Unit01b Logarithms Exponentials
Unit01b Logarithms Exponentials
3
If a number X = ay, where a is positive and a≠1, the index y For example, 2 =8
is called the logarithm of the number X to the base a. In
symbol, y = logaX.
log28 = 3
e2 xe x
e.g. 1 Simplify (a) −3x
(b ) e 4 x − ( e 2 x + 1) 2
e
y = ex
y y = ex
30
25
20
(1) e x e y = e x + y (5) e x → ∞ as x → ∞ 15
x 10
e
(2) = e x− y (6) e x → 0 as x → −∞
y 5
e 1
x r rx x
(3) ( e ) = e (7) e > 0 for all x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
x
y = Ae − kx , k>0
0 x x
0
Logarithmic Functions
Properties of ln x
If N = a x then x = log a N , where a > 1 . (1) ln A + ln B = ln( AB ) (5) ln x → ∞ as x → ∞
The number a is called the base of the logarithm. ⎛ A⎞
(2) ln A − ln B = ln ⎜ ⎟ ( 6 ) ln x → −∞ as x → 0
e.g. Q 16 = 2 4 , ∴ log 2 16 = 4 ⎝ B ⎠
(3) ln A n = n ln A ( 7 ) domain = (0 , ∞ )
Q 125 = 53 , ∴ log 5 125 = 3
(4) ln 1 = 0 ( 8 ) range = ( −∞ , ∞ )
1
(d) log 2 ( )
4
Answers:
1. (a) 2logax (b) 5logax (c) log(x2y3) (d) = -2
2. (a) 1.65 (b) 0.96 (c) 12.82 (d) –1.67
3. (a) 60 (b) 66.44
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