Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Static Circuits
Prof. Ming-Bo Lin
Department of Electronic Engineering
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-1
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Syllabus
q CMOS Inverters
q Estimate of propagation delays
q Pseudo-nMOS inverters
q Two-input NAND gates
q Two-input NOR gates
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-2
1
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Syllabus
q CMOS Inverters
Noise margins
Voltage-transfer characteristic (VTC)
Short-channel considerations
q Estimate of propagation delays
q Pseudo-nMOS inverters
q Two-input NAND gates
q Two-input NOR gates
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-3
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Noise Margins
q Low noise margin
q High noise margin
VIH = minimum high input voltage
VIL = maximum low input voltage
VOH = minimum high output voltage
VOL = maximum low output voltage
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-4
2
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Syllabus
q CMOS Inverters
Noise margins
Voltage-transfer characteristic (VTC)
Short-channel considerations
q Estimate of propagation delays
q Pseudo-nMOS inverters
q Two-input NAND gates
q Two-input NOR gates
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-5
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
CMOS Inverter --- VTC
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-6
3
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
CMOS Inverter --- VTC
q Regions of operation
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-7
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
CMOS Inverter --- VTC
q Calculation of VIL
Using dVout/dVin = -1 and setting Vin = VIL
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-8
4
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
CMOS Inverter --- VTC
q Calculation of VIH
Using dVout/dVin = -1 and setting Vin = VIH
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-9
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
CMOS Inverter --- VTC
q Calculation of Vth
Setting Vth = Vin = Vout
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-10
5
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
An Example
q Calculate VOL, VOH, VIL, VIH, and Vth
VDD = 1.8 V
Wn = 4
Wp = 20
Ln = Lp = 2
Using 0.18-m parameters
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-11
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
An Example
q In CMOS inverter
q Calculate kR
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-12
6
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
An Example
q Calculation of VIL
Hence, Vout = 1.65 V and VIL = 0.82 V.
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-13
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
An Example
q Calculation of VIH
Hence, Vout = 0.11 V and VIH = 1.09 V.
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-14
7
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
An Example
q Calculation of Vth
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-15
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
An Example
NOT VTC Characteristics--- 0.25 um process
******** Parameters and model *********
.lib "..\cmos25.txt" TT
.param Supply=2.5V * Set value of Vdd
.opt scale=0.125u
******** Circuit description **********
MN Vout Vin Gnd Gnd nmos L=2 W=4
MP Vout Vin Vdd Vdd pmos L=2 W=8
Vdd Vdd Gnd 'Supply'
Vin Vin Gnd
******** analysis statement *******
.DC Vin 0 'Supply' 'Supply/100'
******** Output statements *******
.print V(Vout)
.END
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-16
8
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Syllabus
q CMOS Inverters
Noise margins
Voltage-transfer characteristic (VTC)
Short-channel considerations
q Estimate of propagation delays
q Pseudo-nMOS inverters
q Two-input NAND gates
q Two-input NOR gates
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-17
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Saturation Voltage Criterion
q A criterion
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-18
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Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Short-Channel VTC
q Calculation of VIL
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-19
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Short-Channel VTC
q Calculation of VIH
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-20
10
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Short-Channel VTC
q Calculation of Vth
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-21
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Syllabus
q CMOS Inverters
q Estimation of propagation delays
Definition of delays
Average current approach
Differential current approach
Equivalent resistance approach
q Pseudo-nMOS inverters
q Two-input NAND gates
q Two-input NOR gates
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-22
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Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Definition of Propagation Delays
q tpLH
q tpHL
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-23
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Definition of Rise and Fall Times
q Rise time (tr, trise)
q Fall time (tf , tfall)
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-24
12
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Syllabus
q CMOS Inverters
q Estimate of propagation delays
Definition of delays
Average current approach
Differential current approach
Equivalent resistance approach
q Pseudo-nMOS inverters
q Two-input NAND gates
q Two-input NOR gates
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-25
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Average Current Approach
q Average current approach
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-26
13
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Syllabus
q CMOS Inverters
q Estimate of propagation delays
Definition of delays
Average current approach
Differential current approach
Equivalent resistance approach
q Pseudo-nMOS inverters
q Two-input NAND gates
q Two-input NOR gates
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-27
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Differential Current Approach
q Propagation delay tpHL
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-28
14
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Differential Current Approach
q Propagation delay tpHL
If VOH = VDD and VOL = 0
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-29
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Differential Current Approach
q Propagation delay tpLH
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-30
15
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Differential Current Approach
q Propagation delay tpLH
If VOH = VDD and VOL = 0
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-31
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Differential Current Approach
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-32
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Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Syllabus
q CMOS Inverters
q Estimate of propagation delays
Definition of delays
Average current approach
Differential current approach
Equivalent resistance approach
q Pseudo-nMOS inverters
q Two-input NAND gates
q Two-input NOR gates
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-33
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Equivalent Resistance Approach
q Equivalent resistance approach
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-34
17
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Equivalent Resistance Approach
q Charge and discharge equations
The 50% point occurs at
Equivalent resistance
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-35
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Equivalent Resistance Approach
q Equivalent resistance
Dependent on the operating voltage
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-36
18
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
An Example of Inverter Design
q tpLH = tpHL=100 ps
Lp = Ln = 2
CL = 0.1 pF
VDD = 1.8 V
Using 0.18- m parameters
q Determine Wn and Wp.
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-37
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
An Example of Inverter Design
q Solution
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-38
19
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Syllabus
q CMOS Inverters
q Estimate of propagation delays
q Pseudo-nMOS inverters
An informal analysis
An example
q Two-input NAND gates
q Two-input NOR gates
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-39
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Pseudo-nMOS Inverters
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-40
20
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Pseudo-nMOS Inverters
q An informal analysis
VOH = VDD
Calculation of VOL
Since VOL is small
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-41
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Syllabus
q CMOS Inverters
q Estimate of propagation delays
q Pseudo-nMOS inverters
An informal analysis
An example
q Two-input NAND gates
q Two-input NOR gates
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-42
21
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Pseudo-nMOS Inverters
q An example
p = 112 cm2/V-s
n = 292 cm2/V-s
effn = 287 cm2/V-s
VT0n = |VT0p| = 0.4 V
VDD = 1.8 V
vsat = 8 106 cm/s
Esatn = 12 104 V/cm
Esatn = 25 104 V/cm
q VOL 0.1 V
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-43
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Pseudo-nMOS Inverters
q Using long channel equation
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-44
22
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Pseudo-nMOS Inverters
q Using short channel equation
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-45
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Pseudo-nMOS Inverters
Pseudo-nMOS VTC --- 0.35 to 0.13 um processes
******** Parameters and model *********
.lib '..\cmos35.txt' TT
.param Supply=3.3V * Set value of Vdd
.opt scale=0.175u
******** Circuit description **********
MN Vout Vin Gnd Gnd nmos L=2 W=4
MP Vout Gnd Vdd Vdd pmos L=2 W=2
Vdd Vdd Gnd 'Supply'
Vin Vin Gnd
********* Analysis statement ************
.DC Vin 0 'Supply' 'Supply/100'
********* Output statements *************
.print V(Vout)
.alter * using 0.25 um process
.lib '..\cmos25.txt' TT
.param Supply = 2.5V * Set value of Vdd
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-46
23
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Pseudo-nMOS Inverters
.opt scale = 0.125u
.alter * using 0.18 um parameters
.lib '..\cmos18.txt' cmos
.param Supply = 1.8V * Set value of Vdd
.opt scale = 0.09u
.alter * 0.13 um process
.lib '..\cmos13.txt' cmos
.param SUPPLY=1.2V
.option scale=0.065u
.END
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-47
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Syllabus
q CMOS Inverters
q Estimate of propagation delays
q Pseudo-nMOS inverters
q Two-input NAND gates
VTC
Inverter-equivalent design method
q Two-input NOR gates
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-48
24
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Two-Input NAND Gates
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-49
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Syllabus
q CMOS Inverters
q Estimate of propagation delays
q Pseudo-nMOS inverters
q Two-input NAND gates
VTC
Inverter-equivalent design method
q Two-input NOR gates
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-50
25
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Inverter-Equivalent Design Method
q Vth
(in parallel)
(in series)
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-51
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Syllabus
q CMOS Inverters
q Estimate of propagation delays
q Pseudo-nMOS inverters
q Two-input NAND gates
q Two-input NOR gates
VTC
Inverter-equivalent design method
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-52
26
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Two-Input NOR Gates
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-53
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Syllabus
q CMOS Inverters
q Estimate of propagation delays
q Pseudo-nMOS inverters
q Two-input NAND gates
q Two-input NOR gates
VTC
Inverter-equivalent design method
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-54
27
Digital Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design Static Circuits
Inverter-Equivalent Design Method
q Vth
(in parallel)
(in series)
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUST, copyright@2004~2011, Ming-Bo Lin 4-55
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