CPAR REVIEWER - also called “variation”

The principles of design and composition

B-balance *CHIAROSCURO(Italian word for light-dark)

E-emphasis is the strong contrast between
light and shadow in a painting or drawing.
M-movement
U-unity *TENEBRISM
C-contrast predominantly dark tones
H-harmony over light for dramatic effect

BALANCE HARMONY
- a concept of visual equilibrium, and - the visually satisfying effect of
relates to our physical sense of balance. combining similar, related elements;
- It is a compromise of opposing forces in the attractive whole.
one composition that results in visual - All parts of the visual image relate to
stability. and complement each other.
- Harmony can be achieved through
Symmetrical – equal weights on both RHYTHM and REPETITION.
sides - Repetition–repeated use of an element;
Asymmetrical – placement of varying makes visual echo and accent
weight - Rhythm–continuity, recurrence, and
sequence in time and space
EMPHASIS
- The “center of interest” UNITY is (somehow) equivalent to HARMONY
- the focal point but there’s a slight difference.
- Most artists put it a bit off center and
balance it with some minor themes to UNITY–different elements synched with one
maintain interest another.
HARMONY–same elements (usually on repeat)
MOVEMENT synched with one another.
- the visual sense of flow through the
artwork THEMES AND SUBJECT MATTER
- the path where the viewer’s eye takes
through the artwork SUBJECT MATTER is the ‘niche’, the ‘branch of
knowledge’
UNITY - What the concept is all about a
- different elements synched with one - broader topic, for as long as it is
another appropriate to the audience
- all the different elements of an art
synchronizes within the composition THEME is the main idea, the central point,
that gives meaning; also the attractive - What an artist or anyone wants to
whole; visual orderliness communicate with the audience
- Moral lesson of the story
CONTRAST
- arrangements of two or more opposite
elements
Elements of Art and design Types of color schemes

1. Line Monochromatic - colors are derived from a

- mark made between two points. single base hue and extended using its shades,
- It istwo-dimensionaland goes in any tones and tints.
direction,
- straight or curved Complementary - colors that are opposite on
the color wheel; shows high contrast; typically
2. Perspective not suited for texts
- creates an illusion of space
- on a flat surface. It represents a three Analogous - groups of three colors next each
dimensional other on the color wheel; often seen in nature,
- object on a two-dimensional surface and pleasing to the eye
making it
- realistic and natural. Triadic - usually three colors evenly spaced out
or equal distance in the color wheel; produces
3. Color vibrant feel
- result when light hits an object
- the perceived visual and physical Split complementary - variation of the
properties is seen by the human eye complementary scheme; forms a thin triangle;
- how the brain interprets the light waves has strong visual contrast with less tension;
reflected good choice for beginners

Primary colors- red, yellow, blue Tetradic - rectangle; works best if you let one
Secondary – purple, orange, green color be dominant; has many variations
Tertiary – magenta, vermillion, amber,
chartreuse, teal, violet Square - uses four colors, evenly spaced out (2
blocks); works best if you let one color be
Major color attributes dominant

- HUE is the most basic attribute of a Cont. major color attributes

color that makes it distinct from
another color. - Value is the lightness and darkness
- SATURATION, or intensity, is the of an object. The mid value is gray.
dominance of hue in the color or how a Gradient is change in value of a quantity
hue appears under particular lighting in a variable per unit distance in a
conditions. direction
- DESATURATED means color is dulled - Value creates the illusion of light
down. with highlights and shadows.
- ACHROMATIC colors are colors that Highlights and shadows create
have lightness but no hue or saturation. the illusion of a light source.
Near neutral. Uses just white, black, and No light source, no illusion
grays. - Tints - light values
- Attributes- Characteristics Of Colors - Shades - dark values on an object
- Schemes - Combinations Of Colors - Highlights - areas on an object where
light is
 - Colors are also used as a Drawing mediums
REPRESENTATIONAL ELEMENT
in works of art, specifically in paintings. 1. Charcoal – organic drawing material
- CMYK - is the color model used in from burnt wood
printing - Vine charcoal – comes in thin sticks and
- RGB is used on TV, web, for viewing is easy to blend and erase
purposes only (transfers video signals) - Compressed charcoal – made up of
- SPACE is the area between two loose charcoal pressed into a stick. It
elements used to separate or group creates much darker black than vine
anything. charcoal
Gives eye rest, importance to subject,
etc. 2. Graphite – or pencils. This medium is
- SHAPE is an enclosed space, limited into easy to use and not as messy as
two dimensions: length and width charcoal
- Geometric-have the clear outlines - F, H,2H-9H
(circles, rectangles, squares, etc.) - HB, B, 2B-9B
- Organic have natural, less well-defined
edges 3. Brush – transfer paint mixture into
(think: an amoeba, or a cloud) surface
- TEXTURE – perceived surface of an
object, the look and feel of it, the Classification by hair type
perceived visual and physical a. Bristle – used for thickly prepared
properties; adds depth and visual paint
interest b. Sable – cause less damage than a
bristle
Medium and techniques
Classification by shape
Medium a. Dome shaped – covers more areas
- refers to the materials used by an artist. and primarily for skies
- It’s the means by which he/she b. Pointed – making linear markings
communicates with his/her ideas. c. Flat – broad strokes
2Dimensional media
- Has length and width
- 2 parts: the support or the surface and DRAWING
the drawing or painting medium - Moving an instrument over a smooth
surface to leave a mark called a line
Support and other materials - First step in producing 2D artworks
1. paper – the most popular surface used Kinds of drawing
for 2D artworks because of its
availability 1. Life drawing – based directly on the
2. canvas – made of a closely cloth onto observation of the artist of his subject;
which painting is done usually in acrylics still life drawings and figure drawings
and oils 2. Emotive drawing – emphasizes
3. wood – this support is known as expression of different emotions,
hardboard which is a board or panel feelings, and mood
that is made from wood
4. wall – this support is traditionally may
be made of stone or concrete
 3. Sketching – drawings done at the “spur Different kinds of paint
of the moment”. Thoughts and ideas
that occur instantly are put down by the 1. Oil-based – first used in 1400s; mixture
artist of pigment and linseed oil; oil paints dry
4. Perspective drawing – 3D images on a slowly
2D picture plane 2. Water-soluble paint – watercolor is the
most popular of all water-based media
Shading techniques - Gouache – mixture of transparent
water color with water soluble white
Techniques- manner which artist use pigment
and manipulate materials to achieve 3. Tempera – water based; not
the desired formal effect and transparent nor opaque
communicate the desired concept or 4. Acrylic – fast drying; water-soluble and
meaning according to his or her become water resistant when dry
personal style
Painting techniques
Shading – use of light and shadow
(degrees of values) giving the work 1. Dry brush – paint is applied by dry brush
characteristics of having depth and and paint is undiluted by water; strong
texture current of color
2. Washing – use watered down paint to
1. Hatching – thin lines that runs in apply translucent washes on surface
the same direction 3. Pointillism
2. Cross-hatching – accomplished by 4. Impasto – use palette knife to scrape up
criss-crossing lines a bit of paint and apply to work surface
3. Tonal value – accomplished by 5. Flicking –fairly wet brush, flick paint for
changing the value by little an uneven splatter effect
4. Stippling – similar to tiny dashes 6. Dabbing – use corner of sponge or piece
and hatching; very small lines of paper towel you can dab accents of
5. Pointillism – dot patterns color
6. Scribbling – circular motions
Other 2D media
Painting – application of color to a surface thru
tools such as brushes, a painting knife, a roller, 1. Pastel painting – no mixing of colors on
or even fingers palette and no addition of water, oil,
and others
3 components of paint
3 kinds of pastel
1. Pigments – colored part of the paint
2. Binder – material that holds together 1. Soft – higher proportion of pigment
the pigment and allows it to stick to the to binder; powdery in texture
surface 2. Hard – aka chalks; good for creating
3. Solvent – liquid that controls the details
thickness and thinness of the paint 3. Oil – pigment is bound in oil.
Produces compositions that are
bold and colorful
Collage – pasting various materials on a single Other media art
surface. Eg. Newspapers, mags, photos
1. Musicians
Printmaking – repeated transferring of an 2. Dancers
original image from a prepared surface called 3. Theater artists
matrix (printing plate) onto another surface 4. Film maker
usually paper 5. Writer

Mixed media – works of visual art that

combines various traditionally distinct art media

Technology as media

1. Photography – both a science and art.

Writing with lights
2. Digital art
3. Multi-media art – combination of texts,
graphics, video, and sound

3D media
1. Sculpture – many works of
contemporary sculptors are usually
found in public places

Techniques in Sculpture
1. Subtraction- cut away or remove
pieces or parts of the material
2. Addition – putting together materials
or assembling the materials
3. Manipulation – also known as
modeling.
4. Substitution – this is known as
casting.

Kinds of sculpture
1. Relief
2. Free standing
3. Constructed
4. Kinetic

2. Installation art- involves any

arrangements of objects in an
exhibition space