By finke « PROPORTIONING OF SECTIONS-STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD 11 formed the basis of the working stress désign procedure which dominated reinforced concrete design codes for many years ‘After more than a half century of experience with the working stress design, deficiencies of this procedure b evident. Laboratory ‘ests conducted at the University of Illinois, Lehigh University, and the Portland Cement Asso- ciation formed the basis of the strength design method, which appeared as an appendix to the AC/ Code for the first time in 1956 and as a part of the Code proper in 1963. The two methods were covered equally in the 1963 edition of the Code. ‘The 1971 ACI Code was in large part based on the strength design method, allowing the working stress design as an alternate procedure, The use of the true working stress method was allowed only for design of flexural members, ‘All other applications of working stress were in the form of ‘2 factored-down strength design, using increased safety factors “The strength design method gained full acceptance in the 1977 and 1983 ACI Codes, In these editions, working stress is relegated to an appendix. ‘The strength design procedure is based on proportioning, sections for the ultimate state of stress under ultimate load Conditions. Both concrete and reinforcing stee! exhibit material nonlinearities prior to reaching their vitimate strengths. Therefore, inelastic behavior of both materials ‘must be considered and must be expressed in mathematical terms for ultimate strength formulation, A number of con- Crete stress distributions have been proposed, including parabolic trapezoidal and rectangular shapes. The idealiza~ tion of post-yield stresses for steel is simpler. Generally, a constant value of steel stress is assigned {0 reinforcing bars within the post-yield region Figure 1-13 shows a rectangular reinforeed concrete sec tion and the corresponding stress and strain distributions ‘The strain distribution is assumed to vary linearly with the maximum compression strain of 0.003. Tests of reinforced concrete members confirm that the distribution of strain is essentially lineur seross the section, However. the maximum concrete compressive strain at crushing varies from 0.003 to 0.008, In most practical cases the variation is limited to 0,003-0.004. In current North American design practice the 0,003 value is accepted as a conservative value for use in design. ‘The parabolic concrete stress distribution shown in Fig. 1-13 can be represented by an equivalent rectangular stress block. The ACT Code permits this simplification provided the appropriate factors are used. as specified in the Code, for determining the height and the width of the rectangular block. Another conservative simplification permitted by the Code is the assumption that the concrete does not provide any tensile resistance. Tests indicate that tensile capacity of Concrete in flexure isin the order of 10% of its compressive strength Once the strain and stress distributions are determined, 085, — «70.008, eee.) Sian rer Fig, 119. Reinforced concrete section at ultimete load condition ara dino the ultimate capacity of a section can be computed using the principles of static equilibrium, This capacity is then compared with the ultimate applied moment to start the iterative design process. ‘As stated earlier, strength design is based or propostion~ ing sections for the ultimate state of stress urder ultimate load conditions, The use of the term “ultimat:” to express both the capacity and the applied design loads in the 1971 ACI Code led to some confusion among designers. There fore, ACI 318-77 and ACI 318-83M adopted different terminology to differentiate between the required and pro vided ultimate strengths. Accordingly, the term “required strength” applies to service loads multiplied by the appro- priste load factors, whereas the term “design strength” is tised to express the nominal capacity of # section reduced by a strength reduction factor. The besic criterion for strength design can then be expressed as Follows: Required strength < Design strength ‘The above criterion provides for the margin of safety in two ways: (1) the required strength is computed by increesing service loads by load factors; (2) the design strength is com~ puted by reducing the nominal strength by 2 strength re~ duction factor “The design criteria presented above applies to all possible states of stress, The general design criteria can then be re- ‘written using the ACI terminology for flexure, axial load, shear, and torsion as shown below: My <0 My Py ee ine J 5 nota) os 1a2 [8 |e a oom | ite | tar Boe th | is | ise aus [ie tar te [oie [a] i | oe | os ‘00 18] a8 ae] gf isa] tae ie ae os | tar | to te fois | ou foie Joan | ip oo | tay | te tm | an | ae | as | 2 | ie oes | tae | tan ba | ah | as | ds | ah] ds oo 17] 301 aa] an] axe | 237] ae] 308 cos | tte | 2s a | re | | ae | ae | ie om | ass | is ar | ae | ig | ae | 3m | Ste oms_| tae | baz gr | at | ast | So | ath |g ooo | 24s] ass ne [as6 a0 faz] asf pat wos | 3a | aes gm] ah | am | xo owe | au | is ge] ae | ade | a8 ae sis | Sue |_bae sm] 3a |S | hse 3 oui] 238] 309 a a us | due | 388 sa | a | ae | 33s oh cin | 3m | 333 ses | gas | aa | an ie ous sn_| tte | ae | tx tS oie sat peep nas] aa “a0 ois tm | th | ie | is of aun to | te | i | ae se ates ee | th | the | ait in miss a | ote | os | as sa oreo ta | tm | Sk | so in ates te | 23 | Gs [RR oe ov aa} sae] sa] ae fit os th | oe | sh | Ss oa ota so] a3) SH | se oe oss ca | Gs | se | os 3 ois a) an | eit | bar oi oto Sih | ee | an soe om | Soe | Sa se [en | fe | ee it oie | sa] as si [ea] ase [ea 76 ia Se] ea | ea | 88 rh ss ce | et | ee] as tes oe om | sie | ee | baa i 7 sie fem [tao | en 796 an ex | ce | tas | fe on fis ca | so | ie | ats bu es sa_| 43 | ta | Sos oh ooo sae] —e00 so tas} a8} 08 ra vss | Sas | She ce] xe | aa |e ter oo | cr | et tee foie | tae | ts sa oes | fee | 8h sm | ve | tn | th 3 oan | eit] en em om] a a0 2a ons | fas | a3 sm [am | ae | ik 32 om | ee | fea te [om | ee | is a ous | tas | tos | am | as | ots 2PROPORTIONING OF SECTIONS-STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD 15 i TABLE 1-4 (Continvee) 290 | 647 722 759 | 742 813 863 784 396 362 0295 655 731 a0) 719 323 876 790 907 95, 300 | 6.62 Tai 781 126 834 sas | 2.76 98 oe 0305 5.69 151 392 132 Baa goo | 782 928 wor oo | 6:6 760 508 739 834 912 7.88 9.39 1014 ‘oss 62 730 Bud 1as Be 928 793 949 1027 0x20 | 6.89 19 24 cet 8.74 936 798 9.59 1039 0325 598 7.88 835 157 B84 947 £03 ss 1051 330 | 7.02 798 846 763 893 959 | 808 9.78 1068 0338 7.08 807 536 168 9.03, gro | 812 9.88 1076 aso | 744 816 867 123 92 982 516 997 1088 4s 720 825, an 178 922 993 820 10.07 11.00 aso | 726 834 a8 7.88 931 10.08 824 10.16 naz “035s mA 843 898 188 9.40 1015 327 1025 13 350 | 737 B51 9.08 7133 949 10.27 830 1033 nas 0365 a2 8.60 3.19 197 97 1037 533 1042 47 osm | 748 868 929 3.02 966 1048 36 1osi 11se 0375 153 377 939 8.06 975 1059 £38 1089 1169 0380 138 eas 9.49 B10 93 1070 | 840 1087 11.80 0385 163 893, 9.39 813 991 10.80 542 10.75 1191 390 | 767 9.02 9469 817 10.00 1091 Baa 10.83 1202 “039s 1m 9.10 9.78 820 10.08 101 Bas. 1091 113 (0400 178 918 9.88 324 1046 a2 | 847 10.98 1224 0405 781 926 9.98 827 10.4 122 548 11.08 1234 0410 785 933 10.08 3.29 1031 1132 a9 1143 14a ais 789 9a) 1017 832 1039 1142 850 1120 1255 (0420 193 949 1027 834 10.46 1132 #50 ust 1265 0475 131 936 1036 837 10.84 162 550 1133 1278. (0430 Bor 968 10.45 839 1061 1.72 850 1140 128s) a3 B04 on 10.58 Bal 1068 i182 850 11.46 L295 0440. 8.08, 978 10.68 842 10.75 119 849 1153 13.06 044s aan 9.86 10.73 Bs 10.82 101 848 1159 aa 0480) 34 993 | 10.82 Bas 10.48 1210 a7 1165 1324 0455 87 1000 | 1091 547 10.95 1220 sae | un 1333 ‘Notes: (1) or Boame with compression reinforcement p= (A= Ai)/b (2) or T peame p= bye (Ag Aap! (5) Sore ines naicute'minintan hd maximum permissible vehi or rectangular sections with tension reinforcement ont 4=500-$0-10= 440mm uctile failure is the desirable fallure mode. This type of dure occurs ifthe relnforcement rato, p, i ess than the Pen Blom wi alanced section ratio, Pp. The expression for py is de- see en erent oped in Section 17] and is given by eq, 10) an ALO 2 re ACI 318M-83 provides restrictions to the amount of steel Gon a4o7 = F a iatcan be paced ina fecurl member, To ensure a ductile From Table 14, 9= 0104.” a Ture, the mastmurn reinforcement ratio imied 10 75% ceo py. Reisorcement ratios in the order Of 20 10 40% off 4a soat=isn ast © Considered to be good design practice. Table 1-4 con- ins values of dy corresponding to different levels of p. elative magnitudes of p with respect to pp can be found in 4s table for selecting ductile sections, Table 1-4 covers the 'mmonly used material strengths and seinforcement ratios ‘tween the minimum and the maximum limits. SAMPLE 1-1: Proportion the rectangulaz team shown in Fis for tension reinforcement. The applied ultimate design moment My 200 kN, and the concrote strongth is 30 MPa. Use grade (400 steal for seinforcement with « minimum net cover of 50 My ii aieomparn i) he omer eel Aealsionconong of compas ee nd an equal ompreon sel eneally Jcated close tothe ex teoae Snpendon ier of win, Threore Ks ef Hbniy aeewate vo assume that the compresion steel lle goon the section aches unage capacity Bosed (1-44) (0-45) where an=et, (t-2) (1-46) wt) aan The factor Gis a function of compression seinforcement ratio p) enti“ [d, and the reinforcement YEH Stes, fy Tine values of gate tabulated for ciferent combinations Of 9 ad, and fi the addtional moment capacities of st=- fions due fo compresion reinforcement can be determined ‘Table J is generated for this purpose. MoniGat capacity ofa rectangular section with tension re snforcement wes prewously derived in eq, (18). Substitt- ing (A, ~ Aj) for A, yields: ara) My 24-44 (2A) ay aan) 49) where: NN Phy ) (0-50), asp Equation (1-50) i identical to eg. (1-42) derived for beams with only tension seinforcement. Therefore, the values of qy tabulated in Table 1-4 can be used to compute moment component M, with reinforcement ratio p as de- fined by eq. (51). Total moment capacity of the section can then be expressed as 52) = OE ta 1-53) ACI 318M-83 places Testrictions on the amount of rein- forcement that ean be used in a flexural member. A. mix imum reinforcement ratio is specified to ensure a ductile failure, For rectangular sections with compression rein forcement, the maximum tension steel is goremed by the fellowing condition nex =0:15 Po +61 (sa) where Bp = balanced reinforcement ratio for a rectangular sec- tion with tension reinforcement only fp "stress in compression reinforcement at balanced strain conditions fe deco 2 600-5) fy therefore since yielding occu fy * Sy ax * 0.75 (0.0325) + 0.004 » 0.0284 90.0269 <0028 OX. EXAMPLE 1-4: Determine the nominal moment capacity of the section shown in Fig, 1-18, Conctete suength and reinforcement yield stress used are {2= 25 MPa and /, = 300 MPa, respectively ‘Two No. 20 and three No. 30 bars are used for compression and te: sion reinforcement, respectively. Net concrete cover used s $0 min. 4900-50-20 438m ie 20 50+ 20-69 Ag (3)(700) = 2100 mm? A= (2)(300) = 600 mm? Z My bi (onan) om e4 183) Anas 1500 ASIDES, bd (400)(435) =0.0086 (rom Table 1-4) AL 600 “Ba * Wa caasy * 9.0048 y= 089MPs (rom Table 1-5) My = bd? (dy * x) = (0.400) (0.435)? (2.41 + 0.89)(1000) My =250KN 15.3 “T" Beams Rectangular beams are generally cast monolithically with ‘concrete slabs, forming full composite action between the Fig. 118 Example 1:4,”PROPORTIONING OF SECTIONS-STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD 19 Longituein! compression pede beter + ton) pe | —t ee Fig. 119 Oistribation of longitudinal comprestion streses in the 1 Tevetions slab and the beams, In the positive moment region of a slab-beam assembly, compression stresses develop in the slab, while the bottom beam reinforcement is subjected to tensile stresses, In such cases, the effective cross section of the beam hes a T-shape consisting of the rectangular beam as the web and a portion of the slab as the flange. If the beams are closely spaced, the flange width can be taken 23, the distance between the slab centerlines, However, if the spacing is large_the flange is more highly stressed in the vie sinity of the web as shown in Fig. 1-19, and the stress dis. tribution is not uniform across the flange. In such cases itis convenient to define an effective flange width over which the stress distribution is assumed to be uniform. ACI 318M-83 recommends that the flange width for T beams should not exceed one fourth of the beam span length. Fur- thermore, the effective overhanging slab width on each side should exceed neither 8 times the slab thickness nor one half the clear distance to the next web. Figure 1-19 illus: trates a typical T-beam and the limiting dimensions, T-beams generally possess high compression capacity be- cause of the large area of concrete in the flange, The neutral axis of a typical T-beam usually lies in the flange. This is enerally the case unless 2 large area of tension stee! is pro- Yided, oF the flange thickness is too small relative to the web. When the neutral axis is within the flange, the section behaves as a'rectangular section with a width equal to the flange width. If the tension in reinforcement exceeds the compression in flange concrete, the neutral axis falls below the flange and the section behaves as 2 T-section, Thus, for ‘T-beam action the following condition must be satisfied ‘Tension in steel > Compression in flange concrete Aly > 085 {6 b hy (56) 0.85 fib hy >it 1-57) b (1-57) The ultimate moment capacity of a T-beam consists of ZZ) 1 t ! i Aly 1 fiber of a slab-beam assembly and the concept of et two components, cach of which can be computed easily. Figure 1-20 illustrates the two moment components (My and My) and the associated effective concrete areas in each section. According to this figure, the ultimate capacity of a T-beam is made up of the capacities of two rectangular sections. The first section consists of a concrete beam of width (b ~ by) and a steel area of Ay when the rectangular compression ‘stress block has a depth equal to the flange thickness. Ayr is resisted by compression in the overhangs and forms only a portion of the total tension steel A, (1-58) where: 0.85 (5g - by) f= gee (1-59) ‘The second section that contributes to the ultimate Strength of T-beam is a rectangular section formed by Width by and height h and reinforced with (4, ~A,y), The ominal moment eapacity ofa rectangular section with ten: sion reinforcement was previously derived and expressed in £9. (1-41), Using the same notations, the second compo: ent, fy, can be written as: My = by dan (1-60) where g,, can be obtained from Table 1-4 using: (s- Ay) ee (1-61) bd Total nominal moment capacity of a T-beam can then be found by summing the two components involved My = My + My (1-62) 05 1, 2 My yg hte y2) Fig. 120 Component of utimate moment in a Tsction20 HANDBOOK OF CONCRETE ENGINEERING The maximum area of tension reinforcement in T-beams is limited by the ACI 318M-83 to ensure ductile behavior ‘The same limit that applies to rectangular beams also ep- plies to T-beams. The maximum sllowable reinforcement tatio is limited to 75% of the balanced value, Balanced sec- tion reinforcement ratio p» and the maximam reinforce: ent ratio Pmay for T-beams are given below bw pon'y Toop «say whe = AM and Aap enprsed by 09 (5 Py Bud ls 3s expressed by eq. (1-59) Bo = batnced reinforcement ratio fr 4 rectangular section (by by h) with tension reinforcement nw =4, yg) by 75 |" G+ 0p) EXAMPLE 1.5: The THbeam shown in Fig, 1-21 ie to be propor tioned for the postive moment region. Ifthe concrete strength is 20 MPa and the reinforcement grade i 400, determine the trea of tension steel required for: () My = $00 KNom and (i) My, = 700 KN= Mm, i, For My= 500 kN-m assume the beam behaves at a rectangular beam, (1-64) My bd? qn (fromeg. 1-41) 555 4° Taoaaaye * 00K n= 2.5 MP2 p= 0.0068 (fiom Table 1-4) ‘Ag ebd = 0.0068 (1200)(430) = 3500 mm? Condition for T-beam behavior (from eg. 1-57): “agp OES Lebhy0185(20)(1200)(80) sae 400 ‘As 3500 mm? < 4080 mm? The assumption of rectangular beam behavior is correct 4080 mm? ‘Therefor, the required aes of tension sea ie 3500 mm? fi, For My = 700 KN-m fist assume the beam behaves a & ree tanglar beam My ELEM «60 mm? Jy Ag=5100 mm? > 4080 min? ‘Therefee, the beam behaves asa Pbeam Find the area of steel, Ay and the moment component, Mf, that i ‘resisted bythe overhang using ogs. (1-9) and (18), respectively Aaya 28S 2B) 3796 mt ‘My = (2720)(400)(430 ~ 40) x 107% = 424 KN 1 My My“ Mp= 778 ~ 424 = 354 KN-m ‘Use eqs, (1-60) and (1-61) and Table 1-4 to determine Apu’ 384x109 ees (04010437 w= 0.0144 (Stom Table 1-4) Aa = 0.0144 (400)(430) = 2477 mn™ 79MP ‘otal area of tension see: Ait Asp Ag y= 2720+ 2477 = 5197 mn? EXAMPLE 1.6: A beam has the following characterstis: b = 300 mm, b= 300 mm, d= 400 mm, A= 65 mm, fe= 20 MP2, fur" 400 MPa, If six No. 25 barsare used i twoliyersa tension re= Iforeement, determine the nominal moment cspacty of he se tion. Very if this section meets the maximum reinforcement sata requirement ‘Ag 6 (500) = 3000 m Determine ifthe beam behaves ass T-beam. Cendition for T-beam behavior is: 85 fon Ayo DASE by 3000 mm? > 2486 mn? Catoulate the nomial moment capacity = 9.85 (20)(65)(600) “400 1466 mm? (from eg. 1-57) ‘Therefore Team theory applies. Ag (Grom e9. 1-55) Ag 1657 ma? My= (06579400) (co $) 10-6 (rom eq. 1-58) 1000 - 1657 = 1343 mn? 1343 pe Ate 2 18 oon byd — (300)400) Oe an=398MPa (hom Table 1-4) 300) (400 (3790) x 10°F = 187 KN mPROPORTIONING OF SECTIONS-STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD 21 ‘The maximum reinforcement ratio for T-beams is: sce [oven] ten Ag 1657 817 Fag” TanjaDey 00138 ‘The value of 2p can be obtained from Table 1-4, which tabulates 9p for rectngula sections with tension reinforcement. For fy = 408, MPaand f= 20 MPs, 35 = 0.0217, 3 na*075 [32% 0217400138] pmax 0.0089 of a 3000 300)(400) 15.4 OneWey Slabs Reinforced concrete slab systems are classified on the basis ‘of their structural behavior. One-way slabs are those slab panels that have length-to-width ratios equal to or greater than 2.0. These slabs deflect essentially in one direction, similarly to continuous beams, Therefore, they are usually. designed as one-way members with additional minimum reinforcement in the transverse direction. The basic prin- ciples of flexural beam design also apply to one-way slabs. Tables 1-6, 1-7, and 1-8 provide nominal moment capacity, ‘Mp, for 1.0-meter-wide slab sections, corresponding to rein forcement ratio p and effective depth d, Two-way slab sys ems, on the other hand, deflect in more than one direction and are reinforced accordingly. The discussion of two-way slab systems is beyond the scope of this chapter. ‘One-way slab thickness is usually governed by the doflee- tion limitations, The ACI 318M-83 Code provides minimum slab thicknesses for slabs with different support condi- tions, These values are tabulated in Table 1-3 for one-way members. Minimum reinforcement ratio for slabs is dictated by crack control owing to shrinkage and temperature stresses. ‘According to the ACI 318M-83 Code, the minimum area of steel is 0.20% of the gross concrete area (bh) for steel grades ‘of 300 and 350, This requirement is 0.18% of the concrete area for grade 400 steel, and 0.18 X 400/, percent for re inforcements with higher grades. ‘The maximum reinforcement ratio for slabs is the same as that specified for beams, This ratio is set at 75% pp to en sure ductile behavior. EXAMPLE 1-7: Desi the simply supported one-way slab pane! showin in Fig, 1:22 fora lve load of 10.0 KNim?, Use normal-density ‘concrete with f- = 30 MPa and reinforcement with f, = 400 MPa, ‘Determine the rinimum aab thickness as governed by the defec- Lon requizements: agin = 1/20°* 4000/20 = 200 mm (from: Table 1-3) Compute dead and lve loads for a 1,O-meter slab width DL=1.0 x 0.2 x 2400 x 9.81 X 10°? = 4.71 kNim LL 1.0 x 10.0 10.0 N/m Determine the design load ye 1AD+ LIL y= 144.71) #1.7000) Calculate design moment Wal? 2366.0" on 3 (positive moment of a simply supported one-way member) e 0.0083 <0.0089 OK (Gee Seetion 1.4.1) 3.6 kN 2472kN-m ‘Use Table 1-7 to determine the required stea of ste for LOaneter- wide slab strip. Allow 30 mm for the concrete cover plus the bar racus d= 200-30= 170mm My 472 Me ST2. s4ganem e059 (2 = 0.008 gives Mp = $5.75 when d = 170 mm Grom Table 7° (005 x 1000 x 170 = 850 mn?in Ute No. 10 bars @ 120 mm. 1.6 DESIGN FOR FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOAD Columns and walls are commonly used compression mem- bers, that are subjected to varying degrees of bending stresses. Compression members can be clasified as either short or long (slender) members, depending on their behav- jor. If the second-order stresses due to transverse deforma- tions affect the ultimate strength of a member, then the ‘member is classified as a long member. If the transverse de- formations are negligibly smal, the ultimate strength is not affected by secondary moments, and the member is classi- fied as a short member. 1.6.1. Short Columns and Column Interaction Diagrams [A short column is one in which the column capacity is gov- tered by the sectional capacity. In a short column, slender- ness effects and the associated secondary moments are in- significant, Therefore, the column capacity can be found directly from the critical section capacity Purely concentric columns rarely occur in practice. Some bending is always present, due to either external forces or column imperfections. Column sections can resist les axial loads in the presence of moments. The ACI Code provides 2 it to the design axial load strength so that arcoluma. is designed to carry at most 80 to 85% of its concentric load capacity. This ensures some reserved moment capacity in columns even if the design moment is zero. ‘At the other extreme, columns behave like beams if the applied moment is very high in comparison to the axial oad. The ACI Code provides a limit to design axial load strength, Pq, below which the ductility requirements of beams apply. This means that the maximum reinforcement ratio, in this range, is limited to 0.75py as in the case of the beams. ‘ACI 318M-83 specifies minimum and maximum limits of longitudinal reinforcement for compression members a8 1% and 8% of the gross concrete area, respectively. In practice, however, more than approximately 4% reinforcement creates clearance problems during splicing. Therefore, Py = 0.04 can be regarded as a practical upper mit. Usually « high percentage of reinforcement is used in the lower-story columns. Column capacity is reduced in the upper stories by reducing the area of reinforcement while keeping the column section constant until the reduction in applied load warrants a change in coluran size. It is generally more eco- nomical to keep column sections unchanged so that the same formwork can be reused. ‘Strength of sections under combined bending and axial force can best be determined with the help of the interac- tion diagrams. An interaction diagram gives a relationship between the ultimate axial loed vapacity and the ultimate moment capacity of a given section. If these diagrams are available for different column sections with different rein-