utions in the using pressurization ‘ Code de bonne Pratique pour les j calcul des batiments Partie 4. Controle de la fumée. dans I utilisant la pressurisation les voies de secours protégé Richtlinie fr die Brandschutavorkehrungen in der Ausfiihrung ve Of ‘Teil 4, Rauchkon: trolle in geschiitzten Fluchtwegen mit Druckbelaftung, British Standards Institution KTA Tenaga sdn bhd TIBRARY M. 2079 4 uten “tess te tease i Part 4. Smoke control in protected escape routes creases Pe Précautions contre incendie Was lef 3 Gr8} { | 4 Contents i y Boge 3 side front caver | Back ever 2 2. Referancas 2 3. Definitions 2 é 2 8 24 25 Teotee 1. Pressurization levois 8 2, Values of (2) for = 2 and = 4,6 9 3. Typical leakage areas for four types of door 12 4. Air leakage data for doors 13 5. Air leakage date for windows 13 8. Values of factor F for various vent sizes 15 7. Values of K 16 8, Airflow through an open door: staircase only Dressurized: staitease/accommadation door open 7 Foreword This code of practice has been prepared as an addition to the codes of CP 3 ‘Code of basic data for the design of buildings’ Chapter |V ‘Precautions against fire’, consisting (of the following Parts ll of which are under revision: CPS. Chapter IV: 1948 Precautions against fire (houses and flats of not more than two storeys) Part 1 Flats end maisonettes (in blocks over two sxoreys) Part 2 Shops and departmental stores Pare 3 Office builéings In accordance with current BS! practice this code is Published as a Part of BS 5588, Other Parts will include the {euisions of the above-mentioned Parts of CP'3: Chapter IV, and new codes in course of preparation that will give {auidance on precautions in historic buildings and places of public assembly, Other codes may be added in dus cours The codes of CP 3: Chapter IV and those issued by the Greate’ Lantion Council for use in connection with the London Building Acts, together with the Building Stendards (Scotland) Regulations, require natural ventilation of Staircases, lobbies or corridors forming certain protacted escape routes, ‘ Page 8. Airflow though an open coor: stercase and lift lobby pressurized to same level: zirflow when lone iobby/accommadation door is open . Airflow through two open doors: stirees iF Tobby pressured 10 same level: two lebby doors (stairweli/lobby and lobby/accommocs- tion) open on same floor 9 Minimum total lengih of window erect foe floor! for seisfactory vanting of the pressurizing u air 22 12, Suggestions for chalce of venting system 23 Figures 1. Pressurizing stairease only 4 2. Staircase only pressurized (alves no prot 1 lift lobby} 5 3. Pressurizing staircase and lift lobby 6 Leakage paths in series 10 Leakage paths in parallel 10 + Steps in obtaining the equivalent resistanca of a Combination of series and sarallel paths of air leakage " 2. Diagram of leakage from lift landing doors 14 8. Diagram of airflow conditions listed in table 8 19 8: Bisaram of sirfiow conditions listed in table 1g 19. Disaram of airflow conditions listed in table 1019 11. Plan of building for worked example 28 This code offers a different method for Keeping protected escape routes clear of smoke by pressurizing these routes and so creating a pattern of airflow away from therm the ‘objects of this cade are to state general principles and te aive both planning and technical data conesming pressiiza- Ton of protected escape routes, Pressurization is one of several methods of smoke contro! in bulldings in the event Of fire and itis not suggested that i isthe only effeasive ‘method in all circumstances. it has however vertain advantages inasmuch as it offers greater flexibility of layout than other methods and in some cases reduced costs stomming from this flexibility. Designers will need to offer the bysiem described in this code to the building control authority as an alternative to the natural ventilation that may be required by specific lesislation or recommended by GP 3: Chapter 1V- Protected escape routes may include corridors, lobbies, {elccases and other communication spaces connecting to a final exit. Unprotected routes include spaces within reomne 9" open storeys and corridors bere travel distaneae apply. ‘The travel distances as specified in other codes or equi. tions should not be modifiad because smoke conrore employed as described in this code.] aun 5377 September 1885 ‘amo 5377 September 1988 AMD 5377 Sere eee ee eEPerr CH Amendment No, 1 7 | Pablished and effective from 30 September 1986, | BS 5588 : Porta ; 1978 Code of arectice for fire precautions in the design of buitdings | Part. Smoke contro! in protected escape routes | Using pressurization Front cover Delete tho existing ttle and substitute the following, ‘British Standard Fire preceutions in the design and construction of buildings Part 4. Code of practice for smoke contol in protected ex ape routes Using pressurization’ Delete he Franch ttle and substitute the following, pee tt arérention des incendies dans ls conception et la construction des bitiments Pranboeen ct 32 bonne pratique pour contre dela Yumée dans les oes oe oe rotéaées utilisant la pressurisation” Delete the German title and substitute the following oneschutzmatinahmen bei Planung und Errichtung von Gebéuden ‘Teil 4 Leitfaden far Rauchkontralle in geschitzten Fluchtwegen git Druckbeliftung Contents Tetons easing ‘Faure’ delete 2. Stalreaso only pressurized (ives no protection © {ihe lobby) and substitute 2. Deleted” Foreword Delete the fst tree parapraghs and substituta the following two parspraps. "This new code of practice was prepared under the dietion Of the Fire Standards Committoe, i In addition to the exiting BS 5888 : Section 1.1, 8S 5505 : Part 2, BS S588 : Part 3 and BS SBA: Part 5, other parts will inciude new codes for the precauticns te be takon in places of assembly, for means af escape for Gsebled people, for ventilation and air conditioning ducts, for enclosed shopping complexes and the revision of CP9 : Chapter IV’: Part 1, which will apweer as BS 5588 Section 1.2." {nee 1 oF the existing paragraph 4, beginning “Ths code oer, delete “etfereny “alts fof the existing paragraph 6, begining “Designers will aud -.. caane ‘or recommended by CP 3 : Chapter IV" Page 2 Delete te tila tthe top of the page and substitute the following "British Standard Fire preceutions ia the design and construction of buildings 9° $. Code of praca far smoke conto! in protected escape routes uieg pres zationaso 8377 Clause 7. Scope Pee iiee In paragraph 2, ine 5, deiete the semicoion 7 and & AWD 5377 Clause 2, References Serena fn fine 1, delete ‘standards’ awa 5377 Cleuse 4.2.1 Method 1. Pressurizing staircese(s) only Stormer to Jn paragraph 3 doete the ies santonce, Delete paragraph 4 and substitute the following, ‘During a fire emergency ait protected staircases inter: connected by lobbies, corridors or sccommotiation avect should be simultaneously pressurized, amo $377 Clause 4.2.2.1 General eeranees teed) Delete paragraph 3 and substitute the following. ‘During a fire emergency all protected staircases and associated lobbies/eorridors forming part of the whole pressurization scheme should be simultaneously pressurized.” amo 8297 Figure 2. Staircase only pressurized (gives no protection to lift lobby) ere tee Delete the figure including the ticle and the assocsted text and substeute Figure 2. Deleted" ‘ano 537 Clause 4.2.3 Method 3. Pressurizing lobbies and/or corridors only pee ieee, |m paragraph 2, line 1, delete ‘permamentiy’ and substitute "permanentiy’ AMD 5377 Clause 4.8 Relation between emergency pressurization and ‘the normal ‘Seotember 1986 air conditioning system tn peragraph 4, line 4, delete “s' and substiute “it AMD 5377 Clause 5.3.2.3 Lift landing doors peer Dolete equation 13 and substitute the following equetion, Ayk Ag 2 On = 0.827 x KPI (13) aseasye in the definitions fellowing equation 13, inline 4 of the definition of 4, insert the Closing parenthesis after ‘on lift door’,AMD 5377 Sepsambor 1908 ano 8377 Sebsamber 1886 aM 8377 September 1986 AMD 8377 Septembor 1986 AMD 837 September 1986 aM 5377 Septembor 1086 Mo $377 3609-2-2.%4-8 Clause 5.3.2.9.1 Estimation of egress velocity: statroase only pressurized Im line 3 of the example delete ‘m?’ and substieute im?” * Clause 6.4 Clause 6.3.2 Stand-by plant requirem: 4 paragraoh 1, delete the third sontence and sub 'f, however, the total air requirement for a pressurized {Pace is made up from two or more separate supplies acting sogether, chen no further duplication of equinment 1s necessary.” tute the foflawing, Clause 6.6.2 Position of smoke detector heads or other fire alarm {automatic or manual) points {9 tho final tine, delete ‘CP 1019" and substitute ‘85 6899 : Part 1 Clause 6.8 Maintenance procedure In line 12, delete °7.3.2" and substitute 7.2.2" ‘Standards publications referred to Delete the raferences and heaging and substitute te following, Publications referred to 88.4622 Glossary of terme sociated with fre BSS558 Fie precautions in the design and construction of buildings Pore 1 Residential buitdings {Seetion f Code of practen for single-tamly dwelling nouses ‘TSeetion 1.2 Code of practice for fat and manereene [2812 Gace of practice tor nope Bart 3 Code of praciee for office builings “Bart 5 Caco of prestce for trtianting stairways and lifts BSe009 fel Busl® fr mechanic! ventlevan anda orciioning in buildings 855809 Fire detoeton and aierm systems in malig Part Cade of practice or instalation and servicing ©P 413 Dues for uileing sosieee ‘Referred to in te foreword only. Fone a0 ortard ly. This code wil bes evi of CP: Chooter IV sar oat feulon of tha main body of CP 473 wil ba ublishon se 86 S95 ant tne ‘vision of oopendix A to CP 413 willbe pubinhed as BS S088. Penny Back cover ‘rear PateeraDh concerned with BSI references, dlete‘SLCP/24" and subsite ‘Fsmya’ 3 rowsBritish Standard Code of prectice for Fire precautions in the design of buildings Part 4, Smake contral in protected escape utes using pressurization 1. Scope This cade ofp ves guidance on the use 0} pressurization in buildings for the purpose of smoke control in protected escape routes, Tine cove is intended to apply vo new bulldings, though there iz no reason why the principles should nat be used when existing buildings are to be altered or adapied. It is intended initially for application to protected escape routes in flats and raisonattes, and in offices and shops: Stoffers a method of protecting escape routes a5 en alternative to the methods set out in Parts 1, 2 and 3 of CP 3: Chapter IV. “The principles stated in the code may be used for other ‘occupancies and purpose groups where the fundamental fim is to Keep the protected escape route clear of products ‘of combustion. “This code is not intended to apply to shopping malls and town centre redeveloamants, Information on these will be found in HMSO publication ‘Fire Prevention Guide 1: Fire Precautions in Town Centre Redevelopments'. 2, References “The titles of the standards publications referred to in this code are listed on the inside back cover. 3, Definitions For the purposes of this code, the definitions given in BS 4422, together with the following, apply. 3.1 air duct. A passageway for the transmission of air 3.2 air escape or air venting. The movement of air out of 8 building through a fow-resistance path oroviced by incidental or specially provided epartures, the alr movement being caused by pressure differences developed in the building 3.3 sir leakage, The movement of air, generally from a pressurized space through apenings that have relatively smail eross-sectional area, 2.4 air supply. A mechanically driven current of air lesd by suitable ductwork or impelled by the direct action of # fan. 35 buoyaney. An upward fores exerted on a fluid when it is surrounded by a denser fluid, 13.6 leakage ares. The eross-sactional area of the air leakage path, measured normally to the direction of airflow and (generally integreted into a total area for 8 particular building component (such 2s a door or a window). 3,7 lobby. A space in a building used to separate one part of the building from enother pfrt, usually separating ¢ staircase from the general accommodation. spat Nin 3.8 ‘plenum. A compartment or chamber or space to which fone Or more air ducts aro connacted and that forms part of an air distribution system. 3.9 pressure differential, The difference in pressure between two adjacent spaces in = 2.10 proseurized space. 4 space ie a building in wihich the fic prescure is maintained st @ higher value than that in the ‘ost of the building by direct input of en air suopty. 3.11 pressurization. A methad of protecting escape routes ‘against the ingress of smoke by maintaining the zir within them at pressures higher than those in adjacent parts of the building 3.12 pressurization level. The pressure difference between {he pressurized space and the accommodation served by the pressurized escape route (expressed in pascals (Pa))”. 3.13 simple lobby. A lobby that has no door opening out of it other than a door to a staircase and a door (or doors) leading to the accommodation. NOTE. A labby thet as doers to tolls or doors to lft i nota sepie iby. . 3.14 stack effect, The pressure differential caused by the ‘ir inside the building being at a temperature diferent from ‘that of the air outside the building, which, when there are ‘openings top and bottom, will promote natural sirflow ‘through the building, upwards when the bullding air is ‘warmer than the outside air and downwards waen itis cooler. 4, The building 4.1 General 4.1.1 General principle of pressurization. The épaces to be pressurized will be those that constitute the protected escape routes, These are the staircese(s), the lobbies and in ‘some cases the corridors. One or more of these spaces will be pressurized and the general principle is thet smoke control will only be satisfactory for those spaces that are pressurized, je, that have an input of pressurizing air (eir supply). Thus the extent to which smoke encroachment is 1o-be prevented will determine the spaces to be pressurized. 4.1.2 Single-stage or two-stage pressurization. The pressurization system can be designed t0 operate only in fan emergency. This it called a single-stage system. Altera: tively, a continuously operating low level of pressurization of the eppropriate spaces can be Incorporated as part of the rormal ventiletion with provision for an Increased level of pressurization to he brought into operation in an emergency. This is called a tworstage system. (See 5.2.1.)‘The two-stage systam is generally regarded as proterable Because some messure af protection is always onersting and therefore any smoke spreed in the eariy stages of fire wn be prevented. However, either method will be accepeetle subject %9 any special circumstances dealt with in this cone, 443 Combustible material in srotected escope routes, important that any staircase, lobby or corridor of « Drotected escape route should contain or be likely to contain, a minimum of combustible material in which a fire could occur 6.2 Methods of pressurizing the spaces to be pressurized 4.2.1 Method 1. Pressurizing steircase{s) only. The protection given by this method is entiraly confined to the vertical part of the escape route, It is onty appropriate in ‘uildings where na smoke carcral is needed for the horizontal pert of the escape route on each floor of the ultding arc, in general, it should be used only when » ‘alrcase is approached directly from the eecommodiation area or through @ simple lobby. By definition (soe 2.13) this lobby should not give access to lifts or ether rosie (cq, toilets} that could constitute an appreciable leakage Bath and allow the pressurizing aie 10 bypass its required ditection of flow. The simple lobby, which may be required to complete the fire-protecting enclosure of the staircase, will serve to reduce the effect of an oven door to the prassurived staiccase, ‘The simple lobby should be unventilated, in which case it will be automatically pressurized by the air flowing out of ‘the staircase, Figure 1 shows exemples of preguarieed Stoircases leading into simple lobbies. The resuiting DBressurization of the lobbies is indicated, as also is the effect of an open lobby door, Figure 2 shows the conditions that arise when the staircase only is pressurized and this {sad into a simple lobby and then into a lift lobby; this is {9 unacceptable arrangement, All pressurized « sn an emergency, 4.2.2 Method 2. Pressultizing OF the horizamal route ‘cages im @ Ouilcing should be pressurized corridor beyond, “This arrahgement carries the protection rig {eading nie the accommodation area in which a tire might occur. Additionally, the effact of an open diaor on the Dressurization levels i largely localized an tre rlogr soncerned, AU pressurized staircases, and pressurized lobbies end Pressurized corridors an alt floors shoutd be pressurioed in an emergency, 42.22 Pressurizing staircase ond fobby. \t a tabby Separating the staircase from the accommodation 1s other than a simple lobby, this lobby should be pressor ined independently of the stsrcase, a. it should have pressurizing air supplied from a duet (or source) that is separate from that supplying the staircase, The lobby bressure should be equ to or slightly below the pressure in the stairase (but nor more than § Pa below). Figure 3 shows an example of independently pressurizing steircase and lift lobby and indicates the effect of an open doce, 4.2.23 Pressurizing stwircase, lobby and corridor. tthe lobby opens into corridar of substantial construction fue 30 min fire resistance or more) that forms part of the DBroteeted escape route, the pressurization may with advantage be extended to include the coreidor and so take the smoke control right up to the door of the secommoda- tion unit, office or fat, To do this an independent air supply should be provided to the corridor and the pressure should be equal to or slightly below that in the associated lobby, but not more than 5 Pa betow.4 Lobby pressure above Lobby pressure above ccommodation is 10 (10h ‘accommodation 15 25(25) Prossurizetion level of staircase is $0(50) Staircase Lobby Accommodation Staircase Lobby Accommodation | 10 23 3B xe | 88 | ae 9 open 9 Open (©) > goor 123) | door yo % | a 10) (22) neeeeeet y y sesemaeicead eateries HSA a 8 “rhe wo upper citgrems show presurization levels and pressures uh tie lauby eccommedation doors enut, The ew lower degrems {hom pressrization levale ane pressures when one labby/sccomme: Geiton Joor ls open, te exhars raining shut, For # 10storey building pressurization levels aod aresures in Pe howe hus: 45 Bor Satotey bulling, pressurization levels and pressures in Pe shone hus: (28) Figure 1, Pressurizng ststease onlyLift lobby prascure above Aeeammodetion is 311} HL => Be | : i | 7 aoe 7 iy Simpte lobby pressure,’ ' Simpie tobby pressure” above accommodation) above ceaanisastion {| ie 2828) / 8 Baa / | Accommodation j / Accommodation if il | T Pressurization level of staircase is 50 (50) —/ ot 1Ostorey bul, oresurztion eels and resures InP howe thus Fora Storey biting, renwistion nw en ressures in Pa show thas (59) Figure 2. Staiteate only presurize (gives no protection to liftlapby)Pressurization level of $9(50) in staircase and lobby oe ee an Meee eee ere ee f | Fe | i — Guten } of Open 3126) 1 1 of y f sesh “The upper diagram shows pressurization lvots withthe it toby! aocommodtion doors shut. The lower diagram shons presurization Tevete wth one lit lobby aceormmadtion door cpen, the other doors remaining shut For ¢ 1Ostorey building, pressurization levels and proscurt in Pe shown thas 31 Fors Sstorey building, presurieation levele and prossurs in Pa shown thas [26) Figure 2 Pressurizing steircace and lft tobby Staircase Lift tobby Accommodationhere are difficulties associated with this extension of the Pressurization, If the corridor hat many doors ler sina leakage paths) the air supply needed wil! be lage, eseh door should be eslf-clos: unressurized space opening ‘onto the sortccr shavia have adequate | ‘outside air (a8 rocommended in 5.5). 23 Method 3. Pressuriing lobbies andor coridors only In some buildings it may be found necessary, perhaps tor constructional reasons (such 3s difficulty in ranging the Sulres ductwork for independant pressurizetion) ro chiowe 2 staircsse to be pressurized by the air thas leaks inte it from the associated pressurized lobbies or corridors If Broperly designed his can be a satisfactory method fut in fome cates it may be found that the total air supply needed for pressurizing the lebbies only may be greater than thet needed if the staircase and lohbies ate indesendensty Pressurized, |n this mechad the staircase should not be permamentiy ventilated except by any opening shown tobe necessary by the caleulation for the open-doar condition dealt with i 53.28 All pressurized lobbies and/or pressurized corridors on ali oors in a building should be pressurized in an emergency. E24 ‘Pressurizing’ the whole building (not recommended), Designs have been suggested for a scheme in which pressere differentials are not developed inside the building but air 6 introduced in such a way that the whole building is rived 10 8 pressure in excess of that obtaining outside the building. in the event of fire, airflows are sat up in PPOBItion to the smoke flow by opening vents on the fire floor, This system has been suggested for buildings in which the internal divisions are so leaky that pressurizing Particular spaces (such as staiccases or fobbies| ie not possible, In the UK there is no experieneé with this method and its Suggested that, unless there are over-riding reasons for fig 2coption in a special case, it does not conssitute ssa, factory ethos, Zo design this typa of system the details, iclusing location, if the ai leakage from the external wall are required. If this leakege is appreciable (as suggosted by some of the informs, ‘ion available), a westefully high amount of pressurizing sr is required, ‘The effectiveness of a system pressurizing the whole building relies entirely on the opening of venting on the fite floor only. Venting elsewhere can cause smoke to Spread to other aarts af the building. In partiouir, an open door at the foot of a staircase can cause that staircase to become filed with smoke. Consequently, if this stern is lwsed additional ‘smoke stop’ doors have to be installed For these reason the pressurization of the wiole building is ‘ot recommenced in this code of practice, 4.3 Interaction betwoon several pressurized spaces 4.3.1. General. In a building, particularly a large building, ‘there may be several pressurized spaces. These may be directly interconnected or they may be separated oy 4 large unpressurized ares, The presence of several pressurized spaces in a building does not generally create a problem 4.3.2 Directly connseted pressurized spaces. This condition Will arise when the staircase and the lobby (and peshaps the forridors) are pressurized, This wil apply to many buliings, In such @ system the design aim should be to ensure airfloc, from the staircase, theough the lobby, through the corridon (if apprepriate) and into the accommodation space where 4 fire might occur. There is m0 objection,io all the connected pressurized spaces being maintained at the same pressure, whieh should be that given in table tr the aopropriate building height, 1 theve isa difference in pressure between adjacent pressurized spaces, this should be small sod should not 12d § Ps, Tha preszurized space nearest to the acc dation should always be at the tower prossure ‘This design condition willbe disturbed if, far inetence, (door on the staircase is opened on to an unaressurized $2802. This circumstance may be regarded a a shortlived temporary occurrence during which the staircase grevsure will fal below tnat of the adjacent tabby. bur tne lobby Bressurization will still maintain a sufficisne airflow towards ‘the possible fire area. A design check is outlined ip claws & to ensure thet this condition is satisfied. 43.3 Pressurized spaces that have no direct connection ‘This condition arises whan a building hes two or more ressurized escape-route systems opening out into the same Lnpressurized accommodation area ‘Thera are no particular problems or restrictions associated with this arrangement because each escape-route system should have its own independent pressurizing plant and the lunprescurized accommodation space should have adeuore leakage arrangements to allow the pressurizing ait trom al the pressurized areas to escape to open ait. Provided trese conditions are satisfied there will bo no possibility of any interaction between the several pressurized parts of the bullding. 4.4 Single-staircase or multiple-tairease buildings 4.4.1 The staircases. The factors associated with floor area that determine whether a building may have 9 single staircase or needs to have two or more staireatas will act be affected by the proposal to use pressurization in the building, exeept that a pressurized stalrcase (with a lobby andor corridor, as appropriate} may be considered safer than an escape route that is naturally ventilated, 44.2 Restrictions AA2A1 Pressurized and-unpressurieed staircases in the some building. No resttictions will arise whan all the Staircases in a building are pressurized, but the use af pressurized and naturally ventilated staircases in the seme building will introduce difficulties and should be avoided i if possible, It should be considered only if the staircase 1s £038 ventilated and separated from the pressurizea ftaircese(s) by a large unpressurized undivided space from which the sit can escape at points well away from the unpressutized staircase(s), in order to prevent the unpressurized staircase from becoming filad with smoke, Under no circumstances should a pressurized staircase be Connected by 9 corridor oF lobby to an unaeessutized staircase, : 34.2.2 Pressurized and unpressurized spaces in the soine escape route. Another possibility is a mixed system for she ‘scape route. for instance a pressurized steirase with eturally ventilated lobby between it and the accommode- ‘ton. In this example the protection afforded by the pressurization will be completely confined to the staircese, The pressurization will do nothing to keap the naturally ventilated lobby clear of smoke; it will only provide steady supply of fresh air to dilute any smoke entering the lebby. This errangement is not recommended and the lobby in this position should be unventilated.cnet ethane neha fia 8 AER a 4.5 Relation between emargency pressurization and the normal air conditioning system. It has baen expleined th the purpose of @ pressurization system is to establish an. ticflow condition in the building that will prevent the smoke from a fire moving towarde or past the escane route Goors, This és achieved by maintaining the escape routes at on axcess pressure by providing them with a mechanicaliy riven constant supply of fresh air, end, additionally, Dy providing for this sir to teak out of the building et ed places in or neae axtornal walis that are aster a5 porsible from the escape route doors It is therefore oveferabie thar the airflow pat lished in the building by the norma air conditioning system should also be away from the escape route entrance, With the vitiated air being removed for exhaust or recircula: ‘ion at poimis remote from the escape route entrances, If the pressurization system is two-stage, i.¢, has a constant running featura that maintains the escape routes alwoys at 4 sight excess prescure, the gonerat air conditioning system to fit in with this arrangement will probably adopt a ftistoctory airflow pattern that is always away from the scape routes. When the pressurization system is single-stage, i.e. operates in an emergency anly, the interaction between it and the formal air conditioning arrangement may not be so obvious but neverthetess is should be considered in the ove design concept [An air conditioning system that uses the corridors or the false ceiling of 8 corridor as the exhaust plenum for the Vitiated air should not be used in conjunction with 8 pressurization eystem unless special arrangements ate made ‘or closing off the whole exhaust system in case of fire. In any case, an aie conditioning systom that could encourage smoke to enter the corridors is not favoured for fire safety reasons even If there is no pressurization in ‘the building. 486 Integration of emergency system with normal air conditioning equipment. Iris suggested that the normal air conditioning system and the pressurization system should be treated as an integral whole when design calculations are carried out, This will certainly be necessary when the pressurization is two-stage, Le. a raducad level of pressurize- tion will be operative at all normal times and so the sir volumes and sir movement used for it need to be considered in the wider context of the air movements in the normal vemtilation system. When the emergency pressurization is brought into action the following changes in the normal air conditioning system should be made, (2) Any recirculation of air should be stopped end all ‘exhaust alr vented to atmosphere, eg, by means of & suitable damper. {b} Any sir supply to the accommodation spaces should be stopped, {c) The exhaust system may be continued, provided: (1) the positions of the extraction griles are ‘compatible with theneed to establish a general airflow that is not towards the protected escape route entry; (2) the construction of the ductwork and fans is such ‘that it will not be renderéd inoperable by hot gases: and smoke: . (2) there 6 ne danger of smoke spreading to other ‘Roors by the path of the extraction system; to ensure this the extraction fan has to be kept running and therefore its position and elaczriesl supsiy have to be protected, “The signal to initiate all these changes in the operstion of ‘the airconditioning systam should come from the same source as that which operates the emergency pressuti The use of e snake deteeror in the air conditioning tduetwork should not be relied on for this puraose because of the dilution of the li poeur when severai floors are served by the seme system, This could eguse 2 delay in operating the necessary adjustment ta the gir conditioning system in case of fire. 5, The system 5.1 Basie dozign eviteria for designing the systen ‘component parts 5.1.1. Basic design. The criterion is to establish in the ‘building @ pressure gradient pattern that will elweys ensure that smoke moves away from the escape route. To do this the escape route is maintained at an excess aressure and adequate sir leakage hs to be provided from the ‘accommodation areas. 5.1.2 Pressure differentials. These are esteblished by ‘maintaining a continuous supply of fresh air, fed by ‘mechanical means into the pressurized space. 5.1.3. Space being pressurized. This wil unavoidably, ‘any building, have air leakage paths in its enclosing surfaces. ‘These leakage paths will be the cracks round doors, cracks round windows, direct leakage through the building fabric, leakage through air conditioning ductwork, and so on. If a pressure difference iz maintained between # oressurized space and its adjacent space(s) air will flow through these leakage paths. 5.1.4 Pressurization system. This is designed by first identifying the leakage paths (see 8.1.3), estimating their size and then calculating the airflow that will be needed to Create and maintain the required pressure difference across ‘these Leakage paths. A constant aie supply of this magnitude has then to be delivered to the space itis desired to pressurize. 5.1.5 General principle. The important principle to understand is that to maintain e space A at a higher pressure than space 8, the spaces being connected by, sev, ‘closed but leaky door, there must be 8 leakage path from B so that a flow from A to B can be maintained. Hf there "were no leakage path from B, air fed into A would raise oth A and 8 to the same excess pressure above the surroundings and smoke from fire in 8 could not be prevented from spreading to A, nd ts 5.1.6 Components of @ pressurization system. These are: (a] « mechanically driven supply of fresh sir ducted direetly into each pressurized space (i.e. stairease, lobby cor corridor); {b) cir leakege paths from each pressurized spac {| an air leakage path from the accommodation arecs. In ord to design » pressurization system for a building al of these factors have to be determined or specified. Each will partly depend on the level of pressurization required, which isthe first factor t6 be decided.‘striction such as the crack around s door or a window es the result of a ressére differential across the restriction, the relationship between the rate of airflow, the ares af the striction ond the pressure cltferenitia! is given by. 00827 x A x (pn w 5.2 The pressure differentials 5.2.1 Onstage or ewo-stage systems. Ths relative merits of 3 one-stage oF two-stage system have been discussed in 1. and the pressure jevelsreistive to each are now epecitiee !n 3 single-stege system the pressurization is applied onty 2 situation occurs, and in a swvo-stage systamn 9 ieee [evel OF pressurization is maintained sal times and it ig the icflow im), Increased to the emergency level when a fice ocars A isthe ate ofthe ettrietion (m"), emergency Jove! of pressurization will bs the same P is the pressure differential (Pa), ther a one-stage or two-stage system is used and will 4 ison index that can very bs cepend on the height and pasition of the builaing. The For wide cracks such as thoso around doors and large reduced ievel of p postion ates, openings, the value of Mean be cokes eo but for the Will also de and postion of the bulaing, Narrow leakage pee feet by the cracks round windows 5.2.2 Pressurization levels to be used. The level of the more approprieta value of W is 1.8. roses pent fe" Sesian purposes for any pressurized The wines 11" for these two values of W/ over the Torr Fo apatdig should not be less then the appropriate re a ressures (1 Pa to 0 Pa) likely to be ca Pay the Bulldog height given in table for greater than [20 calculations for the design of a prota 2a kt ag ah rapes Hon or tid nd a acco ste ena NOTE 1. Buildings used for the very young or old or for hand Table 2. Values of (P)!" for NOTE2. The lar nacansoorena ores ne a srvatty he feiemunnen Sechaba tes amy] ag yp sare eeeaiainwiowyinssceneias” ji? 19 z Kalapana weeny FR Zz “eon go 20 2 NOTES. Themiciningacnniom oncsononngnn «§ BSB 2 cretielmacastose wagon rc temitm om 8 32 22 a Smpwiganteaterhecwengatwans enya $2434 7 bet ann yur cscs or Seat Sheaeangsearamnmiomvsnmy $48 BF Deter Soa apg aga go 3 "Sirhan w 8 83 se nas as Table 1. Pressurization levels 12 35 47 37 as So = Dating tnt | Prema nS gs 2 | Emergency operation 1% 3954 4 83 100 Pesieteens 16 40 56 4 64 10.2 7 41 gg 4 65103, — B42. gt 4368105 Pa 44 63 4488 10s Upto 12m m 45 65 4% 67 108 or below ground | 50T 2 46 6.7 46 68 10,9 2, 47 gp 47 89th Aeownem so 23° 4p 74 69 ita % 49 73 49 700 ha 2% 50 78 7 ons ‘The pressurization leveis given in table 1 are those for a obvi and Seale the same levels should heed for in (1) is used to derive a lustion (1} is used to deriva the air supply needed to 2bbies and corridors but levels slightly lower may be sed atinoer pressurization level within afonce aking {Or these spaces f desired, The difference in pressurization into accoune the total efecive area of the leokoge ny levels between staiccase and lobbies (or corridors) should Dut of the space, n most esos the predominant nance snot Be greater than § Pa, paths will be through doors, so that WV can usually be taken neal Bulling configurations, esaecislly with windy agri! expotures, may need spacial consideration Qe = 0.827 x a, 5. The sir supplies neaded to obtain the cequited pressure where differentials : Oe isthe air supply to the pressurized space lm, 5.3.1 General princioles Ac is the total effective area of the leakage paths out of 8.3.1.1 Ceiculation of air supplies. The air supply needed the space (ne) to obtain given pressure cifferentil is determined by the sir leakage out of the space, Wher air flows (@g)"? (2) {5 the pressurization level in the pressurized space ie) 11 Pe 1 Nim?:25 Pa= 0.1 in water gouge "Intame cicumerances 25 F4 may ba aporopriste, Su Fire Reterch Note S58 pubs by HMO. @5.3.1.2. Rules for aalding leekege areas together. paths out of a pressurized saace can be either in series as thown in figure 4, in parallel as shown in Figure 8, or in nations of series and patellel paths 2: shown, for example, in figure 8t=! Aan example of lazkage paths in paratlal would be att oft doors epening out of 2 staircase, each door leading to en unpressurized soace. or parallel peths the total leckage arca is determined by the simple edaition of all the leakage areas concerned ring te igure 5, Aveta 741+ Az + A+ Aa 13) It should be noted that this calculation applies strictly only to leakage pets having the same value of iV in equation (1), In practice the predominant leakage paths in parallel from the unpressurized space will almost invariably be through doors ar ether openings large enough for W to be taken 35 2 Leekge paths in serie occur wen there is en intermediste space into which the ai from a pressurized space first passes before finally leaking out to the unpressurized space ‘through another leskage path. Exemples of this are the fimple approach lobby interposed between the staircase and fhe other secommodstion, oF @ lift shaft that connsets al THT TT TT Pressurized space (ora NOTE, The doors shown are normally shut and the artlow shown {ake ple ot the cracks around the door. Figuce & Leakage paths in serios che pressurized lobbies and into which air Flows from each fobby and then flows out to the open sir vie the vent opening at the top of the lift shaft For series paths the total effective may be Setermined by using equation 4) 4 (Arona In the context of a pressurization system ft is unus more than two leakage path: to be sochet the elevation becomes (3) Ash ; Aro = ZF eat ie wns using equatione (4), (8) and (6} apply strictly only £0 leakage paths for which the value of Min equation [1] fs 2 [ie. for dooss). However, the method may ‘be used as an approximate calculation when windows form part of 2 series leakage path, Pressurized space | ‘ Ar As NOTE. The doors shown are normaly shut and the ation shown {key place atthe cracks around the doors. Figure, Leskege paths n porate 10a | j 9 Pressurized | | : Ay Ay i, ‘ space Ag ee Pressurized - ae Aun space eee eee eee ne Pressurized ave Aare Pressurized 3 paths of si eckagei | For combinations of sarias and parallel psths, The rota) fective lezkage af combinations of series and persilel paths can utually be obtained by successively combining simple groupe of individual leakages inco their equivalents, ages in paral the same speces, end saris leakages with only one inlet and one outlet ins space, Figure 6 gives an exemple of this process, Such caleulations apply siriesly only 10 leakage paths for which the value of M in equation (1) is 2 (i. for doors However they may be used far an sgpcoximate calculation when windows farm cert of 2 series leakage path. us, in igure 6tbt Asy 2 AltA wn Asn = As4 Ato 8) Then in figure 6fe) AEA Ane gare 9 7 sk Aae 7 as grin (or and similarly for Ages and Agi. In figure 6(a), Asie Asis * Ae tana AM “The total equivalent leakage from the pressurized space is sven by AXA, a ¥ Ama 7 Yan? +Asne iH 5.3.2 Leakage areas for various components 5.3.2.1 Doors. The sir leakage past a door will, in general, be confined to the cracks araund the door. The total value of the leakage area will therefore denend on the length of the cracks (i.e. on the size of the daor and on the design and operation of the door). In general, doors enclosing a pressurized space will also need to have fire resistance, and this will ensure that the door is close-fitting in its frame, ‘Typical leakage ereas for the four types of door likely to be found as the closure to a pressurized space are given in cable 3, Arno” Table 3. Typical leakage areas for four types of door Type of door Siee Single-leat in 2mhign | 86 rebated frame 800 mm wide opening into a pressurized space Single-lost in 2mbigh 156 0.02 rebated frame 800 mm wide | opening outwards | from 2 pressurized | i | space i | Doubledeef with | 2mbigh 9.2 0.03 orwithout centre, | 1.6mwide | rebate Litt landing door | 2mhign | 8 0.06 (025.3.23) 2mwide® 12 For doars smaller inen the above sizes the aiven should be used. For doors larger, the leakage ares should be inereased in direct praportion 10 the incr racic length, See also 6.4.3. For instance, a wide single-ieaf door Zm high and 1.2 m wide in a rebsted freme opening into # pressurized space of (6.4/5.8) » 201 mr © 0.011 a 14% 3€ areas given in table 3 and the expression jon given in 9.3.1, values of alr leakage past closed doors given in table 4 are abtained for the presture differentials most commonly reauited for the design of @ prosturization system, 5.3.2.2 Windows, Although in many.instances the pre pressurized! spaces will not be on an externa! wall and Consequemtly will not have any window openings, there may be examples where a window opens cut of ¢ pressurized epace. It if therefore appropriate to inctude typical \eakage data for windows in table 5. Unlike doors, windows will vary considerably in size and {or this reason the leakage areas given below are for unit length of erack, In determining the leakage round an ‘openabie window the total length of cracks shoul be measured and multiplied by the appropriate factor for unit length fromm table 5. 5.3.2. Lift landing doors: Leakage of air past a lft landing door cannot be determined by simply using the leakage ‘area of the lift door 2s given in table 4 because the air leaks away from the labby via the intermediate space of ‘he lift shaft. inthis eds the air from the lobbies also pressurizes the lift shaft, flowing into the lft shaft at all floors. The overall flow will thus depend on the leakage ‘paths (a) between the lobbies and the lift shaft and {b) between the lift shaft and the outside air (see figure 7). ‘These leakage paths are in series and the relationship, expressing the total rate of airflow from all the lift lobbies via the lift shaft becomes Am Ae aL! 113) arrays Pe 0, = 0.827 x where Q, fs the total sicflow into lift shaft (m®/sh, ‘Acs the total leakage ares between all lobbies and the life shaft (m?): (this is generally equal to'n A, where n is the number of pressurized lobbies apaning into the lift shaft and A, isthe leakage area of one lift door) Ag is the total leakage area between lift shaft and non- pressurized spaces (mm? }, is the presturization loval of lift lobby (Pa), ‘The amount of air leakage from each lobby into the lift, shaft can be deiermined by proportioning the tota! Og ‘among all the lobbies in the retio of aach lobby’s contribution to 4q. Where the leakage area isthe same on all floors the air input to the lift sheft per floor is simply Q, In, where n is the number of pressurized lobbies opening Into the iftshaft, + Iris suggested that when pressurizetion is used in the lift lobbies a vent area of-at least 0.1m per lift should always be provided!Table 4. Air leakage data tor doors | Leakage | Air oak Tvawe | ive a tm tere Tes | [me fmt me [mite mie Shsletet apenine 0.01 9.0224 |oez90 10.0370 /a.0018 | o0ses | 2 lmto 3 pressurized | I | | ! | space fc RECEE EeeeEE EEE Eee Siraleteat opening /0.02 0.0468 (0.0841 !o.0740 |o.0827 |0,117 | 2 ourwards torn 3 i eeceee ees cece prosturized space | | \ | | | } Doublerear ‘oa (9970 |0.096 |0.117 |a.124 jones 12 { M 1 i } Lift langing door | 006 [018 [0222 Jo.208 o2sr | 2 jo.re2 | | (see 6.3.2.3) | aquation 1) to Table 5. Air leakage data for windows wee of window | crack | air ieatage in m/e pr mar Vale length for pressure diteray of Mee lee [a [ae [er | tan [pum | him | mm (pi | | Paorod.ne 1268 Lor Lange | ay | eet | ines Shopng [TOI ro 99 fates (2a bre stripping [ | [ i rh eiawsand lac Jorr fore loro fae on | emer fro eters. [oes [x10 fio fre some i i | | i Seg jtto fos | Joss ose lose joss | feo}? fe 10? x10 | ns } |PAF —— i eee | Y yO Ie i Weaettl | Foase tft ut | { i I a. | 1 Litt snart--~ Ag |e ae facie with Ae Aq 4 Agate eee ir Figure 7. Diagram of leakage from lit landing doorsFor @ specified siz of opening from the lit shaft to the utsi air the leakage ftom one lobby into the lft short cen be calculated from whe q ‘is the leakage from one tobby past one lft door. Qc is the sir leakege for sn isolated lift door (value taken from table 4 or calculated from Qe = 0.9496 x (P}"* ware 2 level for the lobby} Fis the factor depending on vent size lft shaft and {ken from the speroprists column of tab 6 ‘7s the number of pressurized lobbies opening into the lift shaft. If a lift shaft connacts a seris of pressurized lobbies it {hould not have a door leading te en unpresturized lobby Pr 81969 unless that space is not part af an escane roure gad, has no door communicating with an escaue route ‘The above calculation relates to one lift and itis assumed {bet the lit shaft is protected. A separate calculation has to ‘be made for each lft, When there are two or more lifts Ins common shaft it is sufficient for the purpose of calculation to treat each ft as being in its own single shaft, in wre £28e the value of 4g used shoula be thet celating to saen separate lift (usually Ap for the large common shaft divided by the number of fits in that shaft), 5.3.2.4 Other series and paraiel leakage paths, Similar combinations of series and paralel leakage paths may eccur in other situations and the above methods (suitably sdapted to take account of the particular circumstances} may be Used provided all the spaces involved are structurally. Protected. Where the intermediate space is net a protected structureit should not be assumed that this space will renarn Dressurized and the method of assessing airtlow require, ments for pressurization shoul be based on equation {1} 5.3.25 Totlet areas. When tollet ot ther arees that are directly connacted to a pressurized space have mechenieal ‘extract systems the leakage rate inco them is either: (a) whon the extract fan is running, taken to be the ‘extract rate in cubic metras per second, or (0) whon the extract fan is of, calculated from: Og Onxk an where Qa i the leakage into the collet (or ether} space tenis, e's the door leakage cate (m/s) at the design Pressurization taken from table 4 or ealestated from equation (1), and Kis @ factor depanding an Ax /Ag taken from table 7, where Ax is the minimum crossseetional area (m?} of extract branch duct {this may be a duct cross section or the balancing device at the arfice or damper), and. Ag is the door leakage area including area (m?) of ‘ny airflow grills or large gaps for air transfor, NOTE. The wtlusof Ag incising srtaw giles enaorlrge gona {or gi antfer hat ao tobe uted teat the value of Greben ‘he leakage ores grater than ene normal tot! wan oh cecoe 15 Table 6. Values of factor F for various vent sizes Number of | _ Value #00 tor vene see pressurized tobbies {pening into the orm | oem Ue anatt jee | (rn, seeequstion 14) | 1 [oss oa 2 128 | 160 3 | 148 5 199 : tse | aa | 5 [vse | 23s | 8 fier, | Rae 7 | 1620 Tf 249 { a { 18300) 253 | 8 [tee | ase | Sao 10 (85258 | ae 12, j 165 ‘260 } 3.51 | sss} 262 | ass 16 |r | ae | as above 16 [186 | 200 | 368 NOTE 1. The fgucsin column 2 (vent size 0.1 mj should be wad ifthe only opening fromthe it shat ta unpreturized sone at ‘his sien, (Thi ie the carmal design sttustion) NOTE 2. The figures in column (vent size 0.16 m') shoud be used ifthe vant sie is larger than 0.1 m® by 80 % or if with decctnccad 0.1 m there is one ft door lading 0 en unpreruraes i NOTE 3. The figures in column 4 (van sce 0.22 m*} should bound Lf the yent is targer than 0.1 m" by 100 Ser fwisra ce eo 0.1 ent there are wolf doar inthe seme sale opening ene Uunpressurizad lobes. NOTE 4, I the if shaft ares pressurized lobbies opening into {he lf shaft and in action has doors opening into mone ee npressurzed lobbies, a tech ealoulation of Fusing encthonn (8) and (16) hes to be made, NOTE 5. Columns 3 or $ would be used to esleulate the ai low oUt of a lobby when 8 door in on Tobby (column St he een eet en af whan two doors, One In wach of two labia, Ree een ig ‘en featur NOTE 6. 1f hore are attiona koge paths out of tha lift sate ‘be eaeutates from (18) : ta Aelia Ae} *\ne AG = total effective leakage area of lift shat, where Ag is the leakage area of one litt door. Ar is the total leakage ares between lift shaft and an-pressurized spaces (normally the area of the vent), 7s the number of pressurized lobbies opening into the lift shaft, Table 7, Values of K Ax/Ag « Os 0.45 0.28 oF less 0.28 (18)ana eabid iin spc kage from pressurized space, The design procets for a pressurization scheme depends on identifying all she feakege areas out of the space to be Dressurized. Froma krowieage of the total leskege from the ie of the air supply needed 10 J of the required lovel. space 2 esicuiation is me maintain 2 pressure cif It follows that any space to be pressurized has to be 20 constructed that any leakage of air through the building fabric will be minimal. If the construction is af concrete it will probably be satisfactorily eckpraof bur if the construction is of blockuvark it will probably need 10 De rendered to ensure chat its eakoroot, ‘Adcitionally, attention should be paid to joints between ‘walls or betwen wale, floors and oailings to ensure that no Incidental leakage occurs at these places. This lst orecau tion is likely to be particularly important if @ system-buile {In celeulating the air supply naeded for a pressurization, system two major assumptions have to be made, These are: {a} thos the leakage ares of the components (doors, lif doors and windows) that have bean used in th eaicula- ions wil apply tothe componente concerned when the buling is eompietec {c) tht there are no unidentified leakage areas out of the presurzed spaces “To allow fo thes wo necessary easumotions itis suggested that 23% should be acded tothe calvlatd values of the roaulrad sir supp. tshoule be emphesized thet this tuition is suggested to make sllowance for uncertainties in tho valves ofthe loakage areas that Pave been assumed, This fdition sot intonded aan allowance {0 take socount of leakage in the supply ducting, The installor should make his tom avcossnant of the ikely leakage in his ductwork and snake provision for this “The caleuleted valu ofthe sir supply has to be delivered “in toto 10 the pressurized spaces concerned and the approving authorities vil have the power to require Ghidonae thatthe actual iflow agrees withthe calculated value 5.3.27 Large openings. Design pressurization cannot be Shointened thor ae arge openings between pressurized reas and neighbouring spaces in these circumstances other Sipects of smoke control may need 1 be considered Winan design oressrization cannot be maintained, smoke an be kop back from the opening provided che ogres at telociy from the space {which would be pressurized ifthe pening were not lage) i sufficiently high When the opening is permanent (i. is not 8 door opening intermittently} the er egress velocity would need to De Jims a0 4 re denending on the temperature expected fram the fre (hich wil depend on the fire load and pavition). For low fire oad likely to be well ventilated the loner oi vlooty wil be edaquat bur fore high fire load the higher lve should be used To obtain sexe velecities through lage openings equine lage volumes ofa and this system of smoke control may well be uneconomic exsan: for very special However, when the large opening isa door and it sonable pened rittently and far short periods, lower air velocities witl be acceptable. This situation is examined in 5.3.2.8 5.2.2.8 The open door, No ascape route can be effective ‘without doors aiving access to it dit is inevitable that thate be open from time 7 for a pressurization system therefare needs to have regard ro the fact that # door to @ pressurized space may inave to be onen for short periods, In 8.3.2.7 it hae boon stated that elthough when ‘opening is made between a pressurized space and the surrounding space @ peesture difference cannot be main~ tained, the pratection against smoke can be obtained! ov ‘ensuring that a reasonable air velocity out through the large opening is msinteined, For an intermittent opening such as a door, a lower air velocity than that suggested for the permanent apening can be used, an the value will depend on the position of the door. The requirements for the majar situations are es iollows (a) If the etalzase only is pressurized, with no interven ing lobby, 2 minimum egress velocity of 0.75 m/s ‘through an open door is necessary, end in 2 building of more than 20 storeys when two doors on different floors ‘are open the seme egress valocity through these doors is necessary. (Refer to table 8, which gives examples of values of airflow for an open doot not all of which meet ‘this condition.) It is assumed that the pressurized staircase opens directly Into the accommodation spaces from which there i leakage in accordance with the recommendations of 8. () If the staircase and lobby on each floorare om ly pressurized, a minimum egress velocity ‘of.O.Dmis is caqulzsd when two lobby doors on one floor are open (this means a sircase/loboy door and 9 lobby /accommodation door open); this egress velocity may be st either of the open doors. When the building is of more than 20 storeys this condition should obtain when lobby doors an twa floors are open. (Table 10 shows examples of values of airflow.) It is assumed thet the pressurized lobbies open dirsctly into the accommo: dation spaces from which there is leakage in accordsnce with the recommendations of 5.5. {ol If the staircese end lobby on each floor are independently pressurized then, in addition to the requirement in {0} above, one of the following conditions should elso apply when the staircase/lobby ‘G00r8 are all closed and any one lobby/eccommmodation door is open. Either the egress velocity through the open lobby/sccommadation door should be at least 0.5 m/s ‘or the pressure differential geross the corresponding staizcate/labby door should be within 5 Pa of the appropriate detign value for the staircase pressurization level (table 1), [tis assumed that the pressurized iobbies ‘open directly into the accommodation space from winich ‘hore is leakage in accordance with the recommendetions of 55. 16