Unit Weight: Specific Gravity of Solid: m1 m2 V1 V2

s SL = w
(Gs + Gs )w Gs = m2 m2
= w
1+e e m2
(Gs + Se)w Bulk Specific Gravity: SL = ; SR =
= Gs V2 w
1+e g = Gs (1 n)
When S=0:
1
Gs w
Relative Compaction: Atterberg Limits G =
d 1
d = R= PI = LL PL SL
1+e SR
Volume Weight d
When S=100%:
Se = Gs PL GI = (F 35)[0.2 + 0.005(LL 40)]
(Gs + e)w Relative Density/ LI = +0.01(F 15)(PI 10)
Vv Ww W sat = LL PL
e= = = 1+e Density Index:
Vs Ws V e e LI State
sub = sat w Dr = SI = PL SL LI < 0 Semisolid PI Description
Vv WS e e 0 < LI < 1 Plastic 0 Non-plastic
n= 0<e<
n d = (Gs 1)w LL
CI = LI > 1 Liquid 1-5 Slightly plastic
V e= V sub = 1 1
1n 1+e LL PI 5-10 Low plasticity
Vw d d qu Ac Class 10-20 Medium plasticity
0<n<1 d = Dr = PI
S= e 1+ Gs w 1 1 Ac = ; St = und AC < 0.7 Inactive 20-40 High plasticity
Vv n= zav =
d d
q u rem 0.7 < AC < 1.2 Normal >40 Very High plastic
1+e 1 + Gs = % passing 0.002mm AC > 1.2 Active

Permeability Stratified Soil Dr (%) Description

Sieve Analysis
0 20 Very Loose
h v Sorting
20 40 Loose Uniformity Coeff. of Gradation
v = ki ; i = ; v = Coefficient:
L n 40 70 Medium Dense Coefficient: or Curvature:
70 85 Dense
Q = vA = kiA 85 100 Very Dense
D60 (D30 )2 D75
Cu = Cc = So =
Constant Head Test: D10 D60 D10 D25
QL Pumping Test: Suitability Number:
k=
Aht Unconfined: 3 1 1
Falling/Variable Head Test: r1 Sn = 1.7 + +
for Parallel flow:
aL h1 Q (D50 ) 2 (D20 ) 2 (D10 )2
h1 k1 + h2 k 2 +. . . +hn k n r2
k= k eq = k=
At h2 H (h1 2 h2 2 )
Hazen Formula Casagrande: for Perpendicular flow: Confined: Compressibility of Soil
k = c D10 2 k = 1.4e2 k 0.85 H r
Q 1 Compression Index, CC: Swell Index, CS:
Kozeny-Carman: Samarasinhe: k eq = r2
h1 h2 h k= Cc = 0.009(LL 10%) 1
2
e n
e + +. . . + n 2t(h1 h2 ) Cs = Cc
k = C1
1+e
k = C3
1+e
k1 k 2 kn e e 5
Cc =
P + Po
Stresses in Soil NOTE: Flow Net / Seepage
Po
Quick
Effective Stress/ condition: Isotropic soil: For normally consolidated clay:
Intergranular Stress: Nf Flow line ---- 1
pE = 0 q = kH
2
3 e e
pE = pT pw Nd S= H (for one layer only)
Capillary Rise:
Equipotential line ----
4 1+e
Pore Water Pressure/
C Non-Isotropic soil: 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 10 Cc H P + Po
Neutral Stress: hcr =
eD10 Nf S=
pw = w hw q = k x k z H 1+e Po
Nd Nf no. of flow channels [e.g. 4]
Total Stress: Nd no. of potential drops [e.g. 10] With Pre-consolidation pressure, Pc:
pT = 1 h1 + 2 h2 +. . . +n hn when (P+Po) < Pc:
Cs H P + Po
AT REST:
S=
Lateral Earth Pressure Shear Strength of Soil 1 + eo Po
k o = 1 sin
ACTIVE PRESSURE: angle of failure in shear when (P+Po) > pc:
1 angle of internal friction/shearing resistance Cs H Pc Cc H P + Po
pa = k a H 2 2cHk a C cohesion of soil S= +
2 1+e Po 1 + e Pc

For Inclined: = 45 + Over Consolidation Ratio (OCR):
2 pc
cos cos 2 cos 2
k a = cos TRI-AXIAL TEST: OCR = ; OCR = 1 (for normally consolidated soil)
cos + cos 2 cos 2 1 maximum principal stress
po
axial stress Coefficient of Compressibility:
For Horizontal:
additional pressure e
1 sin deviator stress
e change in void ratio
ka = av = P change in pressure
1 + sin plunger pressure P
3 minimum principal stress Coefficient of Volume Compressibility:
If there is angle of friction bet. wall and soil: confining pressure
2
cos lateral pressure e
ka = 2
radial stress
mv = P
sin( + ) sin cell pressure 1 + eave
cos [1 + ] chamber pressure
cos Coefficient of Consolidation:
Normally consolidated: Hdr height of drainage path
PASSIVE PRESSURE: r Hdr 2 Tv thickness of layer if drained 1 side
1 sin = Cv = half of thickness if drained both sides
pP = k P H 2 + 2cHk P 3 + r t Tv factor from table
2 Coefficient of Permeability: t time consolidation
For Inclined: Cohesive soil:
r k = mv Cv w
cos + cos 2 cos 2 sin =
k P = cos x + 3 + r
DIRECT SHEAR TEST:
cos cos 2 cos 2 c n normal stress Normally consolidated soil:
For Horizontal:
tan = s shear stress
x S
1 + sin tan =
kP = Unconsolidated- N
1 sin undrained test:
Cohesive soil:
If there is angle of friction bet. wall and soil: c=r
2 S c
cos tan = =
kP = Unconfined x + N x
2 compression test:
sin( ) sin
cos [1 ] S = c + N tan
cos 3 = 0