LECTURE NO.
6
Solid Wastes
waste arising from human and animal activities that
are normally solid
discarded as useless or unwanted heterogeneous
mass of throwaways from urban communities as
well as the more homogenous accumulation of
agricultural, industrial and mineral wastes
SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE:
1. Domestic/Residential Refuse 3. Municipal Government Solid
Garbage Waste
Rubbish/Trash Street Refuse
Ashes Dead Animals
Bulky Waste Abandoned Vehicles
2. Commercial and Institutional Water and sewage plant
Refuse residues
From schools, offices, stores Park and beach refuse
and restaurants Landscape waste
Construction and demolition 4. Industrial Solid Waste
wastes Process Waste
5. Agricultural Residues
PROPERTIES OF SOLID WASTE
I. Physical
1. Specific weight
2. Bulk density
Weight of sample per volume of container
the sample is placed into a container with a known volume, then
dropped 3x from a height of 30 cm. The waste contained is then
weighed.
3. Water content
Weight initial Weight final
Weight initial
The sample is dried at 105 ± 5oC for about 3 to 5 days
4. Ash content
Weight final
Weight initial
Separate incombustibles, crash remaining waste into less than 2
mm, dry for 2 hrs at 105 ± 5oC in a porcelain crucible. Place in a
dessicator for 30 mins. Ignite sample for 2 hrs in a furnace at
800oC, cool for 30 min and weigh
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II. Chemical
proximate analysis
ultimate analysis
III. Biological
biodegradability
production of odors
SOLID WASTE SAMPLING
1. Sample at the peak time of waste storage in a sampling day
2. Coarsely crash the collected samples
3. Completely mix the waste to have a homogenized waste sample
4. Reduce sample size for analysis by conical quartering
KINDS AND COMPONENTS OF WASTE
Solid waste is sorted into components and each fraction is weighed to yield
a weight ratio
Ex. Composition of Metro Manila’s Refuse (% by weight)
Component 1988 1993
Paper 14.5 5.89
Cardboard - 4.82
Food Waste 31.8 44.4
Plastics 7.5 10.85
Textiles 1.3 2.11
Yard Waste - 5.42
Wood 7.7 3.44
Metals 4.9 7.7
Glass 2.7 5.6
Inerts 6 6.54
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)
Discipline associated with the control of generation,
storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing
and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in
accord with the best principles of public health,
economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and
other environmental considerations and that is also
responsive to public attitudes
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I. SOLID WASTE GENERATION
Activities in which materials are identified as no longer of value and are
thrown away or gathered together for disposal
Factors that Affect Waste Generation Rates
1. Source Reduction & Recycling Activities
Source Reduction is reducing waste at its source,
before it is even generated
Examples: Good Housekeeping does away with
disposable items and uses reusable ones instead
Cleaner Raw Materials
removing the toxic substance and using more benign products
Design, manufacture and package products with minimum toxic content,
minimum volume and/or a longer useful life
Develop & use products with greater durability & repairability
Use reusable instead of disposable
Use fewer resources
2. Public Attitude & Legislation
Habits, Lifestyle, Willingness to Change
3. Geographic & Physical Factors
Location
Season of the Year
Waste Collection Frequency
Characteristics of the Service Area
II. WASTE HANDLING, SEPARATION, STORAGE AND PROCESSING AT
SOURCE
Waste Handling & Separation
management of waste until they are placed in
containers for collection
Also encompasses the movement of loaded
containers to the point of collection
Processing at Source
may involve compaction & waste composting
Separation at Source for Recycling is the most positive and effective way
to achieve recovery and re-use of materials
Some viable waste for recycling: wastepaper, cardboard, aluminum cans,
glass, plastic containers
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Considerations in Choosing the Onsite Storage of Wastes
1. Effects of storage on the waste component
biological decomposition, absorption of fluids,
contamination
2. Type of Container to be used
plastic drums, metal drums, paper and plastic bags,
cardboard boxes, sacks, kaing, communal bins
3. Container Location & Space Available for the placement
of the container
4. Type of collection system used
5. Collection frequency
6. Public Health & aesthetics
Good Onsite Storage System
Isolates the waste from the environment to prevent health hazards
Aesthetically acceptable
Facilitates the collection
III. COLLECTION
Involves the gathering of the solid wastes and hauling them to transfer
station, processing and recovery stations, or to final disposal sites
Elements of Refuse Collection
1. Vehicles
2. Labor
3. Operation & Maintenance
4. Cost of collection accounts for about
40-80% of the total cost of SWM
Factors in Determining Frequency of Collection
1. Character of the Waste
2. Fly Cycle
3. Climate
4. Communal or Home Storage
5. Characteristics of the dwelling or Shop
6. Duties of Residents
7. Cost
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Basic Collection Systems
1. Alley Service
2. Block Collection
3. Curbside Collection
4. Door to Door Collection
IV. TRANSFER STATION
Needed or considered if the disposal site is more than 10 km from the
collection area
A storage area for garbage from small collection truck
Garbage may be compacted, sorted with recovery of recyclable resources
V. PROCESSING & RECOVERY
1. Material Recovery
Manual Separation
Mechanical Separation
Integrated manual & Mechanical
Separation
2. Biological Reclamation
Composting
Anaerobic Digestion
Vermicomposting
3. Thermal Reduction
Pyrolysis
Incineration
Fluidized Bed Combustion
VI. DISPOSAL
1. Open Dumping
2. Controlled Dumping
3. Sanitary Landfilling
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