S J MELDRUM Calle las Tres Marias 363/6

Monterrico, Surco
Lima. Peru
CEL: ++51 19 9906 8514
[email protected]
2016

MINERAL EXPLORATION
GEOLOGICAL REFERENCE CODES
PORPHYRY, SKARN & EPITHERMAL SYSTEMS

ver 6 / 2016
SAMPLE TYPE
OCRC Outcrop chip DDCO DDH composite
OCCH Outcrop channel DDSL DDH select
OCGR Outcrop grab RCCO RCH composite
OCPN Outcrop pannel OHCO Open hole composite
SCGR Subcrop grab UGSL Underground Select
PTCH Pit channel sample UGCH Underground channel
FLGR Float Sample UGRC Underground chip
SOPT Soil pit mesh MIDP Mine dump grab
SOAG Soil auger mesh MICO Mine concentrate grab
SOBL Soil pit BLEG MIFD Mine mill feed
SMMI Mobile metal ion SSBL SSED BLEG
SSMS SSED mesh
SSPC SSED pan con

OXIDATION STATE
5 Complete Oxidation - no sulphides remaining
4 Strongly Oxidised - trace Sx, strong FeO development
3 Moderately Oxidised - approx 50% Sx oxidised
2 Weakly Oxidised - most Sx preserved, signif FeO on partings
1 Trace Oxidation - trace FeO on partings, Sx
0 Unoxidised - fresh, no FeO, Sx

LITHOLOGY 1
Confidence Index - 1: positive 2: confident 3: probable 4: guess
LITHOLOGY DATA RECORDING COLUMNS
LITH BXT r BXC BXM %BM CI

S** sedimentary
M** metamorphic
confidence index
bx type/facies

clast rounding

V** volcanic
% bx matrix
bx matrix
bx clasts

I** igneous
IDY** dyke
IDM** dome
IH** hypabyssal
IP** plutonic
SURFICIAL DEPOSITS

PF pad fill Fs fluvial seds Alv alluvium

Gr gravel Glt glacial till Sc scree
Grp perched gravel Gmor glacial moraine So soil
Fct ferricrete
SEDIMENTS (S)
SCg conglomerate SMsb carb mudstone SLs limestone
SAr arkose SMsc calc mudstone SLso oolitic limestone
SSd sandstone SMsp peb mudstone SLsc marly limestone
SSdb carb sandstone SSh shale SLsd dirty LS
SSdc calc sandstone SShg graphitic shale SLsy shelly limestone
SSs siltstone SShb carb shale SLsh sinkhole fill
SSsb carb siltstone SGw greywake SLd dolomite
SSsc calc siltstone SFlch flysch seds SEv evaporite
SSsl lamin siltstone SVcl volcaniclastic SNn sinter near vent >60
SMs mudstone SCh chert SNs sinter mid slope <60
SMsf fer mudstone SCl chalk SNd sinter distal apr <35
Features:
B bedded RB reverse bedding I indurated
GB graded bedding CB cross bedded F fossiliferous
METAMORPHICS (M)
MMb marble MVb meta basalt MSha amphibolite
MSk skarn MMs meta mudstone MShu granulite
MSKmt mt skarn MSs meta siltstone MHfh hb hornfels
MSkmtgt mt-gt skarn MSd meta sandstone MHfp pyx hornfels
MSkgt gt skarn MQz quartzite MGn gneiss
MSkgtep gt-ep skarn MMg migmatite MHf hornfels
MSkep ep skarn MPh phyllite
MSkac ac skarn MSh schist
MSkdp di skarn MShp glauc schist SKE endoskarn
MSksc sc skarn MShg green schist SKX exoskarn
 LITHOLOGY 2 BRECCIA FACIES TABLE
VOLCANICS (V) volcanic designator
composition
volc facies
minerals (abundance order)
grain size
features
COMPOSITION
B basalt RD rhyodacite P phonolite
BA basaltic andesite R rhyolite E tephrite
A andesite T trachyite L latite
D dacite TA trachyandesite
VOLCANIC FACIES
t tuff ft pyroclastic flow lhr lahar
at ash tuff ba block and ash p pillow basalt
ct crystaltuff vtt vitric tuff ign ignimbrite
clt crystal lithic tuff lpt accret lapilli tuff fl lava flow
lt lithic tuff fgm fragmental
MINERALS
q quartz o olivine FACIES
f feldspar a augite PX proximal
h hornblende g glass DX distal
p pyroxene
b biotite
m magnetite
GRAIN SIZE
m medium
vf very fine
mc medium coarse
f fine
c coarse
fm fine to medium
FEATURES
FB flow banded VT vitric UT tephra
D melanocratic W welded CR crystal crowded
L leucocratic GB graded bedded
VE vessicular RB reverse graded bedded
EXAMPLES
VAct fhq D dark andesitic crystal tuff with feld hornblend and quartz crystals/phenos
VRDign fqh W welded rhyodacitic ignimbrite with feld & quartz phenos/crystals
EXTRACT AS MUCH INFORMATION IN A CODED FORM AS POSSIBLE

LITHOLOGY 3 BRECCIA FACIES TABLE CONTD

INTRUSIVES (I) igneous designator
intrusive facies
composition
phenocrysts / crystals
textures
grain size
features
INTRUSIVE FACIES
IDY dyke IH hypabyssal IP plutonic
IDM dome
COMPOSITION
do dolerite rh rhyolitic ba basaltic andesite
di diorite g granitic gb gabbro
dm microdioritegd granodiorite pg pegmatite
an andesitic to tonalite la lamprophyre
da dacitic mz monzonite sp serpentenite
rd rhyodacitic mzg monzogabbro pl aplite
COMMON MINERALS sy syenite
q quartz b biotite
f feldspar a augite
p pyroxene
h hornblende m magnetite
ROCK TEXTURES
A aphanitic PE porph > equigranular
P porphyritic EP equi > porphyritic
PA porphyritic, aphanitic gmass E equigranular
G graphictic
GRAIN SIZE
vf very fine fm fine to medium mc medium coarse
f fine m medium c coarse
FEATURES
FB flow banded L leucocratic FY felty
D melanocratic VE vessicular VI vitric
CR crystal crowded
 LITHOLOGY 4
BRECCIAS (BX)
'BRECCIA RULES OF THUMB'
hydrothermal breccias - matrix is sourced from
breccia designator hydrothermal fluids
breccia facies phreatic breccias - sourced at depth & drill upwards.
clasr rounding (optional) explosive origin Matrix is pulverised rock flour &
clast component clasts are sourced from depth
matrix component diatreme breccas - originate at surface and drill
estimate % matrix passive process downwards. Matrix is clay rich &
blockdesignator clasts are sourced form near surface

BRECCIA FACIES (BXT)

BXf fault bx BXb pebble bx
TECTONIC

BXt tectonic bx BXv volcanic bx

BXj jigsaw bx BXi intrusion bx
BXc crackle bx BXd diatreme bx
BXp phreatic bx BX1 coarse poor sort
alternative
PHREATIC

numeric
FACIES

BXp phreatic bx BX2 coarse well sort

BXrc

porphyry/breccia complexes
rf-clastic bx BX3 fine poor sort (dykes)

typical to high sulphidation

BXr rock flour bx BX4 fine well sort (dykes)
BXo 'overbank' phreatic breccias - weaker retrograde alt typ / oganic material
BXg phreatomagmatic BX5 ign matrix coarse
alternative

BXg phreatomagmatic BX6 ign matrix fine

numeric

BXh hydrothermal bx BX7 hydrothermal matrix

BXl acid drain back bx BX8 ha cl matrix
BXs pseudomicro bx BX9 qz clast qz matrix
BSs barren silica shoulder pseudo bx coarse qz-al alt
BXx collapse breccia VBx vein matrix breccia
CLAST ROUNDING (r)
va very angular sa sub-angular ro rounded
an angular sr sub-rounded wr well rounded
BRECCIA CLASTS (BXC)
PL ploymict MS meta seds PO porphyry
ML monolithic IG igneous MM metamorphic
*** 'specified lithologies'
BRECCIA MATRIX (BXM)
qz quartz qz-fe qz-fe ox qz-ja qz-jarosite
qz-sx qz-sulphide qz-al qz-alunite cl clay
sx sulphide al alunite pf pyrophyllite
fe iron oxides ja jarosite al-pf al-pyrophyllite
rf rock flour OR - a lithology or other mineral species
THE BRECCIA MATRIX COMPONENT NORMALY DEFINES THE BRECCIA FACIES

ALTERATION CEG ALTERATION FACIES TABLE

ALTERATION FACIES (AFAC)
Principal Facies Variant Facies AA - acid sulphate facies 2 3 4 5 6
UA unaltered RX recrystallised SO silica opaline Increasing pH
PROGRADE

PS sub propylitic HF hornfels SM silica massive

MT magnetite (deep PT) S1 SG SG
PR propylitic silica mas vuggy qz-ha cl-ha
PT potassic P2 biotite (2nd PT event) S2 silica vuggy mas SG
K2 kspar (2nd PT event) SV SO AR
SD sodic - calcic silica vuggy sm
AB aplite (ab or kf)
PH phyllic:pro-ms ret-se QT SG silica granular 100
qz-tourmaline AR
RETROGRADE

IA intermediate arg SE SA silica alunite ka PS

sericitic (IA) SC CS
AR argillic SC silica clay SH SQ
CH chloritic (IA) SY
AA advanced arg CS clay silica
ZE zeolite
SI silicification CA clay alunite
HM heamatite
SP silica patchy

EPITHERMAL
CB carbonate CE celadonite (LSE) IA
SW silica wormy SA il-sm
Increasing Temperature

SK skarn SQ sugary quartz (LSE)

SH chalcedonic sil
ALTERATION STYLE (ASTY) RO roscolite (alkalic epi) SY creamy silica CA
SM IA
PER pervasive STR structure CLT clotted DS dark silica (py?) AA
di-dk ch-il
PAT patchy BXM bx matrix CAV cavities
FRC fracture BXC bx clast ICO int contact MTX matrix SV
VNS vein selvage SED sed select SEL select REP replacement PR
250 ch-ep-ca-ad
DEEP EPITHERMAL

VNM vein matrix GMS groundmass BED bedding select PHN phenocryst AA
PH
CFL cavity fill STR structure VES vesicle OPN o'print S2 pf-al
(SVM) PH se-kf
ALT INTENSITY (AINT) SM se
al

PR
0 nul 1 trace 3 moderate 4 strong 5 intense
m

2 weak
itio

bi-ep-ac-kf
er

PH-AA AB
ns

ALT MINERALS (AMIN)

ith

tra

S1 se kf qz ab
ep

aa anatase co corundum ka kaolinite ro roscolite (SMV)

de
ry

SP
hy

ab albite cs cristobalite kf k-spar rt rutile ra e PH

g PT SK
rp

ac actinolite cx clinopyroxene la laumonite sc scapolite tro ad kf-mica tm-qz

re ogr
ac-kf
po

ad adularia cz chabazite lx lucoxene se sericite 300 pr

PORPHYRY

al alunite (udif) do dolomite mm montmorilonite sd siderite PT SD SK

SW
aK K-alunite dk dickite mt magnetite sm smectite kf-bi-og cx-gt
PH
aN Na-alunite di diaspore mr mordenite su specularite conditions of mica
PT SK
aH NH-alunite dp diopside ms muscovite S native S non-dissociation mt-gt
bi-mt
ah anhydrite ep epidote na natrolite tc talc
ax andalusite fp feldspar (udif) nc nacrite tm tremolite Silica Alunite al-ka kaolin il-ka illite Chlorite Calc-Silicate
an andradite gl glass nt nontronite to tourmaline Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group
ba barite gt garnet (udif) og oligoclase tp topaz
bi bioite gp gypsum os opaline silca tr tridymite
ca calcite gf graphite pa palygorskite vs vesuvianite PT SK PH PR PS IA AR AA
cb carbonate ha halloysite pf pyrophyllite wa wairakite
ALTERATION FACIES AND SUB FACIES - CEG
cd chalcedony hu heulandite pg phlogopite wo wollastonite SJM alteration sub facies overlain on the Corbett & Leach alteration table
ce celadonite il illite pr paragonite ze zeolite Includes the addition of IA to the original Corbett & Leach diagram - codes changed to suit this reference set
ch chlorite im ilmenite px pyroxene zu zunyite
Note: Deep porphyry SODIC-CALCIC (SD) & aplite (AB) inserted - approximate
cl clay (udif) ja jarosite qz quartz zw zinnwaldite
 Corbett & Leach ALT FACIES TABLE Hedenquist et al ALT TABLE
Increasing Temp

Adjusted after Hedenquist et al 1996 from Soc of resource Geology - Resource Geology Sepcial Publication 1, 1996
2 3 4 5 6

300
200
100
Increasing pH
op al ha ha ha sm
al
ch-sm/ch
op cs Silica Silica Silica ch-sm/ch ja
Silica
sm
Silica

cs silica
tr ka sm silica
al ka ka Silica zeolite ha

stb hu mo cz na
tr qz Silica cb cb/do
Silica Silica
100 + sd ka
ch/ch-sm
al
ka sm sm cb
sm qz/cd ch/ch-sm dk
qz qz/cz

ACID
ka qz+sd qz/cd
ka
qz
qz/cd
zeolite
pf
qz ka il sm

zeolites
al
il sm ch cb ca/do di

EPITHERMAL
qz qz+sd
qz/cz il-sm
tp, zu
Increasing Temperature

al
ka di ka dk cb qz/cd ch qz/chd
ka di
qz+di
qz+di il/il sm ad/ab aa

la
qz+sd il ch il ca do
al qz ab/ad rt
dk dk
ch qz ep

My additions include colours (temp ranges), mineralisation bar and se?

dk qz+di cb qz cb
qz+sd
qz+di
zeolite
ca/do cs

Increasing pH
wa
250 ad/ab
qz

DEEP EPITHERMAL
al dk dk

WEAKLY ACID
qz se
dk pf pf pf se
kf
ch qz ep py
qz+di qz+di se qz qz ad/ab ca/do
pf cb
qz ch ma
cb
al
se ep ac ch qz sm
al pf pf qz kf ca/do
qz
qz+di qz+di il-sm
se/mica
mica/se
mica/se
kf cb ac qz tm qz ch-sm
pf qz qz + ch kf ch ca/do
pf qz
300 il
se ?
PORPHYRY
ax al qz ax al ax mica qz bi ac cx qz
ax
ch

NEUTRAL
pf qz mica kf qz ca/do
pf qz mica qz + cb
kf qz
conditions of ax mica mica
+ cb bi kf gt qz ep
non-dissociation co qz wo vs
co qz cx mt mt bi
Silica Alunite al-ka kaolin il-ka illite Chlorite Calc-Silicate
Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group
kf, ad
ALKALINE
ca
PT SK PH PR PS IA AR AA
mr
HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION MINERAL SYSTEMS la
From: Greg Corbett & Terry Leach, Southwest Pacific Rim Gold Copper Systems - Short Course Manual, 1997
wa
Includes the addition of IA to the original diagram - codes changed to suit this reference set Mo Cu Ag Au
ORE DEPOSITS

MINERALISATION 1 GEOCHEMICAL ZONATIONS

MINERALISATION TYPE (MTYP)
OX Oxide TR Transition TO Trans OX dom TS Trans SX dom
no SX OX & SX OX >> SX OX << SX
SG Supergene MX Mixed SG/EN/HY EN Enriched HY Hypogene
2 process 1 & 2 processes 1 process 1 Process
MINERALISATION STYLE (MSTY) SX Sulphide
DSM disseminated MTO manto MAS massive
FFL fracture fillling MAS massive BXM bx matrix
CFL cavity filling MAB bx mass sx BXC bx clast
REP replacement COT coatings RND rind on clasts
VNS veins selvage VNN vein undiff
VEINS
VEIN TEXTURES
- - ba banded bl bladed
cr crustiform dt dogs tooth
vein type co colloform ma massive
vein familly (porphyries) oc open cavities gi ginguro
vein textures (paragenetic order) bm
bo botryoidal microbotriodal
gangue minerals (paragenetic order) ck cockade bx boxwork
min minerals (paragentic order) cm comb lb lattice bladed
VEIN TYPES (VTYP) ms moss pl plumose
QVN quartz vein LOW SX EP
QXV qz-sulphide vein OPQ opaline qz CLQ clear quartz
SXV sulphide vein CHQ chalcedonic qz QAV qz-adularia vein
CBV carb vein SAQ saccharoidal qz JAQ jasperoidal qz vein
BUQ buck qz CXQ crystalline qz AMQ amethystine qz vein
MLQ milky quartz veins QCV qz-cb vein SGQ sugary quartz
EVN epithermal vns (undif) QMV qz-mn carb vein
MLV mesothermal vn (undif) DOMES
QMM MM sweat veins GSV grey silica vein DQV dark qz vein
QHV qz-hm vein DSV dark sx + silica vein LQV light qz vein
DCV dark sx + clay vein WQV white qz vein
MQV major qz vein
LSV light sx + clay vein QRV qz-ro vein
VNR stringer veins
SIV silica veinletts PORPHYRY Deep Porphyry Veins
MVN mt +/- qz ILP / HLP
VBX breccia vein STK stockwork vns retrograde
QPV qz-py vein SHV sheeted veins BIV bi +/- mt qz ACV SEV
QLV qz-lm vein ACV ac +/- mt qz CHV WQV
WMY wormy silics vns
NWV network vns Shallow Porphyry Veins
BIV biotite veins
NWQ netwk qz vns AVN qz-mt +/- SX - cp bn
SEV sericite veins
NWM netwk mn vns BVN qz-SX - cp su
QSV qz-se veins
ADV adularia vein CVN SX qz se - cp mo py
SMQ smokey quartz ACV ac-SX veins DVN se-SX qz - mo cp py
others SEV CHV SXV
 MINERALISATION 2
MIN MINERALS (MMIN)
Au native gold Cu native copper DS dark sulphides
Ag native silver S native sulphur LS light sulphides

ai alcantite dg digenite ne neotocite

ae anglesite
sb antimony el electrum or orpiment
ar argentite
as arsenopyrite en enargite pm pitch limonite
at atacamite py pyrite
az azurite fb ferberite pl pyrolusite
fl flourite po pyrrhotite
ba barite
bt bismuthinite ga galena re realgar
bn bornite go geothite
br brochantite Hg mercury so scorodite
hm heamatite sh scheelite
ci calverite hs hessite sl selenides
sn cassiterite hz hydrozincite sd siderite
ct cerussite sp sphalerite
ck chalcantite ja jarosite st stibnite
cc chalcocite ss sulphosalts
cp chalcopyrite lm limonite
cr chromite lx lucoxene te tellurides
cy chrysocolla tt tennantite
nn cinnabar mc malachite tn tenorite
cv covellite ma marcasite
cn cubanite mo molybdenite wd mn wad
ct cuprite mt magnetite zc zincite
mn mn oxide

Common vein gangue minerals

qz quartz rd rhodonite ah anhydrite
ca calcite ro roscolite mica mt magnetite
cb carbonate to tourmaline ba barite
rc rhodochrosite gp gypsum ze zeolite
kf adularia rc rhodochrosite mn mn wad

MINERALISATION 3
PRINCIPAL COPPER MINERALS Cu %
pm pitch limonite
mc malachite Cu 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 57.3%
az azurite Cu3 (CO 3)2 (OH) 2 55.0%
cr chrysocolla Cu 2H 2(Si 2O 5)(OH) 4 36.0% OX
tn tenorite CuO 79.9%
Cu
br
native copper
brochantite
Cu
Cu 4 (OH) 6 SO 4
100%
56.0%
TR
ck chalcantite CuSO 4 .5H 2O 35.0%
ENRICHMENT

cc chalcocite Cu 2S 79.8%
cu cuprite Cu 2O 88.8%
cv covellite CuS 66.4% SG
cn cubanite CuFe 2 S 3 23.0%

bn bornite Cu 5 FeS4 63.3%

cp
en
chalcopyrite
enargite
CuFeS 2
Cu 3 AsS 4
31-34.5% HY

MINERAL RATIOS FOR VECTORING AND MODELLING

ox - no sx 0 cp (only) A PERIPHERY
py (only) 1 cp > bn B
Cu-Au
py > cp 2 cp = bn C
PORPHYRY
py = cp 3 cp < bn D
py < cp 4 bn (only) E CORE

sol Cu (only) F cc (only) J

ENRICHMENT sol Cu > py G cc > cv K
BLANKETS sol Cu = py H cc = cv L
sol Cu < py I cc < cv M
cv (only) N

en (only) O cv (only) S
HS en > py P cv > en
SYSTEMS T
en = py Q cv = en U
en < py R cv < en V
en (only) W

py > po 5 cp (only) V
PYRRHOTITE py = po 6 cp > po W
-Cu SKARNS py < po 7 cp = po X
po (only) 8 cp < po Y
po (only) Z

Useful mineral ratios for vectoring purposes

 STRUCTURE & EVENTS

PLANNAR FEATURES LINEAR FEATURES

BEDDING BED FLOW LINEATION LFL
CLEAVAGE SCL IGNEOUS BANDING LIB
FRACTURE SFR PUMICE ALIGNMENT LPU
JOINT SJO
BOUNDARIES
FOLIATION FOL
CONTACT (OBSERVED) CON
SCHISTOSITY SCH
CONTACT (INFERRED) CIN
FAULTS UNCONFROMITY UNC
FAULT (UNDIF) FLT DISCONFORMITY DIS
FAULT-NORMAL FLN VEIN VEN
FAULT-REVERSE FLR
EVENTS
FAULT-THRUST FTH
BASE COMPLETE OX BCO
FOLDS BASE PARTIAL OX BPO
FOLD AXIS FAX BASE SOLUBLE Cu BSO

MAPPING
N D/DAZM LOGGING
315 045
DIPS
25 45
W E
CORE AXIS

STRIKE/DIP (UK) 315/25 NE

STRIKE/DIP (US) N45W/25NE TO CORE
AXIS
DIP/DIP AZIM 25 /045 CA - ANGLE

STRAIN ELLIPSE
 CONVERSION FACTORS PERCENTAGES
ONE = MULTIPLIER
acre = 4046.856m2
cubic metre = 35.3147 cubic ft
degree celsius = 0.555 ( F-32)
fathom = 1.8288m
foot = 0.3048m
furlong = 201.168m
gallon = 4.54609L
gallon (US) = 3.785412L
3
gram = 35.273962 x 10 ounces
gram/tonne = 0.0001%
= 0.032666oz (troy)/long ton
= 0.02917oz (troy)/short ton
hectare = 10,000m2
= 2.4710538 acres
inch = 25.4mm
kilogram = 2.2046226 pounds
kilometre = 0.621371 miles
litre = 0.219969 gallons
metre = 3.28084 feet
= 1.0936132 yards
mile = 1.609344 km
mile/hr = 0.44704 m/s
ounce (troy) = 31 103477g
ounce(T)/long ton = 30.61224 g/t
ounce(T)/short ton = 34.28571 g/t
km2 = 0.386102 miles2
mile2 = 640 acres
acre = 2.589988 km2
stone = 6.3502932 kg
ton, long = 1.016047 t (metric)
ton, short = 0.907185 t (metric)
tonne (t) = 0.9842 long tons
acre = 1.1023 short tons
acre = 2204.62 lbs
yard = 0.9144n

IGNEOUS ROCKS Phreatic vs Diatreme Breccias