The SI derived "mechanical"

(that is, not electromagnetic or thermal)

units with kg, m and s

position m

angular position/angle unitless (radian)

velocity m·s−1

angular velocity s−1

acceleration m·s−2

angular acceleration s−2

jerk m·s−3

"angular jerk" s−3

specific energy m2·s−2

absorbed dose rate m2·s−3

moment of inertia kg·m2

momentum kg·m·s−1

angular momentum kg·m2·s−1

force kg·m·s−2

torque kg·m2·s−2

energy kg·m2·s−2

power kg·m2·s−3

pressure and energy density kg·m−1·s−2

surface tension kg·s−2

spring constant kg·s−2

irradiance and energy flux kg·s−3

kinematic viscosity m2·s−1

dynamic viscosity kg·m−1·s−1

density (mass density) kg·m−3

density (weight density) kg·m−2·s−2

 number density m−3

action kg·m2·s−1

Classical mechanics

Second law of motion

 History

 Timeline

Branches[show]

Fundamentals[hide]

 Acceleration

 Angular momentum

 Couple

 D'Alembert's principle

 Energy

o kinetic

o potential

 Force

 Frame of reference

 Impulse

 Inertia / Moment of inertia

 Mass


Mechanical power

 Mechanical work


Moment

 Momentum

 Space

 Speed

 Time

TORQUE ,VELOCITY, VIRTUAL WORK

Useful Websites
This is a list of some great websites and cool blogs that we think you should check out. Keep visiting for latest updates.

http://www.engineering.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

http://www.labnol.org

http://techcrunch.com/

http://news.cnet.com/tech-blogs/

http://www.techdirt.com/

http://news.yahoo.com/technology

http://digg.com/news/technology

http://www.techmeme.com/

http://www.joyoftech.com/

http://www.engineeringdegree.net/

http://www.onlinegraduateprograms.com/
rroij.com

Analysis and Performance of Automobile Engine Components

Considering Thermal and Structural Effects
Keywords
Thermal fatigue; Bearing failures; Engine failures; Crankshafts, Connecting Rod, Piston Assembly.

INTRODUCTION
Crankshaft and connecting rods are the main components of internal combustion engines which
convert reciprocating displacement of the piston to a rotary motion. A typical automotive crankshaft
consist of main journals, connecting rod journals (crank-pins), counter weight, oil hole and a thrust
bearing journal. During the service life, combustion and inertia forces acting on the crankshaft cause
two types of loading on the crankshaft structure; torsion load and bending load. Engine pistons are
one of the most complex components among all automotive components. The engine can be called
the heart of a car and the piston may be considered the most important part of an engine. The
pistons form the bottom half of the combustion chamber and transmits the force of combustion
through the wrist pin and connecting rod to the crankshaft. Piston failures arise due to many
reasons: mechanical stresses; thermal stresses; wear mechanisms; temperature degradation,
oxidation mechanisms; etc. Fatigue is a source of piston damages. Although, traditionally, piston
damages are attributed to wear and lubrication sources, fatigue is responsible for a larger number of
piston damages. And some damages where the main cause is attributed to wear and/or lubrication
mechanisms may have in the root cause origin a fatigue crack [3] Based on an analysis of seventy
automotive component failures received for investigation the distribution of component failure and
the distribution of causes are given in Fig 1 and 2 respectively. From this it can be seen that the most
common component failure is that of the engine (41%) and that the most common cause of failure is

abuse (29%) [1]

 Since most common
component failure is that of engine so we focused on engine block assembly which carry piston,
connecting rod and crankshaft subjected to high thermal stresses as well as cyclic stresses which
depends some extent on drivers driving habits.

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

[5] P S Shenoy et.al. studied detailed load analysis under service loading conditions for a typical
connecting rod, followed by quasi-dynamic finite element analysis (FEA) to capture stress variations
over a cycle of operation. It was found that even though connecting rods are typically tested and
analyzed under axial loading and stress state, bending stresses are significant and a multiaxial stress
state exists at the critical regions of connecting rod.[6] A. R. Bhagat et.al. describes the stress
distribution of the seizure on piston four stroke engine by using FEA and analyzed the thermal stress
distribution of piston at the real engine condition during combustion process. As a result it was
observed that stress distribution on the piston mainly depends on the deformation of piston.
Therefore, in order to reduce the stress concentration, the piston crown should have enough
stiffness to reduce the deformation.[7] Prabhala et al undergone “Design And Weight Optimization
Of IC Engine” by Replacing the steel components with aluminium alloy components. By observing
the analysis results of two assemblies it was concluded that using aluminium alloy for both
connecting rod and piston is more beneficial than using steel for piston as automatically overall
weight is reduced there fore the power required to run itself by automobile is reduced resulting in
the increase in the mileage.

III. METHODOLOGY
One cannot correct the cause of premature failure until he first determines what causes the failure.
To determine the cause of the failures, the following method was used: Appearance – an illustration
and brief description of a component that has failed due to a specific cause. Damaging Action –
what actually damaged the component under the conditions which were present? Possible Causes
– a listing of those factors capable of creating the particular damaging action. Corrective Action –
the action that should be taken to correct the cause of failure. The major cause producing thermal
stresses in engine due to insufficient engine cooling lack of lubrication or using wrong grade of
lubricants The other causes of damaging connecting rod and piston only by hydrostatic lock.

IV. CRANKSHAFT FAILURE

A crankshaft is usually distorted due to extreme operating conditions, such as “over-speeding” and
“lugging”. It may also be caused by improper handling prior to installation. A distorted crankshaft
subjects the main bearings to excessive loads, with the greatest load being at the point of greatest
distortion. The result is excessive bearing wear. Also, the oil clearance spaces between journals and
bearings are reduced, making it possible for metal-to-metal contact to occur at the point of greatest
distortion. Oil clearance near the parting line is decreased to such an extent that metal-to-metal
contact between bearing and journal takes place, resulting in areas of above-normal wear. Also,
improper seating between the bearing back and the housing bore may be present which hinders
proper heat transfer causing localized heating of the bearing surface and thus reducing fatigue
endurance. Alternating loading and flexing of the connecting rod can cause the bearing housing to
become elongated. And because replacement bearing shells, when installed, tend to conform to the
shape of the bearing housing, this can result in an out-of-round bearing surface.
V. BEARING FAILURE
Dust, dirt, abrasives and/or metallic particles present in the oil supply embed in the soft babbitt
bearing lining, displacing metal and creating a high-spot. The high-spot may be large enough to make
contact with the journal causing a rubbing action that can lead to the eventual breakdown and
rupture of the bearing lining. Foreign particles may embed only partially and the protruding portion
may come in contact with the journal and cause a grinding wheel action. Foreign particles between
the bearing and its housing prevent the entire area of the bearing back from being in contact with
the housing base. As a result, the transfer of heat away from the bearing surface is not uniform
causing localized heating of the bearing surface which reduces the life of the bearing. Also, an
uneven distribution of the load causes an abnormally high pressure area on the bearing surface,
increasing localized wear on this material.

VI. CONNECTING ROD FAILURE

The connecting rod is subjected to a complex state of loading. It undergoes high cyclic loads of the
order of 108 to 109 cycles, which range from high compressive loads due to combustion, to high
tensile loads due to inertia. Therefore, durability of this component is of critical importance. A bent
or twisted connecting rod results in misalignment of the bore, causing the bearing to be chocked so
the bearing edge makes metal-to metal contact with the journal. These metal-to-metal contact areas
cause excessive wear on the bearing surface. Alternating loading and flexing of the connecting rod
can cause the bearing housing to become elongated. And because replacement bearing shells, when
installed, tend to conform to the shape of the bearing housing, this can result in an out-of-round
bearing surface. In general connecting rod treated as individual is failed subjected to hydrostatic
pressure lock. No much connecting rod failure observation is found due to overheating piston
assembly (seizing), fluctuating loads and failure of main crank shaft big end bearing. Whenever
driver passes the car over the stored water on the ground and if there is chances of water coming
inside in engine through exhaust pipe (silencer) then in that case hydrostatic locking of engine
condition will observed. Figure 5 shows the hydrostatic lock effect on the connecting. Due to this
only connecting rod is observed to be affected there is no any defect on piston is observed.
 Also it was observed that it does
not affect cylinder as shown in Figure 6 For avoiding hydrostatic lock it is mandatory to pass over
that kind of situation by putting vehicle in first gear, press 50% of accelerator paddle without
fluctuation and slowly controlling through the clutch and cross the situation

VII . PISTON FAILURE

Piston assembly consists of an appropriate piston pin and connecting rod assembly is incorporated
into the study since the dynamic performance of the piston is a function of the contact pressure
between the pin and the bearing system, and the flexing and oval distortion of the pin which are all
important criteria for assessment of whether the forces occurring can be transferred from the piston
to the pin safely. The investigations indicate that the greatest stress appears on the upper end of the
piston and stress concentration is one of the mainly reason for fatigue failure. On the other hand
piston overheating-seizure can only occur when something burns or scrapes away the oil film that
exists between the piston and the cylinder wall. Understanding this, it's not hard to see why oils with
exceptionally high film strengths are very desirable. Good quality oils can provide a film that stands
up to the most intense heat and the pressure loads of a modern high output engine. Figure 7 shows
piston assembly highly overheated due to lack of lubricants and failure of the engine cooling system.

Consequent effects of piston can also be visualized on piston sleeves are shown in next Figure 8.
VIII. ENGINE COOLING AND LUBRICATION SYSTEM FAILURE
In the engine cylinders temperature of burning air fuel mixture may reach 2200°C or higher.It also
affects cylinder walls and temperature of wall must not get hotter than 260°C. The cooling systems
are designed to keeps the engine at its most efficient temperature at all speeds and operating
conditions. Higher temperatures cause lubricating oil to break down and lose its lubricating ability.
To prevent overheating, the cooling system removes the excess heat. For lubrication, correct
property of lubricant oil, condition of oil pump and oil galleries play vital role. It is requested during
cold start of engine never accelerate the engine till one minute. In this period at idle rpm the oil
pump suck the oil from oil sump and delivered through the oil galleries to the desirable point.

IX. CONCLUSION
A survey of the types and causes of automotive component failures has shown that while failures
resulting from abuse and such like are unavoidable, there is the possibility for a substantial reduction
in automotive component failures. The following are seen as possible areas for attention from
service point of view. In condition of cold starting engine sudden acceleration must be avoided.
Maintain proper ignition timing and valve timing. Timely change the engine oil, if vehicle not run up
to specified km in that condition consider the time period which play very important role. Fixation of
engine compartment with sufficient space especially backside of the engine for better heat
dissipation space should be more.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author would like to thank the workshop of automobiles Ltd for allowing the publication of this
Information.

References
[1] A. M. Heyes, “Automotive Component Failures” Engineering Failure Analysis, Elsevier Science Ltd,
Vol.5, No.2 pp.129-141, 1998.

[2] F.S.Silva, “Analysis of a vehicle crankshaft failure” Engineering Failure Analysis,

Vol.10, pp. 605–616, 2003.

[3] F.S.Silva, “Fatigue on engine pistons – A compendium of case studies” Engineering

Failure Analysis,Vol.13 pp.480–492, 2006

[4] William H Crouse, Automotive Mechanics, Tenth Edition Tata McGraw Hill
[5] P.S Shenoy, A Fatemi “Dynamic Analysis Of Loads and Stresses in Connecting Rods” ,
J.Mechanical Engineering Science,Vol.220, pp.615-624 , 2006.

[6] A.R Bhagat ,YM Jibhate, “Thermal Analysis & Optimization Of IC Engine Piston using
FEM” International Journal Of Modern Engineering Research, Vol.2, Issue.4, pp.2919-2921,
2010.

[7] Sasi Prabhala, K.Sunil Ratna Kumar , “Design and Weight Optimization Of IC Engine” ,
International Journal Of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies , Vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp.
56-58 , 2012.