PROJECT REPORT

ON

SOLAR POWER OPERATED TRICYCLE

FOR HANDICAPPED PERSON

SUBMITTED BY,

SANDEEP S. BHONSLE ROSHAN R. KAMBALE

OMKAR M. HARDAS ABHAY V. MARWADE

GUIDED BY,

PROF. MR. PANKAJ RAMTEKE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BABURAOJI TIDKE POLYTECHNIC, MOUDA
2015-2016
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitle

“SOLAR POWER OPERATED TRICYCLE

FOR HANDICAPPED PERSON “

Has been submitted by following students of final year diploma in
mechanical engineering during the academic session 2015-2016 in
the “DIPLOMA OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING “of
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,
under my guidance & supervision.
SUBMITED BY
SANDEEP S. BHONSLE ROSHAN R. KAMBALE
OMKAR M. HARDAS ABHAY V. MARWADE

Prof.PANKAJ RAMTEKE Prof.RavindraRaut

(Guide) (H.O.D)

Principal
Ms. Vidya M.Badwaik
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BABURAOJI TIKDE POLYTECHNIC MOUDA
2015-2016
 Acknowledgement
It is the matter of great pleasure by getting the opportunity
of highlighting a fraction of knowledge, we acquired during our
technical education through this project.
This would not have been possible without the guidance and help
of many people. This is the only page where we have the
opportunity of expressing our emotions and gratitude from core
of our heart to them.
This project would not have been success without enlightened
ideas, timely suggestion and interest of our most respected guide
Prof.Pankaj Ramteke without his best guidance this would have
been an impossible task to complete.
We are also thankful to our industrial project and seminar
(IPR) in charge Prof. Ravindra Raut for their valuable guidance
about the other aspects of project and its report.
Being on the same line we all express our deep sense of
gratitude to our H.O.D. Ravindra Raut for his most valuable
guidance.
Last but not least we would like to express our thanks to
teaching and non-teaching staff, our friends and all our well-
wishers.
Projectees
Sandeep S. Bhonsle
Roshan R. Kamble
Omkar M. Hardas
Abhay V. Marwade
 ABSTRACT

“SCIENCE IS THE STUDY OF THE WORLD AS IT IS.

ENGINEERING IS THE CREATION OF THE WORLD TOMORROW”

Science is the basically “passive” observation of the universe, as it exists to

generate knowledge. Engineering is making use of the knowledge to meet human needs
by creating, system, process and technologies that have not previously existed.

Design and manufacturing are the synthetic part of engineering received a lot of
attention recently for very good economic reasons.

Solar plays a vital role in day to day life. We had developed the solar tricycle especially
for handicapped persons. In This paper, It is discussed that How Solar tricycle

Will help to reduce the effort of handicapped persons. All the Designs, Specifications
considered after analyzing the problems from the handicapped persons. Comfort of the
person in the tricycle is an important and we had given importance to it.

The main contents of the tricycle are solar PV panel, Brushless DC Motor, and charge
Controller and battery. This paper will discuss about the main idea of this project and to
get a larger picture on what is the problem in the current technologies, what that we
want to achieve in this project and the area which will cover this project.

This paper is divided into some categories that are project background to describe the
reasons to do this project, problem statement to inform about the problem or weakness
of the existing technology, objective to make sure what actually this project must
achieve and scope of this project to specify what will be used in this project.
 CONTENTS

Sr.No. Topic Page no.

1. Introduction

2. Literature Review

3. Construction

4. Working

5. Advantages

6. Limitations

7. Applications

8. Future Scope

9. Conclusions

10. References
 INTRODUCTION

Electric vehicles, which use 100% electric power, use electric motors instead of an
internal combustion engine to provide motive force. Solar-powered vehicles (SPVs) use
photovoltaic (PV) cells to convert sunlight into electricity. The electricity goes either
directly to an electric motor powering the vehicle, or to a special storage battery. PV
cells produce electricity only when the sun is shining. Without sunlight, a solar powered
car depends on electricity stored in its batteries.Since the 1970s, inventors, government,
and industry have helped to develop solar-powered cars, boats, bicycles, and even
airplanes. In 1974, two brothers, Robert and Roland Boucher, flew an extremely
lightweight, remote-controlled, pilotless aircraft to a height of 300 feet. It was powered
by a PV array on the wings. (The U.S. Air Force funded the development of these aircraft
with the hope of using them as spy planes.) The first totally solar-powered car was built
in 1977. It was small, lightweight, and cost relatively little. Experimental SPV‘s, equipped
with advanced technology, have been built with the backing of major auto
manufacturers, including General Motors, Ford, and Honda. There will be a big area at
the B.T. Polytechnic campus wardha when it is fully built and operates. So students need
a vehicle to move from one side to another. In state of using car or motorcycle that are
costly, student will be prefer to used tricycle as their vehicle. There several types of
tricycle that can be chosen such as paddle tricycle, motorized tricycle and electric
tricycle. But there are some weaknesses about that type of tricycle. To overcome the
weakness this project will develop a better tricycle. Because of India is located in the
topic of Capricorn area, this project will make used the energy of the sun that rarely
used in India to generate the tricycle. As what had been mention earlier, there are
several types of tricycle that can be categories that is paddle tricycle, motorized tricycle,
and electric tricycle. The weakness of the tricycle make people do not like to used
tricycle. First, paddle tricycle needs a lot of energy to paddle the tricycle. The user will
surely be tired after used the tricycle. This will not suitable for student to use to go to
the class because they will be tired when they are in the class and will lost their
concentration while hearing the lecture. Next, motorize tricycle that used fuel as it
prime mover. The tricycle use fuel that is costly. As a student, their allowance is limited
and only can be used for their study material and for their food to survive at the
campus. Besides that, motorize tricycle will make pollution that can be very bad for our
environment especially in this period that global warming happen to the earth. Lastly,
electric tricycle that generate by battery can be only be sufficient for about an hour. The
user needs to find power supply to recharge the battery or else they need to paddle the
tricycle that used more energy compare to the normal tricycle because of the weight.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction

 In order to perform this project, literature review has been made from various
sources like journal, books, article and others. This chapter includes all important
studies which have been done previously by other research work. It is importance to
do the literature review before doing the project because we can implement if there
are information that related to this project. The most important thing before
starting the project we must clearly understand about the topic that we want to do.
So by doing the literature review we can gain knowledge to make sure we fully
understand and can complete the project. A review of the article was performed to
identify studies that relevant to the topic. The search to find material that related to
the topic is categories as solar panel, solar charger, battery, motor, electric tricycle
and speed control.

 Solar panel

 Figure 1:
 Solar panel a photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel is a packaged
interconnected assembly of photovoltaic cells, also known as solar cells. The
photovoltaic module, known more commonly as the solar panel, is then used as
a component in a larger photovoltaic system to offer electricity for commercial
and residential applications. The primary difficulty with solar power and indeed
with its cousin wind power has been one of efficiency. There is more than
enough energy hitting the earth in the form of solar radiation to meet power
needs of our species. Estimates indicate that there is four times as much wind
energy available for our use as the species uses every year. Solar power is even
more dramatic, the sun showers the planet with more energy every day than we
 use in a year. So the difficulty has never been the availability of sun and wind,
they are readily available.
b.Solar charge controller

Figure 2 Circuit diagram for solar charger.

Solar battery chargers are an inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and convenient way
to make sure yourbatteries are always fully charged and ready to go all the time. The
problem with charging a battery from a solarpanel is the Sun. It does not shine all the
time and clouds get in the way. Our eyes adjust to the variations in the strength of the sun
but a solar panel behaves differently. As soon as the sun loses its intensity, the output
from a solar panel drops enormously. Not only does the output current fall, but the output
voltage also decreases. Many of the solar panels drop to below the 13.6v needed to
charge a 12v battery and as soon as this occurs, the charging current drops to ZERO. This
means they become useless as soon as the brightness of the sun goes away.

c.Battery
Given the current market, lead-acid is the only viable battery technology for electric
vehicle conversion. Thefollowing is a list of criteria to use in selecting an electric vehicle
battery.
 Figure 3 Batteries
1. Voltage. Batteries are available in both 6V and 12V units. Most standard, wet-cell,
golf cart batteries are 6Vunits. Most sealed batteries are 12V units.
2. Amp-hour rating. The capacity of a battery is rated in amp-hours. This rating must be
specified with a givendischarge rate.
3. Discharge rate. The discharge rate of a battery is the minimum length of time during
which the battery mustbe discharged in order to meet the specified amp hour rating.
4. Watt-hour rating. The watt-hour rating is a true indication of the energy Capacity of a
battery, like the amphourrating, this rating must be specified with a discharge rate. The
watt-hour rating of a battery is the amp-hourrating multiplied by the specified voltage of
the battery.
5. Energy density. Energy density is the energy capacity of the battery, in watt-hours,
divided by the weight ofthe battery, in kilograms. This is a critical factor in selecting an
electric vehicle battery-the amount of energy abattery carries per unit weight.
6. Cycle-life. Cycle-life is the number of times a battery can be fully discharged before
replacement. However,in most real applications, a lead-acid battery will exceed its
specified cycle-life, since the battery will not befully discharged every time it is used.
 CONSTRUCION
Solar Panels
Photovoltaic‘s is the field of technology and research related to the devices which
directly convert sunlightinto electricity. The solar cell is the elementary building block of
the photovoltaic technology. Solar cells aremade of semiconductor materials, such as
silicon. One of the properties of semiconductors that makes themmost useful is that their
conductivity may easily be modified by introducing impurities into their crystal lattice.
For instance, in the fabrication of a photovoltaic solar cell, silicon, which has four
valence electrons, is treated toincrease its conductivity. On one side of the cell, the
impurities, which are phosphorus atoms with five valenceelectrons (n-donor), donate
weakly bound valence electrons to the silicon material, creating excess negative
Charge carriers. On the other side, atoms of boron with three valence electrons (p-donor)
create a greater affinitythen silicon to attract electrons. Because the-type silicon is in
intimate contact with the n-type silicone p-njunction is established and a diffusion of
electrons occurs from the region of high electron concentration (the ntypeside) into the
region of low electron concentration (p-type side). When the electrons diffuse across the
p-njunction, they recombine with holes on the p-type side. However, the diffusion of
carriers does not occurindefinitely, because the imbalance of charge immediately on
either sides of the junction originates an electricfield. This electric field forms a diode
that promotes current to flow in only one direction. Ohm metal semiconductor contacts
are made to both the n-type and p-type sides of the solar cell, and the electrodes are
Ready to be connected to an external load. When photons of light fall on the cell, they
transfer their energy to thecharge carriers. The electric field across the junction separates
photo-generated positive charge carriers (holes)from their negative counterpart
(electrons). In this way an electrical current is extracted once the circuit is closed
On an external load. There are several types of solar cells. However, more than90 % of
the solar cells currentlymade worldwide consist of wafer-based silicon cells. They are
either cut from a single crystal rod or from ablock composed of many crystals and are
correspondingly called mono-crystalline or multi-crystalline siliconsolar cells. Wafer-
based silicon solar cells are approximately 200 μm thick. Another important family of
solarcells is based on thin-films, which are approximately 1-2 μm thick and therefore
require significantly less active,semiconducting material. Thin-film solar cells can be
manufactured at lower cost in large production quantities;hence their market share will
likely increase in the future. However, they indicate lower efficiencies than wafer based
Silicon solar cells, which means that more exposure.
A number of solar cells electrically connected to each other and mounted in a single
support structure or frameis called a ‗photovoltaic module‘. Modules are designed to
supply electricity at a certain voltage, such as acommon 12 volt system. The current
produced is directly dependent on the intensity of light reaching themodule. Several
modules can be wired together to form an array. Photovoltaic modules and
arraysproducedirect-current electricity. They can be connected in both series and parallel
electrical arrangements to produceany required voltage and current combination. There
are two main types of photovoltaic system. Grid connectedsystems (on-grid systems) are
connected to the grid and inject the electricity into the grid. For this reason; thedirect
current produced by the solar modules is converted into a grid-compatible alternating
current. However, solar power plants can also be operated without the grid and are then
called autonomous systems (off-grid systems). More than 90 % of photovoltaic systems
worldwide are currently implemented as grid-connected systems. The power conditioning
unit also monitors

The functioning of the system and the grid and switches off the system in case of faults in
working of solar panel.

DC motor
A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity
There are two type of dc motor
Brushed DC electric motor
Brushless DC electric motor
Uncommutated

Brushed DC electric motor

The brushed DC electric motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the
motor by using internalcommutation, stationary permanent or electromagnets, and Like
all electric motors or generators, torque is produced by the principle of Lorentz force,
which statesthat any current-carrying conductor placed within an external magnetic field
experiences a torque or forceknown as Lorentz force.
Brushless
Brushless DC motors use a rotating permanent magnet or soft magnetic core in the rotor,
and stationaryelectrical magnets on the motor housing. A motor controller converts DC to
AC. This design is simpler than thatof brushed motors because it eliminates the
complication of transferring power from outside the motor to thespinning rotor.
Advantages of brushless motors include long life span, little or no maintenance, and high
Efficiency. Disadvantages include high initial cost.

Brushless dc motor
Brushless dc motor complicated motor speed controllers. Some such brushless motors are
sometimesreferred to as "synchronous motors" although they have no external power
supply to be synchronized with, aswould be the case with normal AC synchronous
motors.

Uncommutated
Other types of DC motors require no commutation.
Homopolar motor – A homopolar motor has a magnetic field along the axis of rotation
and an electriccurrent that at some point is not parallel to the magnetic field. The name
homopolar refers to the absence ofpolarity change. Homopolar motors necessarily have a
single-turn coil, which limits them to very lowvoltages. This has restricted the practical
application of this type of motor.
Ball bearing motor – A ball bearing motor is an unusual electric motor that consists of
two ball bearingtypebearings, with the inner races mounted on a common conductive
shaft, and the outer races connected toa high current, low voltage power supply. An
alternative construction fits the outer races inside a metal tube, while the inner races are
mounted on a shaft with a non-conductive section (e.g. two sleeves on an insulating
Rod). This method has the advantage that the tube will act as a flywheel. The direction of
rotation isdetermined by the initial spin which is usually required to get it going.
Battery
A system which converts chemical energy into electrical energy. More correctly, a
battery is anelectrochemical cell: Galvanic Cells convert the energy from spontaneous
chemical reactions into electricity.Electrolytic Cells use electricity to drive non-
spontaneous chemical reactions. All galvanic cells produceelectricity from reactions
which involve the transfer of electrons from one species to another .There are
twocomponents to each cell – the species donating the electrons, and the species
accepting them. We writehalfreactions‖to represent these two components, and to
explicitly show the transfer of electrons. The oxidationhalf-reaction shows the species
which is donating electrons .The reduction half-reaction show the species whichis
receiving electrons. We can also write the net reaction (or overall reaction) for the cell,
the balanced sum ofthe two half-reactions.

Specifications:
Solar panel: 12 volt, 75 W= 2Nos.
Motor:, brushless dc motor, 24 volt, Maximum load current is. Power rating
is 250 W, 300rpm.
Battery: 12 V- 4 Nos.
Charging time: 6 hr
Maximum speed: 33 km/hr
Frame: Steel in parts with high strength requirements.
Wheels: Front 20 x 1.75. Rear 23 x 2.00.
Tyres: Front 23 x 2.50. Rear 20 x 2.00 / 2.25 moped strength.
Size: Length 2.3 M. Width - 1.2 M.
Weight: Chassis 98 Kg.
Load Capacity: 90 kg
Handlebars: Maxims Design.

Motor controller

DC Convertor
Designof shaft:-
An electric power shaft transmits to 250watt power at 300rpm to find out design of shaft
with assuming
Suitable material.
Given data-
Power = 250 watt = 0.2 5kw
N=300rpm
Step 1- Design of shaft for finding diameter:
Assuming material for shaft –
SAE=1030 [Design data page no: 39]
Sut = 527, Syt = 296
Step 2- T=torque
𝑇=П
16Т×d3
P=
2ПNT
60
0.25=
2П×300×T
60000
T=7.96×KL Where KL is a load factor:-
KL=1.75 [Design data book page no:-112]
T=5.96×1.75
T= 13.93N-M
T=13.93×1000N-MM
For solid shaft:-
Тmax×<0.3sytOR Tmax×<0.18
=0.3×296 =0.18×527
=88.8Mpa =94.86 Mpa
Consider minimum value of
Tmax = 88.8 N/mm2 (Without keyway)
Tmax = 88.8 × 0.75 (With keyway)
Tmax = 66.6N/mm2
Torque=
П
16Т×d3
13.93×1000=
П
16×66.6×d3
d=10.21mm
Considering bending stress develop on a shaft therefore diameter of shaft will be
increased by 50%
d=10.21±1.5
d=15.32mm
d=16mm (standard diameter for design data book page no:-182)
d=16mm
Therefore diameter of shaft is 16mm
Design of solar beam radiation
A Solar tricycle which is placed on wardha made of angle beam radiation On may 1 at
9.00am (local
Apparent time) the solar panel is located in Wardha (28° 35´N 77 12E) It is tilt an angle
of 36°with horizontal
And is pointing done in south for this h=0° Where h=the surface incident angle on May 1,
n=121.
ɖ=23.45 sin [360/360 × (284+121)]
ɖ=16.50°
At 9.00am (local apparent time)
W=45° Substituting in equation of inclination surface facing due south h=0°
Cos Q =sinɖ(sin-B) + cosɖ(Q-B)
CosQ=sin14.90°sin(28.58°-36°) + (Cos14.90°cos45°cos(28.58°-36°)
CosQ=0.6444
Q=48.90°
Design of brake power
The torque is measured by the tachometer device is 7.65N/mm
𝐵𝑃 =
2ПNT
60
𝐵𝑃 =
2П × 300 × 7.65
60
𝐵𝑃 = 240 𝑤
Brake power of sooty 800 w in normal condition in two wheeler but when two side
wheels are attach then due
to load these BP is also reduce.
Our BP is for single sitter handicapped person which is 240 w and observed that
is sufficient.

A large variety of component used in engineering practice is found to have

conical shaped or, if flat, having a gradual reduction in its width or thickness
along length. Such components are known as tapered. For conical pieces, the
difference between the diameters of their ends is known as taper and flat pieces
the difference between the width or thicknesses of their of their end is known
as taper.
1. Taper per foot, the difference in inches of end diameter per foot
length of the job.
2. Taper per inch, the difference in inches of end diameter per inch
length of the job.
3. Taper 1 in X; for this, the units should be uniform, such as a taper 1 in
20 means either a taper of 1 inch on 20 inches length of the job.
Working
Solar panels transfer energy to 12 volt deep cell batteries located on the bike's frame just
below the chair.From there, a small brushless dc motor between the front wheel hubs
powers the bike. The whole system is on acontinuous feedback loop, enabling the bike to
partially recharge while in use thus extending the bike's range. Adc motor located in front
wheel is controlled by the speed controller and throttle. The rider can switch from
pedal power to solar power easily, and when not in use, thesolar panels continue to
recharge the batteries. Themotor's maximum is 250 w.

working diagram of solar tricycle

Result and discussion

Diameter of the back wheel = 26 inches
Diameter of the front wheel = 23 inches
R.p.m of brushless dc motor = 300

Calculation
V = W*R
ɖ = 2Пnɖ60 =2*П*300ɖ60 =31,41rad/sec..
V = 31.41*0.292 =9.17 m/s.
V = 9.17*3600/1000= 33.012 km/hr
V ≈ 33 km/hr.
ABC=AEF=a (say)
=1/2 of the taper angle.
In right – angled triangle AEF,
Tanα = AF/EF
But AF = ½ of total taper, and EF = L
Tanα = D-d/2. /L
 = D-d /2L
Velocity diagram
 ADVANTAGES

1. Solar energy creates absolutely no pollution.

2. In the long run it saves quite a great deal of money.
3. Solar cells make absolutely no noise at all.
4. Because an SPV has few moving parts, service requirements are less than for
conventional cars.
5. Since there is no internal combustion engine and no combustion takes place,
there are no emissions.
6. Solar powered panels and products are typically extremely easy to install.
 LIMITATIONS

1. Initial purchase price is high.

2. Storage batteries will need to be replaced after about 3-5 years.
3. Can't carry more than one passenger.
4. Slow speed comparing with other ways of transportation.
5. Although solar energy is an unlimited resource, it is not always available when
it‘s needed—the sun must be shining.
6. A large amount of surface area is needed on the car to be used solely for solar
power PV cells.
APPLICATIONS

1. The main application of this project is to provide a tricycle which required

less or no effort to ride.
2. The solar tricycle is ecofriendly and thus causes no poluution.
3. Covers more distance due to power of the solar energy.
4. Is cheap, simple, and low maintenance.
FUTURE SCOPE

1. Solar tricycle are powered by energy from the sun.

2. In future they may play a part in reducing our reliance on burning fossil
fuels such as petrol and diesel.
3. Solar is by far the largest energy resource available on earth renewable or
otherwise.
4. Solar photovoltaic is growing faster than any other energy techonology.
 CONCLUSION

We can say our project can be a success considering the changes we had to make in the
spring once we actually found out how the hybrid solar tricycle was for. We can achieve
our five aims, and we believe that we have a system that will be effective in providing
mobility for persons who have disabilities. One of the major lessons we have learned is
that designing an appropriate technology is a huge challenge. Appropriate is more than
just availability for replication, it considers longevity, reliability, and efficiency.
 REFERENNCES

1. Theory of machine- Khurmi Gupta

2. Solar energy by S.P. Sukhatme
3. Principle of solar collection and storage by JK Nayak
4. About photovoltaic cell by text book of Solar photovoltaic application text book-
R. K. Pachuri
5. Facts about solar energy by textbook of renewable energy in Sundarban- author
by S.K. Chaudhri
6. Literature review by Advance solar energy Conversion by M.A. Green author
7. A text book of Electricity from sunlight by A.K. Paul author
8. Permanent magnet synchronous and brushless d.c .motor drives by-R. Krishnan
9. About power supply information taken by Electrical technology textbook by B.L.
thereja
10. http://www.nationalguild.com/zap/techreport.html
11. http://www.analyticcycling.com/
THAKNK YOU !