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Unit01b Logarithms Exponentials

This document discusses indices, logarithms, and exponentials over multiple pages. It defines logarithms and exponentials, including the properties and relationships between them. Specifically, it covers: 1) The definition of logarithms as the index of a number when written as an exponential, and defines common logarithms with base 10. 2) The properties of logarithms, including logarithmic identities and the change of base formula. 3) Exponential functions and their properties, including the exponential growth and decay curves. 4) Applications of exponentials and logarithms to areas like growth and decay, such as electrical resistance changing with temperature.

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Kenneth Wong
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
53 views3 pages

Unit01b Logarithms Exponentials

This document discusses indices, logarithms, and exponentials over multiple pages. It defines logarithms and exponentials, including the properties and relationships between them. Specifically, it covers: 1) The definition of logarithms as the index of a number when written as an exponential, and defines common logarithms with base 10. 2) The properties of logarithms, including logarithmic identities and the change of base formula. 3) Exponential functions and their properties, including the exponential growth and decay curves. 4) Applications of exponentials and logarithms to areas like growth and decay, such as electrical resistance changing with temperature.

Uploaded by

Kenneth Wong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Indices & Logarithms

Logarithm and Exponentials


Indices & Logarithms
Multiplication of Exponential Numbers
In general,
Write each of the following in another way by using exponents.
a m ⋅ a n = a m+n
(ab)(ab)(ab)
–a.a.a.a Division of Exponential Numbers
4.a.b.4.b.a.a.a
In general ,
am
Evaluate each of the following :
n
= a m −n
(a) -34 a
(b) (-3)4
(c) 2(1.1)3

Logarithms and exponentials Page 1 Logarithms and exponentials Page 2

Definition of Logarithms Definition of Logarithms

3
If a number X = ay, where a is positive and a≠1, the index y For example, 2 =8
is called the logarithm of the number X to the base a. In
symbol, y = logaX.
log28 = 3

N.B. logaX is undefined only for positive values of X


34 = 81
log381 = 4

When the base a is not stated in logaX,


it may be assumed a = 10.

This is called the common logarithm.

Logarithms and exponentials Page 3 Logarithms and exponentials Page 4

Definition of Logarithms Properties of


Logarithms
For example, log 1000 = log101000
=3 log a a = 1
log a 1 = 0
log 0.01 = -2
log a MN = log a M + log a N
(10-2 = = 0.01)
M
log a = log a M − log a N
N
log a X n = n log a X

Logarithms and exponentials Page 5 Logarithms and exponentials Page 6

e2 xe x
e.g. 1 Simplify (a) −3x
(b ) e 4 x − ( e 2 x + 1) 2
e
y = ex
y y = ex
30

25

20

(1) e x e y = e x + y (5) e x → ∞ as x → ∞ 15

x 10
e
(2) = e x− y (6) e x → 0 as x → −∞
y 5
e 1
x r rx x
(3) ( e ) = e (7) e > 0 for all x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
x

(4) e 0 = 1 (a) e6 x (b ) − 2e2 x − 1

Logarithms and exponentials Page 7 Logarithms and exponentials Page 8


Applications : Laws of growth and decay
(B) Decay Curve
(A)Growth curve
y y
A
y = Ae kx , k>0

y = Ae − kx , k>0

0 x x
0

e.g. Change of electrical resistance (R) with temp. θ −


t
e.g. Discharge of a capacitor q (t ) = Qe CR
Rθ = R0 eαθ

Logarithms and exponentials Page 9 Logarithms and exponentials Page 10

Logarithmic Functions
Properties of ln x
If N = a x then x = log a N , where a > 1 . (1) ln A + ln B = ln( AB ) (5) ln x → ∞ as x → ∞
The number a is called the base of the logarithm. ⎛ A⎞
(2) ln A − ln B = ln ⎜ ⎟ ( 6 ) ln x → −∞ as x → 0
e.g. Q 16 = 2 4 , ∴ log 2 16 = 4 ⎝ B ⎠
(3) ln A n = n ln A ( 7 ) domain = (0 , ∞ )
Q 125 = 53 , ∴ log 5 125 = 3
(4) ln 1 = 0 ( 8 ) range = ( −∞ , ∞ )

Q 0 .01 = 10 − 2 , ∴ log 10 0 .01 = -2 y y = ln x


In particular, 1
1 2 3 4 5
x
If N = 10 then x = log N (common logarithm )
x 0
-1
-2
If N = e then x = ln N
x
(natural logarithm )
-3

Logarithms and exponentials Page 11 Logarithms and exponentials Page 12

e.g.3 The decay of current in an inductive circuit is given by


Solving equations −t
i = 50 e − 0.1t t≥0
2 .58 = ln ⎛⎜
4.92 ⎞
e.g.2 Solve (a) 5 = 3e − 2 x (b) 36 = 72 (1 − e 3 ) (c) ⎟ Find (a) the current when t=0;
⎝ x ⎠
(b) the value of the current when t=3;
(c) the time when the value of the current is 15.

a) –2x = ln(5/3) ⇒ x = -0.26 a) 50


b) 37.04
b) –t/3 = ln (1- 36/72) ⇒ t = 2.08
c) 15 = 50⇒ -0.1t = ln(15/50) i.e. t = 12
2.58
c) x = 4.92 / e = 0.37
Logarithms and exponentials Page 13 Logarithms and exponentials Page 14
Tutorial 1b
(Exponential and logarithmic functions)

1. Simplify the following expressions:


(a) log a x 5  log a x 3
1
(b) 2 log a x  3 log a ( )
x
(c) log( x y )  log( xy 2 )  2 log x
3

1
(d) log 2 ( )
4

2. Solve the following equations:


(a) e x  e  x  5
(b) e x  e  x  3
(c) ln( x 2 )  ln( 2 x 4 )  16
(d) 6  x  20

3. The charge q in a capacitor at time t is given by q  q 0 e t , where  is a constant and


1
q 0 is the initial charge. When t = 20, q  q 0 . Find the time at which
2
1
(a) q  q 0 ;
8
1
(b) q  q 0 .
10

Answers:
1. (a) 2logax (b) 5logax (c) log(x2y3) (d) = -2
2. (a) 1.65 (b) 0.96 (c) 12.82 (d) –1.67
3. (a) 60 (b) 66.44

Tutorial_1b_Log-Exponential Page 1 of 1

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