, D= 25 mm | 2 Area of rod, Az F (25) = 40087 mnt ‘Tensile load, P = 50 KN =50 x 1000 = 50,000N Extension of rod, d= 0,9 mm Length of rod, L= 250 mm i I i i SIMPLE STRESSES AND STRANS 1" ‘Stross (o) is given by equation (1.1), 88 50,000, 50,000 Ura? cae = OLSEN) Strain (eis given by equation (1.2), as sing oun Lt Yous otis ane 4 ute 10L80Nnn! 4959 Wren? ‘str 0.0012 = $4882.38 « 10° Nim®, Ans. 1. Nimm# = 10° Nén*) 4.883 x 10° Nim? = 84.888 GNim®, Ans. ("108 Problem 14. A tensile fest was conducted on a mild steel bar. The following data was obtained from the test: (Diameter of the stee! ber Sem i) Gauge length of the bar =20em Git) Load at elastic limit = 250 kN (Gv) Estension at a load of 150 kN (o) Maximum load (i) Total extension (id Diameter of the rod atthe foiture Determine :(a) the Young's modulus, 26 em. (6) the stress at “ostc limit, (@) the percentage decrease in aren. ent-( mal” To a) To nd Youn’ maul, Brat calculate the valu fesse an strln within laste se Natt gen bu the extension corresponding to the oad a ste limit is net givens But a load of 150 KN (which ie within elastic mit) and corresponding exten Hon of 6.22 num are given. Hence these values aro used for stress and strain within elastic (©) the percentage elongation, and (oF emt Sol Area of the rod, A. -f oe = 7.0686 em? = 7.0885 > 10-4 m2. Time Stress = 100d, 18021000, pyre (Lia = 10008) “area "720685 10" = 212209 10 Nim® Incroase in angth (or Extension) ‘aa Strain = Criginal longih (or Gauge length) 021mm Foxt0mm “°° Young's Modulus, Stress _ 212209 «104 - 21220910" _ 99909628 x 30 Nin? Strain ~~ 0.00105 a we STRENGTHOFMATERIALS @ » 202,096 x 10" Nn? c = 202.005 GNim?, Ans. () The stress at the elastic limit is given by, Strees=Load at elastic limit, 250. 1000 ire 7.0885 « 10" = 85863 x 104 Nin? 353.68 x 10° Nim? © 358.68 MNim?. Ans. (©) Te percentage elongation is obtained as, Percentage elongation = Total increase in length (Original length (or Gauge lent) * 60mm = Seo * 100 = 909%, Ans, (@) Tho percentage decrease in area is obtained as, Perventage decrease in area (Original area — Area atthe failure) Originalarea 10? = Gig 10° = Mega 100 100 (Fxs*-4e228') 7 2 100 Fa ‘3? - 2.257 25) (23220 = (2=80025) 109. 42.75% Ans Problem 1.5. The safe stress, for « hollow steel column which carries an axial load of 2 x 10° RN is 125 MNim¥. Ifthe external diameter of the column is 30 cre, determine the Internal diameter. Sol. Given ‘Safe stress (0 125 MN/ns# = 125 x 10° Nim? ‘Axial load, P21 x109KN=21x10°N External diameter, D = 30 em = 0.30 m Let d= Internal diaraeter . Area of crdis-section of the coluran, As TD) = ¥ (908?) mt Using equation (1), a= le "Safe stros is troes which ie within canis lil t | i i i | | | | | | SMPLE STRESSES AND STRABIS 8 or 125 198 = 24108 (ot a F (a0? -a") or 009-8 = 2139 or 0,09- 0.02134 d= 009 -002T3S = 0.2619 m= 26.19 em. Ans. Problem 1.6. The ultimate stress, for a hollow steel column which curries an axial lead of 1.9 MN is 480 Nimm?. If the external diameter of the column is 200 min, determine the internal diameter. Tale the factor of eafety ax 4. Canoes, = 480 Nn? ing) paganess ue fe Meo» Exoal i, 200mm Rameety ne Aa ose Sen ete hin, AoE edhe 8 09 mm Ug esa 7, nee ; Uist srs peor ot eer ‘Working stress or Permissible stress ig ae oe Wangs = 0 Nit Pe agoe 20000 80H 4 Aa Kam = 2)” 40000~ <5 soto 4 : = 000 = 01508-9604 {035 mm te Problem Asta tarshoon ng Leiosbete vanes axyppied ong adap SSM Bcd mecmacnd mien swe prada. az] ol ren = Mathes, Passives 2 Din afopper pes, Dyn 20 am “ STRENGTHOFWATERIALS $20) = 100 x mat Area oflower part, A= ‘The streee is equal to load divided by area. Hence stress will be maximum where ares ‘minimum. Hence stress will be maximum in uppor part and minimum in lower part. D2 =* (got) =225 x mm Load _ 35x10? jaximum stress = “O84 = 111.408 Nimmt. Ans. Mi Ay” 100% Minimum stress = 00d S810" 49.5146 Ninm®. Ans. Ap” BB xH 1.10, ANALYSIS OF BARS OF VARYING SECTIONS, ‘A bar of different lengths and of differont diameters (and hence of different cross-soe- tional areas) is shown in Fig. 1.6 (a) Let this bar is subjected to an axial load P. Seaton ne od bee Hig 1s@ "Though cach section is subjected to the same axial load P, yet the stresses, strains and change in lengths wil be different, The total chango in longth will be obtained by adiing the ‘chonges in length of individual section, Let P= Axial load acting on the bar, Length of section 3, Cross-sectional area of section 1, Length and cross-sectional area of section 2, Length and eross-ectional area of section 3, and = Young’s modulus for the bar. ‘Then stress for the section 1, if Toad * = Reed of section” A, Similarly stresses forthe section 2 and section 3 ae given as, aa one SIMPLE STRESSES AND'STRANS 7 Similarly the strains of section 2 and of ection 2 are, a er aE Age Mt AE Change in length of eoction 1 Tengo section 1 ay 7 thor dL, « change in length of section 1. ‘Chong inlength of eoction J, dl, = eh, ™, 7 ae (: «-2) Sintary change in ng of ion and ection 8a clan a Change in ange ecion 3, dso But strain in soction 1 a + tye ae AE RE and change in length ef seton 3, =e Pi fo eye? aE Ske ‘otal change inthe loath ofthe be, sdb, + dy wl PEL Pla, Pla dis dly 4 dly+dby= 5 * ae * Be [a ta fe [2-2-8 a» Equation (1.2) i used when the Youngs modulus of dierent scons is same. 1 the Young’s modulus of difrentneoGens is diferent, then total change In lenge ofthe bar is oven, 7 ete ae te was Baa ini Problem 1.8. An axial pul of 25000 Vis acting ona bar essing of thre lengths as shown in Pg. 18 (0) If the Youngs madelua 2.1% 109 Nines determine CO atreres in each section and (total extension of he bar. aL. Seaton i Section 2000 sen eonom fe 20 ene 250m He Ze oA Fig. 16.8) 16 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Sol. Given Axial pall, P= 36000 Length of section 1, L,=20em=200mm Dia. of section 1, D,=2em =20mm. Arescfecion 1, = 0 «100 xan? Length of section 2, Ly=25 cm = 250 mtn Diaofseeion 2, Dy=Sem=30.mm Area owen 2, = % 80 = 295 xm? Length of section 8, Ly = 22 om © 290 mm 7 Dia. ofsection 3, Dy» Sem= 50mm + Aro feed, Ay 3 0 = 626 ram? Young modal, B21 x10 Nit (O Seria ech vection Asia ond Stross in seetion 1,0, = AEE P__ 35000 . = Eo fope 108 Nim? Ans. fe P 35000 : Stress in section 2, y= gay = ABSUG Nim? Ans. P _ 35000 aed Stress in seston 3, oy= Z-* Gopey = T7826 Newt. An (Gi) Total extension of the bar Using equation (18), we got 1 a Ja te rant ein 0 BAe ol Bix 10 (1002 © 225 xx suo +9.596 + 0.183 mm. Ans. Socat (6986 + 3.596 + 1.1209 Problem 19. A member formed by connecting a stel bar to an aluminium bar is shown in Fig. 1.7. Assuming that the bars are prevented from buckling sideways, calculate the ‘magnitude of force P that will cause the total length of the member to decrease 0.25 mm. The ‘values of elastée modulus for steel and aluminium are 2.1 x 108 Nim and 7 x 10! Nim? respectively Sol. Given Length of steel bar, ZL, = 80 om = 300 mm SIMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINE 7 Aroa ofstecl bar, A, = 5x5 = 25 em! = 250 mm? iP Elastic modulus for steel bar, By =2.1 x 105 Nina? Tt Senta” Length of aluminium bar, Te 1,= 98 em = 380 mm ‘Area of aluminium bar, soem toe [| phenntaneer Ag= 10% 10 = 100 m= 10000 mm? on) | Si Elastic modulus for ahumialum bar, pat 10 Nom? or ‘Total decret nent, dl: = 038 mm ut P= Rue fre ‘Aa teth th bre aro mad of ileen aerial, enc total change fn the lng of the bar is given by equation (1.9). oe Fig 7 ie ey ByAy ” ByAy or 025-0 (a i ae Ziv 0 «2500 "7 H0" x 0000, (G.T1A 10°F + 5.498 « 10") = Px 11142 x 10-7 2487 x 105 = 29437 KN. Ans. Problem 1.10. The bar shown in Fig. 1.8 is subjected to a tensile load of 160 AN. If the stress in the middle portion is limited to’ 150 Nimm?, determine the diamater of the ‘middle portion. Find algo the length of the middle portion ifthe total elongation of the bar is t0 be 0.2 mm. Young’s modulus ie given.os equal to 2.1 x 10° Nimm?. Sol. Given ‘Tensile losd, 160 KN = 160 x 109 N ‘Stross in middle portion, oy = 150 Nim? Total clongation, df 202 nim Total longth of the bar, ‘Young’e modulus, Diametor of both end portions, D, = 6 em = 60 mm ‘Area of crosa-cection of bath end portions, Ay= x 608 = 900 mm! ea a : rela $m ——_—__» Fig 18 18 STRENGTHOFMATERIALS i Diameter of the middle portion 1, = Length of midele portion in mm. Length of both end portions ofthe bar, Ly = (400-1) mm Using equation (1.1), we have Stress or the mide portion, we have where y= 3 D2 o Dy = VIRB = 36.85 mam es Atea of eroceeection of middle portion, Aye E968 [Now using equation (1.8), we get Ly : rasierenin, dead fa *Zae10® or 02. 1 = (400-19) and A, 02x21%10% | (400~ Ly), Ly 1.60000 ‘900% * 1066 1066(400 ~ 1.) +900: = 0.2628 = “900 x x 1008, or 0.2625 x 900%» 1086 = 1066 x 400 - 1066 L, + 900%% Ly or “T9118 = 426400 ~ 1066 Ly + 2821 Ly or “Tans — 46400 = L (2821 ~ 1060) or 364786 = 1761 Ly 364788 y= S89 907.14 mm = 20.714 om. Ams. 1.10.1, Principle of Superposition. When a number ofoads are acting on a body, the resulting steain, according to principle of superposition, will be the algebraic sum of strains caused by individual loads. ‘While using this principle for an elastic body which is subjected to = number of direct forces (tensile or compressive) at different sections along the length of the body, first the free body diagram of individual section is draw, Then the deformation ofthe each section is oblained. ‘The total deformation of the body will be then oqual to the algebraie sum of deformations of the sndividaal eections. SINPLE STAESSES AND STRANS. 18 ficiteshlhicaaia i Problem Lil. A brass bar, having cross-sectional area of 1000 mm, is subjected to axial forces as shown in Fig. 19. Ae © ga ae oly ao eS ate—— 1m —ae—— 120m — Fig 19 Find the total elongation ofthe bar. Take E = 1.05 x 108 Nimo. Sol. Given : ‘Area, A= 1000 mn? Value of Bw 1.05 x 108 Nim? Let dL = Total elongation of the bar. The foree of 80 KN acting at B is split up into three forces of SO KN, 20 KN and 10 kN. ‘Then the part AB of the bar will be subjected toa tensile load of 50 KN, part BC is subjected to a compressive load of 20 KN and part BD is subjected to a comprescive load of 10 KN as shown, in Fig. 120. pin] soit Fig. 110 Part AB. This partis subjected to a tensile Inad of 60 KN. Hence thero will be increase sm length ofthis part. { Inerease in the length of AB 1000 N, L, = 600 ram) =0.2857, Part BC. This partis subjected to a compressive load of 20 KN or 20,000 N. Hence there will be decrease in length of this part. Decrease inthe lengths of BC A, .1,-__ 2, i AE ta 1000 x 1.06 x 10° Pee =0:1904. 20 [STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Part BD. This partis subjected to a compressive load of 10 KN or 10,000 N. Hence there will be decrease in length of this part Decrease in the length of BD 2 10000 4 = 10000. 9200 “AB * "9 ~ y000 1.05% 10 Ce Dy24.24 122.2 mor 2200 mm) = 0.2096. ‘Total elongation of bar = 0.2857 ~ 0.1904 - 0,2005, (Taking +e sign for increase in length and ve sign for decrease in length) 0.1142 mm. Ans. Nogative sign shows, that there will be decrease in length of the bar. rg 1foblom 1412 Arenber ABCD in ebjcted to pint as Py Py Pyand shown in fe 202m safe oon ofa 00 =H) Fig. ut Galeulate the force Py necessary for equilibrium, i P, = 45 RN, P= 460 kN and P, = 130 kN. Determine the total elongation of the member, assuming the medulus of elas lieity 10 be 2.1 « 10 Ninn. Sol. Given. ParvAB: Ares, A, =625 mam and Length, [y= 1206m = 1200 mn Pore BO:. Aree, A, =2500 mm? and Length, 1, = 60em = 600mm Par CD: Area, Ay = 120mm? and Length, Ly =90.em =900 mm B= 21x10 Ninn, Value of P, necessary for equilibrium Resolving the forces on the rod slong its axis (ce, equating the forces acting towards right to those acting towards left), we got P.+Py=Py+P, Value of LSIPLE STRESSES AND STRANS 2 But P= 45 KN, Py = 450 KN ond P, = 139 RN 45 +450=P, +180 or P,=495— 180 = 365 KN ‘The force of 965 KN acting at Bis spit into two foros of 45 KN and 920 kN (i, 365-45 = 320 KN) "The foreo of 450 kN acting at is eplit into two forees of 320 kN and 190 KN (ie, 450~320 ‘= 190 KN) as shown in Fig. 1.12, From Fig. 1.12, itis cloar that part AB is subjected to a tensile load of 45 KN, part BC is subjected to a compressive load of $20 KN and part CD ia subjectod to a tonsile load 130 KN. A e gen rd 3000 12048 Big. 122 Honce for part AB, thore will be ineroase in length; for part BC there will be decrease in longth and for part CD there will be increase in length. Tnerease in length of AB Py y= sito set ge 1200 Ce P= 45 KN = 45000 NY 25x21. 10) ae 0.4114 mm Decrease in length of BC 320,000 — 820.000 600 Cs B 2500 x 2.1% 10 > fax = 03687 mm Increase in length of CD P 139,000 : AE! aso waix ioe "209 (04457 sara ‘Total change inthe length of member 414 ~ 0.3657 + 04467 (faking 4vo sgn for increase in length and ve sign for decrease in length) = 0.4914 mm (extension). Ans. Problem 1.18, A tensile load of 40 KN ie acting on a rod of diameter 40 man and of length 4m, A bore of diametsr 20 rami i made centrally on the rod. To what length the rod 30 KN = 130000) 22 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ‘should be bored a0 that the total extension will increase 30% under the same tensile load. Take B= 2 10° Nimm, Sol, Given som ow ——— in FeLu@ ‘Tensile toad, Dia. of rod, Area of rod, — in Fig. 1520) Length ofred, © L=4m=4% 1000 = 4000 mn Dia. of bore, d=20mm Area ofbore, ‘Total extension after bore Value of 10° Nima? Lot the rod be bored toa length of = meteor x 1000 mtn Then lngth of unkored poction= (4~s)in= (As) x 1000 mim, Firat caloulate the extension Btee the Boris made ‘The extension (8L) is given by, we Pg trx 40000 4000 00nd 10" Now extension after te bore is made 18x Katenson before bore 1a 2-22 mam ; ‘The extension after the bore is made, is alan oblained by finding the extensions ofthe tunhored length and bored length. or this, find th stresses in the bored and unbured portions. Stress in unbored portion oad P _ 40000 100 * hres "A" Ge ™™ tension of unbored portion = S00 Length of unbeedpoton SMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS 23 100 = 0 4-2) 1000 aaax ig *4"? Stes in bored potion Loud, P4000 __ 40000 “area "(A=a) (400m: Extension of bored portion ~ SEE «Length oft prton = 1000000062 min © 300m x 2 x 10" 10008 ‘Total extension after the bre is made a2, de 7 Ton | Ox Aid) Rquating the equations () and (i), Rod should be bored upto a length of 8.6 m. Ans. Problem 1.14.4 rigid bar ACDB is hinged at A and supported in a horizontal position by two identical steel wires as shown in Fig. 1-12 (c). A vertical load of 30 RN is applied at B. ind the tensile forces T, and T, induoed in these wires by the vertical load. Fg L2@) Fig 122.60) Sol. Given Rigid bar mesns a bar which will remain straight. ‘Two identical steel wiros mean the area of cross-sections, lengths and value of # for Doth wires is same, =p B,=Epand L, Loadat B= SO kN =30,000N ig. 1.12 (©) shows the position of the rigid bar before load is applied at B. Fig. 1.12 (d) shows the position ofthe rigid bar after load is applied, | Be STRENGTH OF MATERIALS! Let 7, = Tension in the first wire TT, = Tension in the second wire 4, = Extension of firt wire 4, + Extension of sooond wire Since the rigid bar remains straight, hence the extensions &, and 5, are given by ones ay 7 D2 28, = 0 But 8, isthe extansion in wire EC (Ben Ey Ey Ay «Ey oan pe Substituting the values of 8, and &, is equation (i), a. Tth Bek Ax E, ” ApxEy But 4, © A,,H, = E, and L, =1,. Hence above equation becomes : on, =7, Ai) ‘Now taking the moments of all the forces on the rigid bar about A, we get T,x14T,x2=30%3 or 1, +27, =90 iit) Substituting the value of 7, from equation (i), inte equation (i 7,+20T,)=90 or 82, From equation (i), Ty=2x18=86KN. Ans, Note. After calculating the values of; and, the stresses Inthe ewo wires can also he obtained Stereos in wire B= Led Th a At t vad Stress in wire w- 3, a 11. ANALYSIS OF UNIFORMLY TAPERING CIRCULAR ROD ‘Abbar uniformly taporing from a diameter D, at one end to a diameter D, at the other ad is shown in Fig. 1, Lot ‘arial tensile load on the bar L.= Total length of the bar B= Young's modulus ‘SWIPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS 25 Fig. Lag Consider a small clement of length dx ofthe bar ata distance. from theleftend, Let the diameter of the bar be D, ata distance x from the left end. (A) - (25%). 549% 1000-60) 000004 P x 0.6981 021 ‘D000004 x 585 = TSG KN. Ans. = 15T46N 30 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 1.18. ANALYSIS OF BARS OF COMPOSITE SECTIONS Abbar, made up af two or mote bare of equal lengths butof za different materials rigidly fixed with each other and bohaving S ‘as one unit for extension or compression when suibjected to an axial tensile or compressive loads, is ealled a composite bar. For bs the composite bar the following two plats are important 1. Theestension or compression ineach bars equal. Hence Z | deformation per unit leugts te, ain in each bari al 2.The total external load onthe compet bari equal to the sum ofthe loads carried by each dillren materia 1 Fig. 1.15 shows a composite bar made up of two different materials, Let Total load on the composite bar, D-= Length of composite bar and algo length of bars of diferent matoriale, A= Area of erose section of bar 1, A, = Area of cress-toction of bar 2, B, = Youngs Modulus of bar 1, Ey = Young's Modulus of bar 2, P, = Load shared by bar 1, P= Load shared by bar 2, 1, = Stress induced in bar 1, and ‘0, « Stress induced in bar 2 ‘Now the total load on the composite bar is equal to the sum ofthe load carried by the two Mg. 115 bare PaPLAPy “ Load carried by bar 1 ‘The stress in bar 1, = _Weadenried by bart dah Area of cross-section of bar 1 or Pea Ay «iy Similarly atress in bar 2, or Pax ayy ii Substituting the values of P, and P, in equation i, we get PHA, + 0,4, iv) Since the ends of the two bars are rigidly connected, each bar will change in length by ‘the same amount, Also the Iength of each bar is came and honce the ratio of change in iength to the original length ((., strain) will be same for each bar. Stress inbard —_ gy eee ee ~ Young's modulus of bar 1” 2," Similarly strain inbor 2, = 3 | | | SWPLE STRESSES AND STRANS a a But strain in bar 1 = Strain in bar 2 “E-2 «) From equations (iv) and (), the stresses, and g, ean be determined, By substituting the values of, and o, in equations (i) and (ii), the leed carried by difforent materials may be ‘computed. q ‘Modular Ratio. The ratio of Fis called the modular rato of tho first material tothe second, Problem 1.19. A steel rad of $em diameter is enclosed centrally in @ hollow copper tube of external diameter 51m and internal diameter of 4eni. The composite bar is then subjectad to 4an axial pull of 45000 N. If the length of each bar is equal to 15 em, determine : (@ The stresees in the rod and tube, and (ii) Load carried by each bar. 1x 10° Nimm# and for eopper 1% 108 Nima’ Dia. of steel rod 10mm v J 4 ‘ictal ar Aj 00F= 70080 mnt SQ sana eopar abe ssn Riess n= f0 ‘n= 40mm asSSSd +A of cope tae, 4, 40 SSTRENGTA OF MATERIALS JX ATOKA, #0, XA, = 1.8259, 500 + 1.259, x 750 + 0, x 1000 6 1.6250, and 0, = 1.250,) Ans. oe= 3750 Substituting the value of 0, in equations i) and (i), we got 9, = 1.625 90.9 = 147.7 Nimam®. Ans. and 6, = 1.95 x 90.9 = 118.625 Nimm?, Ans. Now load shaved by copper = 0, A, = 147.7 500 = 73850.N. Ans, 9, A, = 118.625 x 750 85218 N. Ans. Load shared by zine rod Load shared by aluminium rod 0, % A, = 00.9 « 1000 = 90900'N. Ans. Problem 1.27. A steel rod 20 mm in diameter passes centrally through «steel tube of 25 mm internal diameter and 30 mm external diameter. The tube is 600 mm long and is closed by rigid washers of negligible thicknees which are fastened by nuts threaded on the rod. The nuts are tightened until the compressive load on the tube is 20 RN. Calculate the stresces in the tube and the red. Find the increase in these stresses when one nut is tightened by one-quarter of @ turn relative tothe other. There are 4 threads per 10 mm. Take B = 2 x 10° Nim, Sol. Given, Dia. of rod 0 mn ‘Area oo A= % (20% mn? » 100 mm? rea oftabe, 4, = Length of tube, Z = 800 mm ‘Compressive load on tube, P, Value of B = 2 x 10° Nizam? ee es \- Fig. 122 When the nuts are tightoned, the tube will be compressed and the rod will be elongated. ‘This means that the tube will be under compression and rod will be under tension, Since no SINELE STRESSES AND STRAINS at external foreee have been applied, the compressive load on the tube must be equal to the tensile load on the rod, Let 0, = Stress in the tube, and 19, = Stress in the rod Now, Tensile load on the rod = Compressive load on the tube 6, %4, 20,4, ow Ae x o,= SE a, 100% i) When the compressive load on the tube is 20 kN or 20,000 N. ‘Then stress in the tube, or x 9= 0.6818, @ Losd___ 20000 ©: ‘hres of tube " 6875 = 92.599 Nimm* (compressive). Ans. Gi) Substituting this value kx equation (i), we'get ‘Stress in the rod, 9, = 0.6815 x 0, = 0.6875 x 92.599 = 63.66 Nim (tensile). Ans. (itt) Stresses in the rod and cube, whien one nut is tightened by one quarter of «turn. Lot 6,° = Stress in tho rod and 19; = Stress in the tube du to tightening of the nut by one-quarter of « tur, ‘As the stress in the tube ia compressive and stress in the rod is tensile hence there will be decrease in the length of tubo but there will be increase in the length of the rod. Decrease in the lengih of tube = Strain x Stress in tube fs sain S82) peat { 2K, x 800 0.0080," sae “ Inerease in tho longth of tho rod Stress in rod_ ot Siressinvod 75 % x 200 = 0687509) 800 G5 wageta) 2x 108 0.00275 x of ‘One-quarter of @ turn fof a turn Butin one turn, the advancement of the nut is }th of 10 mm. x} x 10~ 0.625 mm + Axial advancement ofthe nul = Blt axial advancement of the mut = Decrease in length of tubo + Increase in the length of rod 2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS (0.625 = 0.004 x o,* + 0.002759," = 0.00675 x 3 0.625 of = G0g78 = 9259 Nimm®, Ans. and 0, = 0.6876 x 92,59 = 68.65 Nim’. Ans, 1.14. THERMAL STRESSES: ‘Thormel stresses aro the stresses induced ina body duo t change in temperature, Ther- ‘mal stresses are set up in a body, when the tamperature of the body is raised or lowered snd the body is not allowed to expand or contract freely. But if the body is allowed to expand or contact freely, no stresses will be set up in Uhe body. Consider « body which is heated to a certain temperature. Let L = Original length of the body, T'= Rise in temperature, = Young's Modulus Co-fficient of linear expansion. LL = Extension of red due to rise of temperature the rod is free to expand, then extension ofthe red is given by db=a PL. ‘This is shown in Fig. 1.23 (a) in which AB represents the original length and BB’ represents the increaso in length. due to temperature rise. Now suppose that an external ‘compressive load, is applied a: B' so thatthe rods dsereased in ‘ts length from (L + 071) toLas shown in Figs 1.23 () and sro ivan « Destease in length s ‘Then compressive strain = 7 si Original length wPt fh 3 Tear TOT L- But Sem — eee Ht Fig. 1.28 Stross ~ Stein x B= aT And load or thrust on the rod = Strese x Area = a.T'E xA Ifthe ends of the body are fixed to rigid supports, 20 that ite expansion is prevented, then compressive stress and strain will be sot up in the rod. These stresses and strains are known as thermal stresses and thermal strain, s-Thermal strain, _¢ = Extension prevented Original le att 2 1.14) ‘And thermal stress, 0 = Thermal strain x E $a. 1.15) ‘Thormal stress is also known aa temperature stress. ‘And thermal strain is also known as temperature strain SIMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS 43 “LGA, Stress and Strain when the Supports Yield. Ifthe supports yield by an amount eal to 6, then the netual expansion ~= Expansion du to rise in tomporature 8 PaTL-5 ‘Actual expansion _ (a.7.L ~8) > “Original length ~ Actual strain > B TED ag soblem 1.28. rod is 2m long at a temperature of 10°C. Find the expansion ofthe rod, aon ee tonpurar Yd 6 SOI th apoio io prevent ind the tree inden ihe materia of he rod. Teke B= 1.0 105 MN? and c= 0.000072 per degree centigrade. Sol Given : Length of red, Tnital temperature, Final temperature, ‘Rise in temperature, ‘Young’s Modulus, Actual strain ‘And actual stress 0.16) (0 108 MN 0x 108 x 10° Nin? 00 Nin Coveffcient of linear expansion, « = 0.000012 "The expansion ofthe rod due to temporature rise is given by equation (1.12). Expansion ofthe red = @.T.L = 0.000012 « 70 «200 = 0.168 0m. Ans. Gi) The stressin the material ofthe red ifexpansion is prevented is given by equation (2.19) c Thermal sress, = at. TE 000012 x 70 > 1.0 x 108 Nim? = 84 109Nim? = 84 Nimmé, Ams, (+ 10! Nén! Problem 1.29. A steel rod of 3 em diameter and 5 m long is connected to two grips and. the rod is maintained ai a temperature of 95°C. Determine the strese and pull exerted when the temperature falls to 30°C, if (i the ends do not yield, anc. Gi) the ends yield by 0.12 em. ‘Take B = 210° MNIn® and a= 12 x 104°C. eM =10) Nom) Sol Gen Dinttheres, — daden=30mm Jeoeaf toed, An Zant =225 ema? gd otter, =8 an 8000 mon tal pers, 7, = °6 Final temporature, T',=30°C “4 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS «Fall in temperature, 7 ‘Modulus of elasticity, = 2x10! Nin? Coefficient of linoar expansion, « = 12x 10-9C. (2 When the ends da not yield ‘The stress is given by equation (1.18). Stress = a. TE = 12 x 10° x 65 x2 100 Nin? 156 x 10 Nim? or 156 Nimm? (tensile), Ans. Pullin the rod = Stress x Area = 156 x 225 = 110268.9N, Ans. Gi) When the ends yield by 0.12 em “ b=0120m=12mm ‘The stress when tho ends yield is given by equation (1.16) @TL-8) 5 Stress = (12 10"* 65.5000 - 1.2) @9-1y BEL 9. 10% = 108 Nimm?, Ans. San 10° = 108 Nim? Pullin the red = Stress x Area = 108% 295 x= 7640.7 N. Ans. 2% 108 Nim? 1.15. THERMAL STRESSES IN COMPOSITE BARS Fig, 1.24 (a) shows a composite bar consisting of two members, a bar of brass and another of steel. Let the composite bar be heated through some tamperature, Ifthe mombers are free to expand then no stresses will be indueed in the members, But the twa members are rigidly fed and hence the composite bar as a whole will expand by the same amount. As the co-efficient of Iinear expansion of brass is more than that of the steel, che brass will expand ‘more than the stoel. Hence the free expansion of brass will be more than that of the steel, But both the members are not free to expand, and hence the expansion of the cowposite bar, 2s a whole, wil be less than that of the brass, but more than that of the steel. Hence tha stress tet aes spa Uk oe Pe Brags set * © o Fig 12 “SIMPLE STFESSES AND STRAINS 45 induced in the brass will be compressive whereas the stress in stecl will be tensilo as shown in Fig. 1.24 (€). Hence the load or force on the brass will bo compressive whereas on the steel the Toad will be tens Let A, = Area of eross-soetion of brass bar ‘9, = Stress in brass train in brass 6, = Co-efficient of linear expansion for brass £, = Young's modulus for copper Ajo,.¢,and e,= Corresponding values of arva, stress, strain and eo-fficiont of near expansion for steel, and B, = Young's modulus for steel {= Actaal expansion of tho composite bar Now load on the brass And load on the steel = 0, For the equilibrium of the eystem, compression in enpper should be equal to tension in the steel ‘or Load on the brass = Load on the steel OX A,=6, x4, ‘Also wo know thet actuel expansion of steel ‘Actual expansion of brass But actual expansion of steel Free expansion of steel + Expansion due to tensile stress in steol O Tbe get z ‘And actual expansion of copper ; «= Froe expansion of copper ~ Contraction due to compressive stress induced in brass ‘Substituting these values in equation (), we get vba 8 x Laan Tx Sex aye Ta be Gx La gx TaL~ Zt oP + Sb wa, xT Sh o se Gh oy PB here T= Rise of temperaturs. copper tube of Problem 1.30. steel rd of 20 mm diameter passes centrally through a cope? 450 mm external diameter and 40 mm internal diameter, Te tube is closed at each end by rigid plates of negligible thickness. The nuts are lightened lighély home onthe projecting parts ofthe 48 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS rod. If the temperature of the assembly is raised by 60°C, calculate the stresses developed in copper and steel. Take B for steel and copper as 200 GNim! and 100 GN/n? and a for steel and ‘copper as 12 x 10 per *C and 18 x 10- per °C. Sol. Given Dia. of steel rod =20mm Ares oftel ina, 4,=£ x 20¢= 100e mm! Area atcopper ake, A, = (60409 mn? = 2250 mnt Rise of temjuratur, 7 = 60°C E for steel, b G=10% "= 200 > 10" x 10° Nin? = 200 x 108 Nima? 10° Nima? = 1 Nim?) EE for copper, B= 100 GNimn = 100 x 10° Nim? = 100 x 108 x 108 Nin? = 100 x 10° Nima? for steel, 4,212 10 per °C «a for copper, 0, = 18 «10-* per °C. ‘As «for copper is more than that of steel, hence the ffee expansion of copper will be tore than that of steel when there isa rive fn temperature. But the ends ofthe red and the tube is fixed to tho rigid pltae and the nuts are tightened on the project part ofthe tod Hane the two members are not fre to expand, Hence the tube andthe rod wll expand by tho same amount. The free expansion ofthe eapper tube willbe more than the common expanion, ‘whereas the fre expansion of the steal rod il be loss thaa the eommon expansion Hens te ‘copper tube will be subjected to compressive strass and the stoel rd will be subjected to tensile Let 0, = Tonsile stress in atecl (0, = Compressive stress in coppe For the equilibrium of the system, : ‘Tensile losd on stool = Compressive load on eupper or 6,-4.2, A or 4 xo, ge 25% = Fe xo, 2.260, “o ‘We know that the copper tube and steel rod will actually expand by the same amount, ‘Actual expansion of steel ‘But actual expansion of stool = Free expansion of stee] + Expansion due to tensile ety, in stoel a ee % ‘Actual expansion of copper li) ‘and actual expansion of copper SIPLE STRESSES AND STRANS a Free expansion of copper ~ Contraction due to compressive stress in copper fen ‘Substituting these values in equation (ii), we get a Tbe aa 1 Tobe bag Plt « gts ar 12x104 50+ 2280, i yea 30030 2050, , 2 : oe BM 8s aa x 1050-194 17550 0-210" * 10010 or Map 100, +1045, =6 10x50 or 2125 x 10-50, = 80 x 104 & 21289, = 80 = M47 Ninn’, Ane a1 Substtating this valu in equation (9, we got ANT x 2.28 1.76 Nimm?. Ans. Problem 1.81. A steel tube of 90 mm external diameter and-20 mm internal diameter ‘encloses a copper rod of 16 mm diameter to which it is rigidly joined at each end. If, at a temperature of 10°C there is no longitudinal stress, calculate the stresses in the rod and tube when the temperature is raised to 200°C. Take E for stel and copper as 2.1 x 10% Ninn? and 1 10° Nima? respectively. The value of coefficient of lincar expansion for steel and copper * ‘given as 11 x 10 per °C and 18 x 10° per °C respectively. Sol. Given Dia. of copper rod ron oppor red, Ape Ee 882 58 Me ‘Area of steel tube, A, = = @0®~ 20%) = 125 mn? Rise of temperature, T'=(200— 10) = 190°C B for stool, B= 2.1% 10° Nomen? E for copper, = 1 105 Nam? Value of for ste, 1x 10 per °C Value of for copper, 9, © 18 x 10° per °C AAs the value of « for copper is more'than that of steel, henee the capper rod would expand more than the steel tube if were free. Since the Lwo are joined together, the copper 48 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS SS et ores Will be prevented from expanding its full amount and will he put-in compression, the steel boing put in tensi Let = Strese in steel 9, = Stree in copper. For equilibrium of the system, Compressive load on coppor = Tensile load on stec! 125% B62" ‘We know that the copper rod and the steel tube will actually expand by the same amount. ‘Now actual expansion of steot » Free expansion of steel + Expansion due fo tensile stress =2.22%0, @ Tb+ Eb and actual expansion of coppe Froe expansion of copper = Contraction due to compressive stress PbS Bub actual expansion of stecl = Actual expansion of copper oy Tilt Fe baa. Pb L or oT oF 1x10 x 1904 5S = 18 194 190 229 ‘ sot 2.220,) or 18 « 104 190-11 x 10-9 x 190 oe +21 2220, o ee 5x 10x 190 or 5, + 46620, = 5 x 10-% x 190 x 2.1 « 108 o 5.6620, = 199.5 1098, = 35.235 Nimm?. Ans, 5002 ‘Substituting this value in equation (, we get 6, = 2.22 % 35.295 = 78.22 Nimm®, Ans, Problem 1.82. A steal tube of 30 mm external diameter and 25 mm interne! diameter encloses a gun metal rod of 20 mm diameter to which itis rigidly joined at each end. The temperature of the whole assembly is raised to 140°C and the nuts on the rod are then ssreed lightly home on the ends of the tube. Find the intensity of stress in the rod when the common temperature has fallen to 30°C. The value of E for steel and gun metal is 2.1 x 10% Nimm? and SIMPLE STRESSES AND STAANS 49 1x 108 Nimm? respectively. The linear co-efficient of expansion for steel and gun metal is 12 x 10° per "Cand 20 x 10° per *C. Sol. Given : Dia. of gun metal rod =20 mm Area gunna rod, Ay 208 100 ant pres ofsee te, A= 3 0-269) 68.158 mat Fallin tnportue, P= 140-9010 Valueof foros, H,=2:1 x 108m? Valu of fr gun tal, = 1 10° Nin? Value of a for stecl, = 12x 10 par °C Value ofa for gun metal, 6, = 20x 10" per °C. As dia greater than a, hence the free contraction of the gun metal rod will be moro ‘than tha of steel when thers ie «fll in temperature. Bt, since the ends of the rods have been provided with nuts, he two mombors are not Free to contract fully, each ofthe member will contract by the same atsount. The free contraction of tho gum metal rod will be greater thon the common contraction, whereae the free contraction of the stel tubs will bo loss than the common contraction. Hence the stesl tube will be subjected to compressive stress while the ‘un metal rod willbe subjected to tensile stress, Leto, = Stress in steel tube and 19, = Stross in gun metal red For the equilbxium of the system, ‘otal compressive fore in stel ‘Total tensile foree in gun metal AL OA, Ay, 100% or 8 Oe AE Oe BRIE a 45450, i) We also know that the stoel tube and gun metal rod will actually contract by the same ‘Actual contraction of steel = Actual contraction of gun metal rod But actual contraction of steel = Free enniraction of steel “+ eontraction due to compressive stress in steel +S Tabs Ge Actual contraction of gun metal = Free contraction of gun metal = expansion due to tensile stress in gun metal 50 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS -Equating the two values, we got a,.-T.b+ tLe oa Tle Be Long PLA FEL 1.4545 , or x 10110 SE 3 20x 10 x 110. : 0, = 14545 0,) 21x10 eo 7 14545 °, or AAS og, + 28 20 x 10 110-12 10% x 110 Bax io® 8 Teo LabAb ag +219, or =8x 10% 110 Baxi or 8.8585 0, = 8x 10% x 110 x 2.1 x 10 = 184.8, 1848 : y= GEES = 51.90 Nmmt, Ans. Subotituting this value in equation (), we got 6, = 14545 x 51.99 = 75.62 Nimm?, Ans. 116. ELONGATION OF A BAR DUE TO TTS OWN WEIGHT Fig, 1.25 shows a bar AB fixed at end A ond hanging freely under its own weight. 4 Let = Young’s modulus for the bar material, 10 = Woight per unit volumie of the bar material Consider a small strip of thickness de at a distance x from the lower ond Weight ofthe bar for a length of « ia given by, specific weight x Volume of bar upto length x xAXE ‘This mesns that on the strip, a weight of w x A x: s acting in the downward direction. Due to this weight, there will be some increase in the lengzh of element. But longth of the clement is de. ‘Now stress on the,element, __ Weight acting on element ~ Area of cross-section ‘The above equation shows that stress due to self weight in a bar is not uniform. It depends on x. The stress increases with the increase of x wx Ase Stross _ wie Strain inthe element = SS - “> STRESSES AND STRAINS et ——e—eoe Elongation of the element = Strain x Length of element ‘Total elongation ofthe bar is obtained by integrating the above equation between limits zeroand L. Le FP Eh te w[x? w DB -3[¢] PT oe WL We é ass 1.47, ANALYSIS OF BAR OF UNIFORM STRENGTH In the previous article we have seen thet the stress due to self weight of the bar ise: constant but the stress increases with the increase of distance from the lower end. If the 9 (weight is neglected and a ber of uniform seston is subjected to an axial load, then the stress the bar would be uniform. Let us find the shape of the bar of which self woight of the bar is considered ant ‘having uniform stress on all sections when subjected to an axial P. Such bar isshown in Pig. 12 in which the area of the bar increases from the lower end to the upper end. Let ‘A, = Area of upper end, A, = Ares of lower ond, w= Weight par unit volume of the bar, Uniform stress on the bar. Consider a strip of length dx at a distance x from the lower end, Let A be the area of the strip at section AB and (A + dA)be the area at section DC. Consider the equi- Librium ofthe strip ABCD. ‘The forces acting on the strip are @) Woight of strip acting downward and equal to wx volumeof strip Le, wx Ax ds, (Gi) Epes on eeation AB duo to uniform stress (0) sand is equi to 0 «A. This is acting downward ‘Gi Force on section CD due to uniform stress (o) and is equal to o(A + dA) This is acting upwards. Now, Total foreo acting upwards = Total fores acting downwards or ofA +dA) = 0x A+ wAde or ax A+ oda = oxAtwAds or oda = wd dw or rca - 1 i ! 52 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS es Integrating the above equation, we get wan = JB f%ae or toa=Beve “0 where Cis the ontant tiegrtin, ae Peo na, Shinn thn vale nen, ast peers é eA, Substeting the value of Cn equation wo get tog, A= + ogy Ay w {A w o log Amtog y= Hx or tg (ee a.” Ps or Bat hea a 4 “ ‘he above equation gives the area ata distance x from liver end at n Aca, Substituting these values in equation (we get Ayn Ave am Problem 1.83. vertical bar fived at the upper end and of uniform strength carries an ‘sia tensile load of 600 RN. The bar is 20 m long and having weight per unit volume as 0.00008 ‘Nino’. Ifthe area ofthe barat the lwer end is 400 mm, find the area ofthe bare the upper Sol. Given Axial load, P= 600 KN = 600 x 10°N Length, L=20m=29% 109mm Weight por unit volume, 1 = 0.00008 N/min* ‘Area ofbar at lower end, Ay = 400 mm? Aj = Area of bar at upper end, 17m stress* on the bar, P00 108 7 Ie 1500 Nim! ‘Using oquation (1.19), we get A=Age* = 400x615 240g x gnoosmoor ‘The stress on lower ond = -F-. We want that the siress in the bar should be uniforen i, P oma to 2 a SMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS 53 10 2. tng iy 0106 2stoe ff =000ieer A; _ 00010887 losin fap» age = 0.00040878 Ay «antigo 008678 = Leer A, = 400 x 100107 = 400.428 mm? Ans. HIGHLIGHTS ‘The resistance per unit area, offered by x hody against deformation is known as stress: The stress in given by ona ‘whore P = External force oF load ; A = Cross-sctional aro, Stross is oxprossod as kon kglem, Nin# and Nim. 1 Ni = 10+ Nias? of 10 Nim ‘The rato of change of dimension of the body tothe original dimension is known as strain, ‘The stras inducod in a body, which is subjected to two equal and opposive pulls, is known as tensile stress ‘The stress induced in a body, whichis subject to two equal and opposite pushes, is known as compressive atest. hastily isthe property by vittue of which cectain materials return back their orginal posl- fiom afer the removal af the external foco. Hook's law states that within elastic limit, the stress is proportional ta the st ‘The ratio of tensile stress (or compressive streas) to the corresponding sean is known at Young's smodiulus or modulus of elastiity and is denoted by B. ‘Tensile cr compressive stress ‘Corresponding strain ‘The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shoar strain within tho olatc limit, is known 25 smodilus of rig of shear modulus. fis denoted by C (or G ar W. ‘otal change in the length ofa bar of diferent lengtha and of diferent diameters when subjected town arial load P, ia given by when Bis same ] “when diferent, ‘The total extension of « uniformly tapering cirul subjected to an axial lad P is given by ted of diameters D, and D, when the rad is 5 4 [STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 16. 16. 18 19. peer PL, ° REDD * ‘A composite bari made up of tro or more hare of equal lengths but af diferent mater ‘xed with each other and behaving as one unit for extension or compression Tn case ofa composite bar having equal length: (D strain in each bar is equal and (i) total load ‘on the composite bar i equal tothe sum of lod carried by ech different materials ‘The strssos induced in a bedy duo to shango in tampevatare are known as thermal stresses. ‘Thermal strain and thermal trees is given by thermal strain, e=a.7- and. thermal stress, p= TE whose @'= Coveficient of Linear expansion, Rise or fall of temperature, Young’ modulus a where L= otal length of the red, i rgidly 5. ‘Total elongation of @ uniformly tapering rectangular bar whien subjeted to an ala load P is gon by where Z = Total length of bar a = Width et biggar ond ; Young's modulus Incase of composite bar having tvo or more bars of different lengths, the extension or compres sion ath bribe gt Ao th tal wil be es tthe sumo he ines by In cave of nut and bolt used on tube with washer, the tensile Tad on the bolt compressive load on the tube, Elongation of a bar dus ta ita own weight is given by ee, ML eer w= Weight per unit volume of the bar material, atength otha. Thicknss of bar dh at amvaller ond ‘equal tothe where EXERCISE 1 (A) Thooretical Questions Dele stress and strain. Write down the S.L and MKS. unit of stress and strain, “Explain clearly the diffrent types of stresses and strains, Die th tema Flr, eli int, Yoon mela and medals igi ‘State Hooke's law. Ee ‘Three sections ofa bar are having diferent lengths and diffrent diameters, Tho bar is subjected to an axial load P. Determine the total change ta Teng bar. Take Young’ med gan asa ead. Des change in length of the bar. Take Young's modulus of Distinguish betwoen tho following, giving due explanation @ Stress and stixin, i) Poree sd sizes, and (iy Tensile stess and compressive stress, SIMPLE STRESSES ANO STRANS 65 oe SS $$ 1 un. 2 B u ‘Prove that the total extension of a uniformly tapering rod of diameters D, and Dy, when the rod ip eubjected to an axel lod P le given by =e ° SEDDe where Z = Total longth of the rd. Define « composts bar. How will you find the etreses and load earvied hy each member of = composts bar? ‘Define modular ratio, thormal stresses, thormal strains and Poisson's rato ‘A ro whose ends ate fixed to vig eapperts, is hastod so that vise in terperatue is °C, Prove ‘hat the thermal strain and thermal stresses st up in the rod are given by, ‘Thorn etrain = oP and ‘Tharmal areas = «TE hero ¢ = Co-fficent af near expansion, ‘What is th proceduts of finding thermal strasse ins composite bar? ‘What do you mean by‘ bar of uniform strength’? Find an expreetion forthe iota elongation ofa bar due to its own welght, when the bar fs fed at is upper end and hanging fooly atthe lower end Find an expression forthe tal elongation ofa uniformly tapering rectangular bar whon it is subjected to an axl load (B) Numerical Problems ‘A rod 200 em long and of diameter 3.0 em Se subjected to an axel pull of 80 KN. IF the Young's ‘movil ofthe material ofthe od i 2 10° Vinma, determine: (i stress, i) etrain and it the tlongation of the rod [ds (0) 42.44 Nima? (i) €.000812 i) 0.0424 em} Find tho Young’s modulus ofa ro of diamelar 80 mm and af length $00 rm wich ie subjected toa tensile led of 60 KN ond the extension ofthe rod i equal to 04mm, (Ans, 65.6 GN/m*] ‘The safe stron, for a hollow ses coluron which caries an axial load of 22 10° RN i 320 MN. [the external diameter of the cdlumn i225 em, determi the internal ameter. Ans. 1.79 em) ‘An exit pll a 0000 N is acting on bar consisting of thre sections oflengu 80 em, 25 crn and 20 em and of diameters’ em, dm ana Sera reapetivaly. Ifthe Youngs moduhus 2x 108 Ninn? determine : () stress in each section and BRR toa extension oto bor tana) 17723, 31-8, 20.37 Not i) 0025 ea ‘he imate sees fra hl sas gunm which crres an ail fond af MN is 60 Ni IP pra au nog 250 om, lori rel eter, he far ef ak ae 9 8 ‘A msmber formed by connecting a steabbto an aluminium bar 5 is Shown in Fl 127, suming thst tbs are prevented foe ee See i Reel ite R ied [ Pott ‘iit the toe lth of te member to decease 0.30 mm. Thee" walues of elaste modulus for stock and aluminium are 2.x 20 tatahidest ‘Nine? and 6.5% 10° Wit respectively. (Ans. 406224N) | ‘uot ar : Fig, 127 38 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS bar shown in Fig. 1.28 is subjortd to tensile load of 150 KN, Ifthe stress inthe mid portion is limited to 160 Nimm®, determine the diameter of the middle partion. Find also the Jength of the middle portion ifthe total elongation ofthe bar is tobe 0:25 em. Young’s modulus is ‘sven se equal to 2.0% 10° Ninn! TAs. 846 em, 23.38 em] AY somo toon PE en —______4 ig. 128 8. A brass bar, having cross-setion area of 890 mm, is subject to axial frees a. showmn in Fig. 1.29 in! which AB= 0 m, BC = 08 m and CD = LO, A 2 c © ou | [aaa] wy Fig. 129 Find the totsl elongation ofthe har Take = 1 x 108 Nim Ans. ~ 0.111 mm) 9. A member ABCD is subjected to point loads P,, Pp, Py and P, os chown in Fig, 1.30. Calculate ‘the force P, necessary fr equllrium if P, = 120 RN, P, » 220 IN and P, = 260 kN, Determine also the not change tn the length ofthe mataber, Tales #200 GN (Ans, 0.55 mn) ‘om fe 075 emt m—— He — 1.2 mH Fig. 130 10, A rod. which tapers uniformly from 5 em diameter to 3 em dismatar in sloneth of 60 sm is bubjected to an axial load of 6000 N. If £=2x 10° Ninm find the extension of the rod Ans. 0.00127 em} 11. Find the modulus of elasticity fer a rod, which tapers uniformly fem 40 min fo 25 mm ameter in a Fength of 400 mm. The ro is subjocted toa load of 8 KN ad extension of the rd in 0.04 ram, Ans. 7639 KNimm*) 12, A rectangular bar made of ste! ts 8 m long and 10 ram thick. The rod is subject to an axial tenile lod of 80 KN. Tho width of te rod varies from 70 mn at one end to 28 mra atthe other. Find the oxtonsion ofthe tod IF = 25 10" Nin? Ans. 1.686 mm} 43, ‘The extension na rectangular steel bar of length 800 mm and of thisknese 20m, fs ound to be 0.21 mm, The bar tapers uniformly im width from 80 mu to 40 im, I B for the bar ie 2 = 10° 'Nimmn?, dotrmine the axial tensile load on the ar. Ans. 60.5 EN] SMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS - 1 1s. 16. ra 18. a ‘A stel rod of 2 em diamoter is onclosed centrally ina hollow copper tube of external diameter 4em and internal dicmetor of 8.5 em. Tao composite bar fs then subjected to an axial pull of 56000 N. If the length of each bar is equal t2 20 em, dotormine (@ the stro in the rod and tubs, and (Gd load carried by each bar. ‘Tako B for stl = 2% 105 Nimm and for eopper= 1x 108 Nira (ns, (@) 54.18; 108.26 Nn? (i) 84048.4 N and 15956.6 NI A ml steal rod of 20 mm dismeter and 300 mm long i enclosed centrally inside a hllow copper ‘ube of external diameter 30 mm and internal diameter of 25 ram, The ends ofthe tube and rods are brazed together, ar the composite bar is subjected ta an axial pall of 40 KN. I for stack ‘and copper is 200 CHa? and 100 GN respectively, find the stresses developed inthe rod and tubo, Alto find tho exionsion of the rod. (Ams. 4.76 Nimm®, 47.38 Nimm? and 0.142 mm) ‘A load of 19 MN is applied on a short concrete column $00 mam » 200 mm. The column i rein farood with four stel baro of 10 ram diameter, one in each corner. ind the stresses in the temnerate and stool hors, Take B for tool as 2.1 10° Ninn and for consrete a8 1.4 x 104 Ninn (Ans, 20.18, 301.9 Nim!) A reinforod short concrete eoluzan 250 mama x 250 mn in setion i reinforced with 8 eae bars. ‘The total area of steel bars is 1608.50 mec The column caries a load of 270 XN. Ifthe modulus of elasticity for atcl is 18 times that of concrete, Gnd the tzences in conerete and steel, I the stress in concrete shall not exceed 4 Nim? find the area of stool required so that the column may support a load of 400 KN. [Ans o, = Nin, 0, = 54 Ninn and A, = 2206 mn) ‘Two vetlel rods one of steel and ather of copper are each rigidly fleed atthe top and 60 cm apart. Diameters und length of each rod are dem and 2.5 em reepoctvaly. Actes bar fixed tthe rode atthe lower ends carries 2 load of 6000 N such thatthe eros bar remains horlzntal even after loading. Find the stress in each — 200m rod and the position ofthe load on the bar. Take for sel 108 Nim? and for copper = 1 x 108 Nimm? [Ans 2.828 and 5.658 Ninn; 39.59 em] ae] ‘A stool rod of eres sectional aren 1600 mm and tro brass rods {a¢nm teach ef erass-sectinsl (area of 1000 mm? together support a load (0 50 KN ne shown in Fig... Find the stresses in the rods, Take B for stel = 2 «10% Nimmé and E for brass = 1% 108 Nima? Fig. 1.31 (Ans. oy = 12.1 Nimm# and o, = 16:12 Nest ‘Arod is 5m long ata temparatore of 15°C. Find the expansion ofthe tod, when the temperebare is raisod ta 85°C. I this expansion is prevented, find the stress induced in the materal of the red. Take B = 1x 10! Nimm? and «= 0.000012 per dearee centhrade (Uns, 0.288 em, 96 Nim") ‘A stac rod § cm diameter and 6 m long is connected to two grips and the rod is maintained at’ temperature of 100°C. Determine the stress and pul exerted when the temperature fll to 20°C f() the ends do not yield, and i) the ends seld by 0.15 em. Take £= 2.10" Ninm! and «= 12 x 1-4. [Ans. () 192 Wann and 376990 N Gi) 142 Nimm®, 278516.3 Asta rod of 29 mm diameter pastes centrally throuh a copper tube 40/mm external diameter ‘and 30 ta internal diameter. The tube is elased at each end by rigid plats of negligible thickness STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. jd "Th nua are tightened lightly home on the project parts of the rod. If the tamperature of tho ttvcmly i raised by 60°C, caleulate the stresses doveloped in copper and steel. Take & for steel find copper as 200 GN/i® and 100 GN/a? and a for staal and eepper as 12x 10° per °C and 15 10° per °C. (Uns. 16.28, 28.4 Nima) 28, A vertical bar fixed atthe upper end and of uniform strength caries an axial tensile Load of 500 EN. The barf 18m long and having weight por uait volume as 0.00008 Ninm*. Ith area ofthe bar atthe lower end Is 600 mn? find the area of the barat the upper end. fAns. 500.72 mar®] 24, Astraght circular rd tapering from lameter'D” at one and to a diameter‘ at the other ends ‘ubjocted to an anil oad 'P- Obtsin an expression for the elongation ofthe ro, 4PL Ane Dd 2 Elastic Constants 21. INTRODUCTION ‘When a body is subjected to an axial tensile liad, there is an inerease inthe length of the body. But at the same time there is 2 decrease in other dimensions of the body at right angles to the line of action of the applied load. Thus the body is having axial deformation and also deformation at right angles to the line of action of the applied losd (ie., lateral deformation). +] This chaptor deals with these deformations, Poisson's ratio, volumetrie strains, bulk modulus, relation between Young’s modulus and modulus of rigidity and relation betwteen Young's modu las and bulk modulus, 2.2, LONGITUDINAL STRAIN When a body is subjected to an axial tensile or compressive load, there is an axial defor- tation in the length of the body. ‘The ratio of axial deformation to the original Iongth of the body is known as longitudinal (or linear) strain. The longitudinal strain is also definod as the | cofarmation of tho body por unit length in the direction of the applied load. Let _L= Length of the body, P= Tensile force acting on the body, ‘SL = Increase in the length ofthe body in the direction of P. aL ‘Then, longitudinal strain = 2.8. LATERAL STRAIN ‘Tho strain at right angles to the direction of applied load is known as lateral strain. Let ‘rectangular bar of length L, breadth b and depth d is subjected to an axial tonsilo load P as shown in Fig. 2.1, The length of the bar will inerease while the breadth and depth will ectease Lat 81, = Increase in length, ‘8 = Decrease in breadth, end Decrease in depth ‘Then longitudinal strain = i (21) and lateral strain (2.2) eo STRENGTH OF MATERIALS: Koy Fig 2 Note. (If longitudinal strain is tensil, the latoral strains willbe coraprossive {Ge Wongitadinal steain is compressive then lateral strain willbe tonal \ié) Hence every longitudinal strain in the dizection cf load is accompanied by ltatal strains of the opposite kind in al directions perpendiculer tothe load 24. POISSON'S RATIO. ‘The ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain is a enstant for a given material, hen the material i stressed within the elastic limit, This ratio is called Poisson's ratio and iis generally denoted by pt. Hence mathematically, Lateral strain, Tongitudinal strain or Lateral strain = yx longitudinal strain As lateral strain is opposite in sign to longitudinal strain, hence algebraically, the lat- eral strain is written as Lateral strain = ~ 4 x longitudinal strain 423A ‘The value of Poisson's ratio varies from 0.25 to 0,88, For rubber, it value ranges froin 0.45 to 0.50. Problem 2.1. Determine the changes in length, breadth and thickness of a vtec! bar which is 47 long, 30 mm wide and 20 mm thick and is subjected to en axial pull of 30 BN in the direction of its length. Take B = 2 x 10° Ninn and Poisson's ratio ~ 0.3. Sol. Given Length of the bar, Breadth of the ber, ‘Thiekness of the bar, ‘Area of crose-section, Axial pall Young's modulus Poisson's ratio, Poisson's ratio, 2 23) L=4m= 4000 mm 30 x 20 P=30 KN = 30000N B=2x 10° Ninn? ELASTIC CONSTANTS ‘bar of length 20 em, compressive load of 400 RN. The decrease in ler Bot nina sein «SE % oon 8 or cang ning = 0.0005 ‘Using equation (2.3), Latoraletrain * Tongitudinal strain Lateral strain 03 o00%5 Lateral sain = 0.8» 6.00026 ~ 0.000076. We know that Poisson's ratio & M(t taertsean = 2 oe Sfmt) “te tain Tiers = ez am. Ane steal sin 2 O00 D015 mm. Ane Similarly, 6 er 00025 x 4000 = 1.0mm, Ans. Problem 2.2. Determine the value of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of a metallic is 0.003 em, Length, L = 30 em ; Breadth, 5 = 4 em ; and Depth, Area ofeross-section, | A=dxd =4x4 breadth 4 om and depth 4 em when the bar is subjected to an axial ingth is given as 0.075 cm and increase in breadth ‘Axial compressive load, P= 400 KN = 400 « 1000 N Decreaso i. length, 8L = 0.075 em Increase in breadth, 98 = 0.008 om Longitudinal strain 0018 _ 9.0095 8) _ 0.003 Lateral strain BPS ~ ooo. Using equation (2.3), Pa __Lateral stain 0.00075, Pee Longitudinal strain ” 0.0025 Stress P Longitudinal strain FUE 400000 ‘0.0025 ~ 490000. 5 600« B 400000 = 6 110 Nimm’, 600 = 0.0095 03, Ans. Load _P (Seow jaa 3) Ans. 62 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 25, VOLUMETRIC STRAIN ‘The ratio of change in volume to the original volume af body (when the body is sub- jected to singe force ora system of forces) is called volumetric strain. Tt is denoted by ¢, ‘Mathematically, vlumetrie strain is given by vi aed where 6Y = Change in volume, and V = Original volume. 2.6.1. Volumetric Strain of a Rectan- gular Bar which is Subjected to an Axial Load P in the Dixection of its Length. Con- sider a rectangular bar of length L, width b and depth ol which is subjected to an axial load P in the direction of its length as shown in Fig. 2.2 Let {L = Change in length, bb = Change in width, and 4d = Change in depth. Final length of the bar =L-+5L inal width of the bar =b+b Final depth of the bar 48d [Now originel volume of the bar, V= Lib ‘Final volume (L + ALMb+ be + bd) [.bd. + bdbL + LbBd + La. 8b Ugnoring products of small quantitios) Change in volume, SV = Pinal volume - Original volume = (Lod + bdSL + Lbdd + Ld) — Lod = bdBL + LbBd + Lib Volumetric strain, ov, v babL + Lbdd + Lab Tod 8d, % a8 Ay & i tu «tng stain nd or a ara stein Sutsing ise asin he aire ain ge «Stange 9 ser ein ® From etn 2.0) wee Tatra sts Lng tn Sunitig ho eral sin gation, wo «yeti ein 2 gal Sin e1asmic ConsTaNTS 63 BLASTS CONTA = Longitudinal strain (1 ~ 20) ML = Fa-20 (2.8) Problem 2.3. For the problem 2.1, determine the volumetric strain and final volume of the given steel bar. Sol. Given ‘The following data is given in problem 2.2. L = 4000 mam, 6 = 30 mm, ford = 20 mmm, 1 = 0.3. Original volume, ¥'= Lb = 4000 x 80 x 20 = 2400000 rm? rhea gail sin (:e,) npn 21 ce a os © cosous ow aig euatin we ave Vaunetiestin, «y= 20-19 on -2«05)= 0001, Ans » 7 soe . 0000 ( = 0.0001 x 2400000 = 240 mam? Final volume = Original volume + 8 = 2400000 + 240 mm 2400240 mum’. Ans. Problem 24. A steel bar 300 mm long, 50 mm wide ond 40 mm thick is suhjected to a pull of 300 AN in the direction of ite length. Determine the change in volume. Take B= 2x 10 Ninn? and y= 0.25. Sol, Given Length, Wieth, ‘Thickness, Paull, Value of B 2x10 Nimm* Value of =025 Original volume, V=Lxbxt ‘300 x 50 « 40 mam? = 600000 man? ‘The longitudinal strain (ce, the etrain in the direction of load) is given by L,_ Stroas in the direction of load See ee ‘But stress in the direction of load PP = Koa bxt 6 “STRENGTH OF MATERIALS e1asro consTaNTS 85 200107 65 steam? ‘Substituting these valucs in equation (2.6), we get 50%40 in di __150 Fn 3, 0.00075 Now volumetric strain is given by equation (2.5) as a2) = 0.00075 (1 - 2% 0.25) oust Let 7 = changin vue. Then represent lee sein aw & 0.000875 or dV = 0.000875 xV = 0.000375 x 600000 = 225 mm’. Ans. 2.62, Volumetric Strain of a Ree- tangular Bar Subjected to Three Forces z which are Mutually Perpendicular. Con- sider a rectangular block of dimensions x, y andz subjected tothree direct tensile stresses ¢_f along three mutually perpendicular axis as shown in Fig. 2.3, ‘Then volume of block, V=xy2. ¥ ‘Taking logarithm to both sides, we have og V =log-x + log.y + log 2 Differentiating the shove equation, we get at eaeaits Ve ae We te aye (2.8) 2Y _ Chango of volume at Yl sin V Original volume ccmmeiadars 1 ala este + Sigal dieanee tirninin tn nun Boag eo dl ctcdmt a a Set taste Now, Let = Toosile stress in y-y direction, and fens stress in 2-2 direction, foang’s modulus w= Poiseon’s ratio. Now o, wl paduce ten strin equal o Sin the destin af and eempresive strain equal fo 1% inthe direction of y ads. Sn, o, wil reduce a tenis strain aus to En he dvcton oy anda compres strain egal to 2 nthe drcton os and Similary o, wll produce a tensile tin equal to Sin the direction oz and sompe ressive stain equal to H*S" in the deetion of = and 3. Henge oan, ill provace ‘compressive strains equal to and nets in the direction of x. [Not tensile strain along x-direction is given by Similarly, and ‘ ‘Adding all the strains, wo 1 (a, 40, +0)- 2 (a, +0, +0, a 46,0e,= EG, +0,+0)- Z l0,49,+0) 4 (a,+5,+0,X1~ 20). wv But e,e, +0, =Volumetri strain = S7-. aia W 2 a 40, 40,K1-29) Qn FB et OF OMA 20) Equation (2-1) gives the volumetric strain. In this equation the stresses o, .¢, and_ are all tensila. If any ofthe stresses is compressive, it may be regarded as negative, and the above ccuaton will goth valet tn epee in he wecs w. negative value of “Y ropresents a decrease in volume, the negative value of SF rep 66 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Problem 2.5. A metallic bar 200 mm x 100 min x 40 mam is eubjected toa foree of § EN (onsite, GEN (tensile) and 4 AN (tensile) along x,y and 2 directions respectively. Determine the ‘change in the volume of the block. Take E = 2 10! Nimm? and Poisson's ratio = 0.25. Sol. Given : Dimensions of bar "= 800 ram » 100 mm < 40 mam = 200 mm, y= 100 mm and 2 = 40 mm Volume, Varxy x2= 800 x 100% 40 1200000 mm? Load in the direction of = 5 KN = 5000N Load in the direction ofy = 6 KN = 6000.N Load in the direction of2 = 4 KN = 4000.N Value of E 22 10° Nim? Poisson's ratio, 420.95 ‘Stress in the s-direction, Load in x-direction : yee Et a p 300 mm — 0 = 0000 21.25 Nine? oN D040 ‘Similarly the stress in y-direction is given by, = Load in y-direction 6000 300 40 __ Load in adiroction xy 4000 ** 300 «100 ©0183 Ninm? Using equation (2.9), we get av Deke, +0,+0K1- 20 = 0.5 Nim? And strass in z-direction 1 geqgr (1254 05+ 0.119) ~2 «0.259 1.869 ELASTIC CONSTANTS Problem 28 A tale bar 250 mn yan 4.100 ram x 60 moni leaded os shun reas { Find the change in solume, Toke M1eNInmt nd Porat O35. or Alo find the change that should be madd in the 4 MN load, in order that there = y should be no change in the volume of the" Jfaigq 2 ber Rig. 25 Sol. Given Length, = 250:mm, y = 100 mm end 2 = 50 mm Volume, ¥ = ye = 250 x 100 x 50.» 1250000 mm? Load in a-direetion = 400 KN = 400000 N (tensile) ‘Load in y-direction 2MN = 2. 108 N (tensile) Lead in 2-diretion 4 MN = 4 x 108 N (compressive) Modulus of elasticity, =2 10° Nimt Poisson's ratio, = 0.25, Now 9, = Stress in direction Load indirection ‘Area of eress-sestion 400000 _ 400000 . cee anes «29 Nimm? Uension ila oe Lmdinasction 2x10 “ = BA = 100 Nin 160 Niine? (compression). Using equation (2:7) and taking tensile stresses positive and compressive stresses neg tive, we get aS E 1 Fe qor (00+ 160 160K1 - 2x0.25) (+0, 4X1 = 2) a v on or y 0.5 = 0.0002, Change in volume, dV = 0.0002 ¥ 10.0002 x 1250000 250 mm?. Ans. ea STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ‘Change in the 4 MN load when there is no change in volume of Bar avid aing equation (2.7), ©. (0, +0, o,K1~ Using equation (2.7, SF 2 (a, +0, +0344 20) tien age inane hen 0 Leraroxt-a0<0 Sui foros of mata the va of es between 025 and 0.39 an ene he em aaa 'Sncrer tae The ssts and a a oe change, Only She sen cosspending oh a Ann dese net to cena. 20a) =~ 240 Neamt compre) ed Area zxy 7 issast 250 x 100 fatashs tanked tna ose But seadyscompenve ado 4 MN arn Addin ned tht mare oad SON AHN 2 MIN (oomprossve. Ans But 2.6, VOLUMETRIC STRAIN OF A CYLINDRICAL ROD. Consider a cylindrical rod which is subjected to an axial tensile load P. Let = diameter of the rod L = Iongth of tho roa ‘Due to tensile load P, there will be an incroase in the length oftho vod, but the diametor ofthe rod will decrease as shown in Fig. 2.6. ‘ 7 Final length Final diameter ‘Now original volume of the rod, Fatet Final volume ce tdt-tdebouh +80) eLASTiC CONSTANTS: 68 SEL eA xh Bax baad xb bd L204 81) ote b tbat bbe dst) Neglecting the products and higher powers of two small quantitis. Change in volume, V = Final volume ~ Original volume = FC ah dd bx bd 4d x 81) F dtc = J @ x 6b- Bax x bd) thangs in volume _ 3. Original volume ~ V id? xab-2deLx8d) ee 2.8) Px whore Mets thant test acter Volum ain = Sin gh th nn of arto Problem 2.7.A steel rod 5 m long and 30 mm in diameter is subjected to an axial tensile load of 50 RN. Determine the change in length, diameter and volume ofthe rad. Take K = 2 x 10° ‘Nim? and Poiseon’s ratio = 0.25, So. Given Length, LeSm=5%10?mm Dimes, ddan Volume, Ya Bata te E0810" 88940 210" Tensile a, Boen = 8010 Vain ot rte Nine Peinontrato, wr 025 ie 827 Changi meter {8L = Change in length 8V = Change in volume Now strain of longth Load) Ege EB gg? “Dn 7 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS = 0.0003536 But strain of length. aL TT = 9.0008586 8, = 0.000538 x 5 x 10° =1.768 mm. Ans. Lateral strain Tongitudinal strain Lateral strain » Poisson's ratio x Longitudinal strain Now Poisson's ratio = 0.25 x 0.000856 & Lanta aan) = 0,0000884 Bit Later ain» ca SF = 0.000884 4d = 0.000884 x d = 0.0000884 x 3 Now using equation (2.8), we get BY ab 2d Volumetric stain, SF ~ 38 0008586 2 x 0.000884 = 0.001768 ¥ x 0.001768 35.848 x 10° x 0.001768, = 624.86 mm, Ans. 2.7. BULK MODULUS ‘When a body is subjected to the mutually perpendicular like and equal direct stressee, the ratio of direct stress to the corresponding volumetric strain is found to be constant for a ‘sven material when the deformation is within a eertain limit, This ratio is known a5 bulle ‘modulus and is usually denoted by K. Mathematically bulk modulus is given by Divect stress ‘Volumetic strain ~ [a7 ames v 2.8. EXPRESSION FOR YOUNG’S MODULUS IN TERMS OF BULK MODULUS Fig. 2. howa acube ABCD F GH whichis subjected to three matutly perpondica- lar tensile stresses of equal intensity. ae Tat = Lough of ube b= Change in length of the cube eLASTiC constanrs n = Young's modulus of the material ofthe eube = Tensile stroas acting on the faces = Poisson's ratio ‘Then volume of cube, Vm= L* Now let us consider the strain of one of the sides of | $f the cube (say AB) under the action of the three mutually perpendicular stressos. This side will sufler the following, three strains Z 1. Strain of AB due to stresses on the faces AEHD and BGC: This tran tensile andi equal to P27 2, Stron of AB dueto stresses onthe fates ABP and DHGC. This is compressive lateral strain snd i equal tow 28 Senin of ABP du ostresce on the faces ABCD and BFGH. Thine aleo compressive iu sninanis quo -n 2 Hionce the total strain of AB is given by [Now original volume of cube, V- IfdL. is the change In length, then dV is the change in volume. Difforontiating equation (7), with respect to L, dV = 82x dL iit) Dividing equation (i) by equation (i), we get aV_aibedl sdb Fee Eee sxtating th in nm gt nese in, wa aw 30 BB aap From qution (2), bull modus i given by o o a _ 30 i} Regn ae » © .8a-a] v) E z pee 20 1-50 maa 7 B-3KG-20 gap i From equation 2:10), the expression for Poiseo's rato (wis obtained as w = 2 STRENGTH OF MATERIAL'S Problem 2.8. Fora material, Young’s modulus is givens 1.2 x 10 N/mm! and Poisson's ratio 4. Caloulate the Bulk modulus Sol. Given : Young's modulus, E Poisson's ratio, Let Using equation (2.10), BARBI gg aot Nmt Ans Drblem 28 bar of 0mm detected nlf BN The mee conor onto lg te mn isO nm and sings dame’ 00M¢nm. Cll @)Yeangs modula Gi Poot ato Gi Bat mtn Sa. Gnon Disa, d= 0m ‘Area of bar, A= F (20) = 295 mm? Pull, P= 60 KN © 60 « 1000 N Gauge length, 00 mm. Extension, ab= 0.1mm ‘Change in dia, &d = 0.004 min (Youngs modulus (2) he P 60000 ‘Tensile stress, an F . $0000 fam? 5 SO «ener wh ab 04 Longitudinal strain Peas it = Se = 0.0005 ‘Tensile stroas Longitudinal stain 84.87 ‘2.0005 {6975 * 105 Nimm®. Ans Young's modulus, 2 = 16,075 » 10 Nima? Gi) Poisson's ratio Cw) Poisson's ratio is given by equation (2.8) as Lateral strain Poisson's ratio = taerol seein (© Tngitudinal strain e.asric CONSTANTS 73 (Gi Bute modulus (K) ‘Using equation 2.10), we get E1697, 10° BG 2a) ” HI- 0.2682) = 1.209 x 10° Nimm#, Ans. x 2.9, PRINCIPLE OF COMPLEMENTARY SHEAR STRESSES It states that set of shear stresses across a plane is al ways accompanied hy a set of balancing shear stresses (ce, of the same intensity) arose the plane and normal to it Proof, Fig. 28 shows a rectangular block ABCD, sub- jected to a set of shear streases of intaneity « on the faces AB fend OD. Let the thickneas of the block normal to the plane of the paper is unity ‘The force acting on face AB = Stress x Area =1xABx1=tAB ‘Similarly foree acting on face CD =x CD «1="0D AB (: CD= AB) "The forces acting on the faces AB and CD are equal and opposite and henes these forces, will form a couple ‘The moment of this couple = Foree x Perpendicular distance = AB x AD i) If the block isin equilibrium, there must be a restoring couple whose moment must be ‘equal to the moment given by equation (), Lat the shear stress of intensity x is sot up on the faces AD and CB. ‘The fora aeting on face AD =v" x AD x 1 "Tho force acting on face BC = v x BO x1 (= BG= AD) ‘Aa the force acting on faces AD and BC are equal and opposite these fores also forms a couple ‘Moment of this couple = Force x Distance =v AD x AB «iy For the equilibrium of the block, the moments of couples given by equations (@) and (i) should be equal GAB x AD =¥ADx AB or t=7 ‘The above equation proves thata set of shear strosses is always accompanied by a trans verse set of shear stresses of the same intensity. "The stress’ is known as complementary shear and the iwo stresses («and «) at right angles together constitute a state af simple shear. The direction of the shear stresses on the block are either both towards or both away ftom s comer. | ” STRENGTH OF MATERIALS In Fig. 28, asa result of two ecuples, formed by the shesr forces, the diagonal BD will be subjected to tension and the diagonal AB will be subjected to compression. 2.10, STRESSES ON INCLINED SECTIONS WHEN THE ELEMENT IS SUBJECTED ‘TO SIMPLE SHEAR STRESSES Fig. 2.9 shows a rectangular block ABCD which is in « state of simple shear and hence subjected to a sot of shear 0 stresses of intensity + on the faces AB, CD and the faces AD and CB. Let the thickneis of the block normal to the plane of the paper is unity q | Tt is raquired to find the normal and tangential stresses ‘cross an nelined plane CB, which is having inclination @ with the face CB. Consider the equilibrium of the triangular pleeo CEB of thiclnoae unity. The forces acting on triangular piecs CRB are shown in Fig. 2.10 and they are ce (Shear force on face CB, Pr ey Q, = Shear stress « area of face CB =exBCx1 = vx BC acting along OB (di) Shear fores on face EB, @,= Shear stress x area offaco HB 3 ex EB x Lax EB acting along BB 1xEB=Oy (idl) force P,, normal to the plane EC Fe. 210 (Gu) A fore P, tangential wo the plane BC ‘The force Qi acting along the face CB as shown in Pig. 2.11. Tia frees resolved into ‘ono components, fe, Q, on @ and Q, sin @ along the plane CH and normal tothe plane C2 respectively, The force Qs acting along the face ZB This force is alo resolved into bve components, 4, Qn 0 and Q, 0080 along the plane BC and normal to Uh plane EC respectively or equilibrium, the not force normal to the plane CE should be zero P,—@, sin 0- Qyens 020 Qysin + Qos 0 3% BC x ain 6+ +3 ED x coe 0 (2 Qa txBC ond @,=%x2B) 59 se cect Stl, the net foree along the plane CE should FOR e P,Q, 0050+ Q,sin Q,c08 8 Q, sin 8 ve sign is takon due to opposite direction) BO x cos 01% EB x sin 8 eUASTIC CONSTANTS 78 Let 6, = Normal stross on plane CE’ 6, = Tangential stress on plane CH ‘Normal foree on plane CE ‘Area of aection CE B,__ x BC xsin 0+4x EBX c088 Gest CExt 2008 0 sin 0+ ein 0 x cos 0 Be En + Tn triangle 2BC, BS ~ cos # and 2 « sin (+ tesco nn 35 «evant FF =n) 2.12) ‘Tangent ‘Area of plane CE ExBCx0o8 01x EB xsind eae and 4, EB xeos0~ ex EB xin =v Shear stress = =) 5 Bquating the two tensile strain along diagonal BD, wo got o Easwe (Canclng «to both sides E2006) 236) = 2. - Baw ead Problem 2.10, Determine the Poisson's ratio and bulh modulus of a material, for which Young's modulus is 12 x 10° Nimm? and modulus of rigidity ie 4.8 x 10° NI min? Sol. Given Young's modulus, = 1.2% 108 Nimm* Modulus of rigidity, C= 4.8 x 10¢ Nim? Let the Poisson's ratio= Using equation (2.16), we get B22 ew) or 48x 10°C +0) 12x 10% or (awe ee 125 or 100.25, Ans. Ay = ERIC = 125 25-10 = 0.25. Ar [Bulk modulus is given by equation (2.10) as zB 10° : 1.210 io 80-20 ~ 310982 = 8% 106 Nim. Ans. Problem 2.11. A bar of eress-section 8 mm x & mm is eubjected to an axial pull of 7000 N. The lateral dimension ofthe bar is found to be changed t0 7.9985 myn x 7.9985 min. If the modulus of rigidity ofthe material is 0.8 x 108 N/mm?, determine the Poisson's ratio and ‘modulus of elasticity. Sol. Given ‘Area of section = 8 » ‘Axial pull, P = 7000 N Lateral dimensions = 7.9985 mm x 7.9985 mm. Volume of © =0.8 x 10° N/mm? 4 mam? a 80 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Poigcon's ratio and E = Modulus of elasticity. ‘Chango in lateral dlmension ‘Original lateral dimension STOO 00018 goons ‘To find the value of Poisson's ratio, wo must know the value of longitudinal strain, But in this problem, the length of bar and the axial extension is not given. Hence longitudinal strain cannot be ealeilated, But sxil stress ean be celculated. Then longitudinal, strain will bo ogual to axial stress divided by B. P__ 7000 Brea ~ 64 But letra strain = jx longitadinal strain = eS Now lateral stra * Axial stress, 100.875 N/mm? and longitudinal stral bala « oases = #2109378 « E_ 109375, AOE, « s0ss05.98 or B= 583988.350 0 Using equation (2.17), we get B ma =2x 08% L049) & C=08% 109) 0.8% 105(1 +9) B= 588383.33,) 569393.5. ~ BEE = 2.6408 1 = 8.6458, — 0001875) cK + w) or ite 6458 Poisson's ati +0878, Ans. 4 eas Modulus of elasticity (B) is obtained by cubstituting the value of yin equation (i). = 583898.23, 158339333, Be = 2.2067 108 Nimmt, Ans. 2648 Problem 2.12. Calculate the modulus of rigidity and bulk modulus of « cylindrical bar of diameter 30 mm and of length 1.5 m ifthe longitudinal stain in a bar during a tensile stress is four times the lateral strain. Find the change in volume, when the bar is subjected to a Jdrostatic pressure of 100 Ninn, Take B= 1x 10° Nim’. Sol. Given Dia. of bar, Length of bar, ‘Volume of bar, eLASTIC CONSTANTS: et parish Longitudinel strain =4 x Lateral strain “Hydrostatic pressure, p = 100 Nimam* Lateral strain 0.25 Longitudinal sain or Poisson's ratio, = w= 0.25 Let (C= Modulus of rigidity Using equation (2.16), we get B= 200+) or 1x 105= 2011 +025) Ax 10° erst For bulle modulus, using equation (2.11), we get x 104 Nimm®, Ans. « beawean 20028) 25) 1x 108 2 PIO ger 105 Ninmt, Ans. 13 691 308m Now asing quan 28) wee 2 . =‘ jumetriostrain ” (dV" sre p= 100 Nn? 67x10!» A 7) a1 : 7 a gilt g 1se0 dV = Vx 15 10 = 1060287.52 % 15 « = 1590.49 mm®, Ans. HIGHTIGHTS Poisson's ratio isthe rato of lateral strain to langitudinal strain. Ibis generally denoted by 1. 2. The tensile longitadinal stress produces compressive lateral stra. # a loa acts inthe direction of length of a rectangular bar, then longitudinal stealn = F and 85, Be Lateral strain = or where 8! = Change in length, ‘8h = Change in width, ‘bd = Change in dopth i a2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 44 The rato of change in volume to original volume is known as volumetric strain 5. Volumetric stain, foe a rectangular bar subjocted to an axial ed P, is given by saan 6. Vln: in fr ang er ited tre mal perpen Pee Hh alias there a, 0, and 6, are strestes in x,y and z direction respectively Principle of complementary shear siraasos states that a set of shear tresses across plan iz always accompanied by a et of balancing shear strestes (Le, of the same intensity] across the plane and normal to 8. Volumetri strain of elindrical rod subjocted to an axial tensile load is given by, ¢, Longitudinal train ~2 x strain of diameter rare 5 td 8, Bulk modulus Kis given by, Keo. r GF) 10, Tho celn beeen Ton’ dl nd balk mds gen by, Sana ap 11, When an elomet naj ple ber ssn {O'Th dane af sin taal te ar pepo en oe. (i) The flares of sion somal sane ee led sonal of 45 othe plane o pe me (un Ono th maxima normal set i nl whl th othr mais normal ees i comes (oy Tenia normal sts ar fhe same magi and are ou the sat sess meen ope hese 1a, The ran tween hl of lay and modus gy sen by : E arcasw o cope EXERCISE 2 (A) Theoretieal Questions 3, Define and explain the terms: Longitudinal strain, lateral strain and Poiston's ratio. Prove that the volumetric tran ofa cylindrical rod which is eubjeted to an axial vensie load is equal o strain inthe length minus tee the strain of diameter 3. What isa bulk modulus 7 Derive an expression for Young’e modulus in terms of ball modulus ud Polssou's rato 4. Define volumetric stain. Prove that the volumetre strain for a rectangular bar subjected to an sviallood P ia the direction of ite length is given by SL «= ta-a a Poissons ratio and % = Longitudinal stain ‘easnic CONSTANTS 83 5. (a) Derive an expression for volumetric strain fora rectangular ar whichis subjected to three mutually perpendicular tonsile stresses. (@) A tost clement is eubjected to three mutually perpendicular unequal stresses. Find the change in volume ofthe clement, ithe aljabraic cum of those street a aqua ta 2er0, Bzplainbrifly the term ‘choarstrece’ and "complimentary staat with proper iustrations, State tho princpla of shear stress. ‘What do you understand by ‘in element ina state of simp shear? ‘When an element is ina state of simple shear then prove thatthe planes of maximum normal stresses are perpendicular to each other and those planes are inclined at an ungle of 45" to the planes of pure shear 10. Derive an expression between modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity. (B) Numerical Problems 4, Determine the changes in longth, breadth and thcknes of soe! bar which i 6 m log, 40 mm wide and 30 mm thick and is subjeated to an andal pull of 95 KN in the diesen aft long, ‘Take B= 2 x 10° Niaya® and Polston's ratio = 0.32 {Ans 0.0129 cm, 0.000186 em, 0.000139 ern} 2 For tho above problem, dotarmine the volumetrie strain and the final volume ofthe given steal Der {ams 0.000025, 6000817 ma) ‘8. Detormine the value of Young’s medulus and Poicsons ratio of a mole bar of length 25 em, bronéti 3 cm and depth 2 em when tha bar ie subjected to an axial compeestve loa of 240 RN. "The decreate in length is given as 0.05 em and ineresco in breadth ia 0.002, [Ang 2510 Nina? and 0.98) 4. A.stoel bar 890 mm long, 40 mm wide and 30 mai thick Is subjected tom pul f 260 IN in she Aireston of its longth, Detarmin the change In volume. Take E = 2 x 10" Nike® ane m4 (Ans. 200 man? ‘A metallic bar 250 mim x 89 om x 20 mum is subjected to @ ore of 20 XN (teil, 30 IN tensile) ‘and 16 EN (toncilo) long x,y and = diretions respectively, Detrmsine the change in the volume ofthe block. Take E = 2c 10° Nin! and Poisson’ rato = 025. (Ans. 13.62 mam 8. A metallic bor 300 mim x 120 mm x 50 mm is loaded ar shown in Fig. 218. Find the change in volume, Take B= 2 « 10 Nin? and Poisson's ratio = 00. epae 7 45K Fig. 235 “Also find the change tht shouldbe made in 4.5 MN las, in ender that there abould be nochange in the volume of the bar. [Ans 450 mmé, 45241 7. A stoel rod 4 m long and 20 mam dismotor is subjected to an axial tensile load of 40 IN. Deter imine the chango in length, diameter and volume ofthe tod. Take =2% 10° Ninn! and Poisson's ratio = 0.25. IAns. 2.5464, 005092, 5598 mm] 84 [STRENGTH OF MATERIALS A ‘Fora material, Young’s modulus is given a 1.4 x 10* Ninan? and Poisson's ratio 0.28. Calculate ‘the bulk moduins {dns 1.06 x 10° Nan 8, A bat 20 mm dlametereubjocted toa pl of 50 KN. Ths measured extensian on gauge length of 250 mm ie 012 mm and change in dlameter is 0.00875 ma. Calculate @ Young's modulus (i) Poitoris ratio and (dt) Balk modulus, (Ans. (1.989 10° Nim, (4) 0.234, (i) 1.2485 x 108 Nisa?) 40. Determine the Poisson's ratio and bulls modulus of a material, for which Young's modus 12s 10° Nn@ and module of rigidity ie 48 x 108 Nmm?, —" [Ans 0.33, 1.2 x 108 Nim*] 11. Aur of erose-section 10 sun x 10 mm is aubjeted to an axial pull of 8000 N. The Interal dimen= tion of tho bar is found to bo changed to 88085 rom 9.8985 mm, Ifthe modulus of rgity ofthe fnatevial is O8 x 10° Nim, determine the Poisson's ratio and modalas of elasticity, ns. 0.45, 24 « 108 Nn!) 3 Caleulate the modulus of rigidity and bolle madulua of @ eplindresl bar of diameter of 25 mm fand of eageh 1m, if the longtudinel strain in a bar during a tensile testis four times the Tateral strain, Find tho change in volume, when tho bar is subjected toa hydrastaic pressure of 100 Nimm?. Take E = 1 10° Nina c Tans. 4 x 10! Nimm!, 0667 « 108 Ninn?, 2178 mm") 18. Abar 30 mm in diameter waa subject to tonsile load of 64 KN and the messured extension on £30 mm gus length was 0112 mm and change in diameter was 0:00565 mm. Calculate Poisson's atic nd wales af thrae modal (ns. p= 0325, = 204.6 kN’, C= 772 kNinmn', = 196 kN?) 14, Dorive the relation Between B and G, Using the derived relationship, estimate tne Young’s modulus (when the modulus of rigidity (C) is 0.80 x 10? Nin? and the Poisson's ratio i 05, (Hint, £ = 20 + w)= 2 «080 x 10° + 08) = 208» 108 Nin] 3 Principal Stresses and Strains oes 3.1. INTRODUCTION In chapter 2, the concept and definition of stress, strain, types of stresses (ie. tensile compressive and simple shear) and types of strain (ce., tensile, compressive, shoar and volu- netric strains etc.) are discussed. These stressos were acting in a plane, which was at right ‘angles tothe line of action of the force. In many engineering problems both direct. (tensile or Sompressive stress) and shear strosses are acting at tho same time. In such situation the te- Sullant stress across any section wil bo neither normal nor tangential to the plane, In this chapter the strosses, acting on an inclined plane (or oblique section) will be analysed. 8.2. PRINCIPAL PLANES AND PRINCIPAL STRESSES: ‘The planes, which have no shear stress, are known as prineipal planes. Hence principal planes are the planes of zero shear stress. These planes carry only normal stresses. ‘The normal stresses, acting on a principal plane, exe kuown as principal stroseos. 8.3. METHODS FOR DETERMINING STRESSES ON OBLIQUE SECIION ‘The stresses on oblique section are determined by the following methods = 1, Analytical method, and 2, Graphical method. 3.4, ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR DETERMINING STRESSES ON OBLIQUE SECTION ‘The following two eases will be considered 1. A member subjected to a direct stress in one plane. 2. The membor ia aubjocted to like dicest stress in Gwo mutually pervendicular direc: tions. ‘dl. A Member Subjected to a Direot Stress in one Plane. Fig. 8.1 (a) shows a rectangular member of uniform eross-sectional srea A and of unit thickness. Let P= Axial force acting on the member. ‘A= Area of cross-section, which is perpendicular to the line of action of the force P. ‘The atress along vais, o == Hence, the member is eubjected to a stress along x-axis Consider a cross-section EF which is perpendicular to the line of action ofthe force P. as 204 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 18 Determine the C.G ofthe uniform plane lamina shove in Fig. 6.45, All dimensions ere in cm, (Hint, The Figs symmeteeal about y-y ans ys apy + a + 4 a1 +05 +05 +0 where a; «40201200 em? = : 30 600 «m4, y, = 30+ > ra yey Bax tnd4 0006 4042x6164 ge S128 ase Now ol varie lade By 7269086 4.48) 75085» COMSAN SP. Diagrom SE i ue toe ‘SHEAR FORGE ANO BENOING MOMENT 283 Hes ys ome f é pene SF. lagran | é 7 Ass sah 4 eee, ‘olgtte at “ a © Bt diagram? - - x + me | aes 1 \ ok 7 f toe Hl i x é * 2 3 oo dager Pi 042 SE. romains 60045 KN betweon A and C SB.atC 2+ Q0R45 -2= 4.0245 KN SE. remains 40245 kN between € and D Skat = 40245 - 6.928 = 2.9085 kN SE. remains - 29095 KN between D and B sRate == 2.9085 = 4242 == 7.1455 1 SIP, remains constant between Band B and equal to~ 7.1455 ‘SF. diagram is shown in Fig. 6.42 () 204 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BM, Diagram BLM. is only due to vertical loads BMA =0 BM.atc Ri, X 2 = 60245 ve 2 = 12.049 KN BM. atD 6.0245 x 4 ~ 2x2 = 20.098 kN BM. atk = 6.0245 x 0-2 x 46.928 x 2 = 14.201 km BMatB -0 BM, diagram is showa in Fig, 6.42, Axial Force Diagram ‘Axial force is due to horizontal components inelu Axial foree at. A 34 Hy=+4.778N Axial foreo remains 4.778 KN between A and C ‘Axial foreo at C = 44.778 43.464 = + 8.212 ‘Axial force remains 8.249 KN betwoon C and D ‘Axial foree at D =8.242- 4024 4.242 ‘Axial force remains 4.262 KN between D and E ‘Axial foreo at = 44.242 -4.242 =0 ‘Axial force remains zero between E and B Axial force diagram is shown in Fig. 6.42 ( horicontal reaction, 6.17. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS FOR BEAMS SUB- JECTED TO COUPLES ‘When a beam is subjected to a couple at a section, only the bending moment at the section of the couple changes suddenly in magnitude equal to that af the couple. But the S.F. ‘does not change at the section ofthe couple as there is no change in load due to couple at the section. But while calculating the reactions, the magnitude of the couple is taken into account. ‘The sudden change in B.M. at the soetion ofthe couple can also be obtained by esleulat- ing BM, separately with the help af both the reactions Problem 6.21. A simply supported beam AB of length 6 m is hinged at A and B. It is subjected to a clockwive couple of 24 LN at a distance of 2 m from the lft end A. Draw the SP. ‘and BAM. diagrams. Sol. Py. 6.43 (u) strove Une sisaply supported boain AB, hinged at and The clockwise couple at C will ty to lift the beam up at the support A, and to depress the beam down at the support B. Hence the reaction at will be downwards and at B tho reaction will be upwards as shown in Fig. 6.43 (6). "To find reactions of R, and Ry, take the moments about A Ry x6-24=0 (= Moment due to R, is anti-clockwise and moment ‘at C is clockwise) y= maint Sic tae ran rea don hes, herb he econ ale tonsa st hater 1, tat on bam Ry Sie tin (© Load on beam = 0) ‘SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MORENT 205 SF. Dingram. SFatA Ry=- 4k ‘The SP. remains constant (e., oqual to ~ 4 KN) betwoon A and B. "The S.P, diagram is shown in Fig. 043 (). © o BM. Diagram BM.ata BM. just on the LIES. of © 8kNm BM. just on the RAS. of C x4=416kNm (BM, just on the RLS. of C can also be calculated as the sum of moments due to fy and moment due to couple, But moment due & Ris anti-clockwise whereas due to couple is Sekivise Hence net B Mon RIS. of C= —8 6 S4~ 1 16 Nm) ‘There isa suddon change in BM. at C due to couple BM. atB BM, diagram is shown in Fig. 6.49 (d Problem 6.22. A bear 10 m long and simply supported at each end, has a uniformly distributed load of 1000 Nim extending from the lft end upto the centre of the beams. There i ‘iso an anti-clockwise couple of 15 kNow at a distance of 2.5 m from the right end. Draw the S.P. and BM. diagrams. ‘Sol. The reaction at A will be upwards. To find whether the reaction at is upwards or downwards, take the moments about A, ‘The following are the moments at A @ Moment due to UDL. = 1000 «5 x § = 12500 Nim (clockwise) 206 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS (G2) Moment of couple = 15000 Nm (Anti-lock wise) Net moment 15000 - 12500 ‘= 2500 Nm (Anti-lockwise) ‘This moment must be balanced by tho momonts duo to reaction at B. Hence the moment bout A duc to reaction at B should be oqual to 2500 Nm (clockwiso), The is only possible when By 8 acting dowawarda, Thia ia shown in Fig. 6.44 (6). 15000 Nin +000 4m ppocedihanss 5m —$h—-2.5m th 25m a} x 6 fo seedaoam 7 i i ne ‘23 7 ent agar ig. 6.44 x10 = 2500 2500 io Total load on beam + Ry (ore Ry is +ve as acting downwards) = 1000 x 5 + 250 = 5250 N, 250. and {HEAR FORDE AND BENOING MOMENT 207 SN SF. Diagram Sata +R, 25250 N Sat ‘5250-5 x 1000 = + 250 N SF, between A and C varies according to straight line law. SP betwoen C and B remains constant and oqual to + 250 N ‘SP. diagram is shown in Fig. 6.44 (0. BM. Diagram BMatA <6 BM. atC = Ry 5 ~ 1000.5 « 8 5250 «5 12500 = 18750 Nea BM, just on the left hand side of D 5250 « 7 = 00010 (§ +28) BM jon he eh Rnd oD sat % 250 x 2. 625m 6.18 RELATIONS BETWEEN LOAD, SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT Fig, 6.45 shows a beam carrying a uniformly distributed load of w per unit length. Consider the equilibrium ofthe portion ofthe beam between sections 1-1 and 2-2. This portion is at-a distance of x from left support and is of length dx. jer i wigan Fig. 645, Lat = Shear force at the section 1-1, Shear force at the section 22, Bending moment at the section 1-1, ‘M+ dM = Bonding moment at the section 2-2 ‘The forces and moments acting on the length ‘ds’ of the boam are (@ The force F acting vertially up at the section 1-1. Gi) The force P+ dF acting vertically downwards at the section 2-2. (iii The load w x de acting downwards (Gv) The momonte M and (M+ dif) acting at soction 1-1 and section 2-2 respectively. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ‘The portion of the beam of length dais in equilibrium, Hence resolving the forces acting fon this part vervically, we get - a ne sbon ego shows hth rt hang of as ac ng ih te sading Toding he mom e osasnpes sbk he ction 22, wg Nouide Pate t oa or EGE rdesawe Neng Se igor er tal uate, we ravae or ra @ Fwde~(P +P) ‘The above equation shows that the rate of change of bending moment is equal to the ‘cheat force at the section ee es 10, nL 12, HIGH NTS ‘Shoat foro ata aeston ie the resultant wertien fore t the sh er lft of the setion. “The diagram which showe the varlation ofthe shear force alang the langth ofa beam, as shear free diagram “Bending moment at a section is algebraic sue ofthe momants of all the fores ating tothe left fr ight of the section, ‘The digaram which shows Une variation ofthe bonding moment along the length of « boas, is Jenown as bending moment dingrem. ‘Avbeam which ie xed atone end and feo at th othor i known as cantilover beam, But & beam Ssupparted o resting freely on the supports at te bath ends, is known a5 simpy supported beam, [Ifthe end portion of a bean ie extended beyond the support, such beam is known as overhanging beam A lond acting at point, is known as concentrated Ina or a point load. ‘fa oft portion of a seation is considered, then S.F will bo postive atthe section if the resultant ofthe vertical forces (ineluding reactions) tothe left ofthe section is upwards, But ifthe result- {Sabi ueing downwards then 82. atthe section willbe negative. fright persion of» section is considered, the Pw be postiva at the soetion if the resultant ‘of the vertical frees to the right ofthe section is downwards. But if tho resultant Is cling ‘apvards thon S.F_ a the section will be negative [a laf portion of section is considered the BM. wil be postive atthe section i the moment ‘ofall verial forces and of reaction, at the seston ie clelse. But i ho resultant moment at the accion ie antelockwise, then BLM, will bo nogetive, {aright portion af action ie oonsidered, the BM will be positive atthe soctan Ifthe resultant moment atthe seston is anti-siockwise, But ifthe eaultant moment atthe section is dockwiee, then #2 wil be postive ‘The shear fore changes suddenly sta section where thero isa vertical pint Ind. known “SHEAR FORCE AKD BEHONG MOMENT 289, 18. The shear fore between any two vertical leads remains constant, 14. Sheer force fora uniformly distributed load varios according to w straight line law whereas BM, varies according & a parabolic exrve 15, BM, is maximum at «section where SP. is oro after changing is sign, 46. The point whsve BAL ie zore after changing its sgn i known as point of contraffexure or point of inflexion. 17. When an inclined toads acting on a beat, then inelined load is resoved into (vo componente Yertieal component will cause SP. and BM. whereas horizontal component will cause axial thrust in the beam. 18. When beam is subjected to «couple at ection, thon BLM. changes suddenly atthe seeton bat SF. romaing halted atthe setion. EXERCISE 6 (A) Theoretical Questions 1. Define ani explain the following terms Shear farce, bending moment, shear force dingram and bending moment diagram. 2. What are the diferent types of buams ? Differentiate between a eantilover and a simply fu ported beam. 4, What aro the diferent types of laads acting on @ ham ? Dorentiate between point load and uniformly dstibuted lsd. 4. What are the sign conventions for shear farce and bending moment in general ? 55. Draw the SF. and BM, diagrams for x cautevor of length Z carrying point load W atthe free ead 6, Draw the SF. and BAM. diograms for a cantilever oflaugth L careying » uniformly distributed Ioed of w par m length over its entire length. 42. Draw the SF. and BM diagrams for a cantilever of length L carrying 8 gradually varying nad from evo at the free end tow por unit length atthe fixed end. 8. Draw the SF. and BM, diagrams fora simply supported beam of length Z earrying « point load Wat Ks end pit 9. Drow the SP. ond BM. diagreme fora simply supported beam earring = uniformly Astibuted Toad oft pee ont length over the entire span. Also caleulate the maximum [5M 10, Draw the SF. and B.M. diagrams for a simply supported beam eacrying # unifrmly vying load from zero at each end to w per unit length atthe cents, 4. What do you inesn by pint of contes Sere ? Lethe polnt oF eontraflesare and post of infasion diferent? 12, How many points ofeontraflexure you wil have for simply supported beam overhanging at one end only ? 18, How will you draw the SF and BLM. diagrams fora beam which ia subjected to inclined londs ? 44. What do you mean by thrust diagram? 15. Draw the $F, and BAM, dlagrams fora simply supported beam of length L which is aubjerted to ‘s ockiise couple at the conte ofthe beam (@) Namerical Problems ‘Acantilever beam of length 2 m carries a point load of L KN atts free end, and another load of DAN ata distance of lt ftom the (ree end. Denve tse SY. ond BAG. diagrams forthe cantiovet. [ANE Fg, = +SEN | My == KN

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