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Mech9761: Week 1 @university of New South Wales

The global automobile industry is immense, producing over 90 million vehicles per year. Electric vehicle sales are growing rapidly at 50-60% annually but still only have 1% of the global market share due to limited models and consumer reluctance. Internal combustion engines remain dominant due to their ability to efficiently power heavy vehicles over long ranges using liquid fuels. Improving engine efficiency focuses on increasing compression ratios, though fuel must be injected after compression to prevent pre-ignition. New engine types are being developed to reduce emissions, such as Volkswagen's TSI Miller cycle engine and Hyundai's gasoline compression ignition prototype.

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Kevin Huynh
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140 views3 pages

Mech9761: Week 1 @university of New South Wales

The global automobile industry is immense, producing over 90 million vehicles per year. Electric vehicle sales are growing rapidly at 50-60% annually but still only have 1% of the global market share due to limited models and consumer reluctance. Internal combustion engines remain dominant due to their ability to efficiently power heavy vehicles over long ranges using liquid fuels. Improving engine efficiency focuses on increasing compression ratios, though fuel must be injected after compression to prevent pre-ignition. New engine types are being developed to reduce emissions, such as Volkswagen's TSI Miller cycle engine and Hyundai's gasoline compression ignition prototype.

Uploaded by

Kevin Huynh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Automobile industry

Contents
Automobile industry ................................................................................................................................................... 1
Trends of Global industry ........................................................................................................................................ 1
Fine particles- significant and urgent issue of today ................................................................................................ 1
Prospect of global car sales ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Electric vehicle sales ............................................................................................................................................ 1
A lot of EV models but few buyers ....................................................................................................................... 2
Internal Combustion engine ........................................................................................................................................ 2
Combustion ............................................................................................................................................................ 2
Why still use petrol? Aren’t there better energy sources? ....................................................................................... 2
How to improve engine efficiency ............................................................................................................................... 2
Increasing the Compression ratio ............................................................................................................................ 2
Why not mix fuel after compression? ...................................................................................................................... 2
How does a petrol engine work? ......................................................................................................................... 2
How does a diesel engine work? (http://www.explainthatstuff.com/diesel-engines.html)................................... 2
Back to the question ............................................................................................................................................... 2
Why not put three-way catalytic converter on diesel engine? ..................................................................................... 3
Pollutant Emission ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
Petrol ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Diesel ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3
New kinds of internal combustion ............................................................................................................................... 3
New VS Miller Cycle TSI ........................................................................................................................................... 3
Hyundai GCI Prototype: Partially premixed charge CI .............................................................................................. 3

Trends of Global industry


- Too many cars on the road, e.g. California traffic jam and G4 Beijing-Hong Kong Macau Expressway

Fine particles- significant and urgent issue of today


- Dealing with smog, pollution

Prospect of global car sales


- The scale of the car industry is immense with 90 million units per year
- Steep increase in sales has continued since Lehman Brother Bankruptcy in 2008
- Vehicle increases from 68 to 85 million driven by economic growth in China and India
- (look at national car data, Macquarie research January 2017)
o Sales in China surpassed USA in 2009 and EU in 2010
o India being the largest market among emerging markets

Electric vehicle sales


- Has a 1% share of the global market in 2017
- 50-60% annual growth
- China (BYD) and US (TESLA) are the leading growth market
A lot of EV models but few buyers
- 200 plug-in and pure battery EV models will be available
- Buyers willing to consider pure EV’s as next purchase vary from 2-16%

(look at consumer preference for type of next vehicle 2018)

Internal Combustion engine


- Engine: Device that produces mechanical power to move vehicle

Combustion
- Rapid reaction between fuel and oxidants releasing heat energy
Internal
- Working fluid = reactants + products
- The energy conversion occurs directly between these working fluids and mechanical components of the engine

Why still use petrol? Aren’t there better energy sources?


- Since it is mobile, vehicles need to carry source of energy
- Liquid hydrocarbons are the best energy dense form
- There are limitations to using EV and conventional combustion engines in terms of refuelling
- E.g. it takes 2 minutes to refuel as opposed to taking hours to recharge the equivalent energy.
- It’s the only option for heavy-duty truck and aeroplanes requiring high torque

How to improve engine efficiency


- Depends on compression ratio
- Combustion chamber is above piston where fuel burns
- Compression ratio is maximum combustion chamber volume divided by minimum combustion chamber volume
𝑉1
𝑅=
𝑉2

Higher compression ratios = higher efficiency


Increasing the Compression ratio
- Regular petrol engines attain maximum practical compression ratios of 9 or 10 with high octane fuel

Why not mix fuel after compression?


How does a petrol engine work?
o Sucks air with the fuel already mixed with a carburator in atomized form (piston moves down)
o Inlet is closed and piston compresses the air-fuel mixture into confined space (piston moves up)
o Combustion process: spark plugs ignite this compressed mixture known to be the power stroke (piston
moves down)
o Exhaust stroke: exhaust gases are removed through outlet (piston moves up)

How does a diesel engine work? (http://www.explainthatstuff.com/diesel-engines.html)


o Intake – air is drawn into cylinder through air inlet valve (piston moves down)
o Compression: inlet closes and piston moves up which heats up the air that was drawn in and gas is
injected causing ignition (no need for spark plugs)
o Power – air fuel mixture ignites and pushes down piston driving the crankshaft
o Exhaust – piston moves up again to rid of exhaust gases via outlet valve

Back to the question


- Fuel is injected after compression to prevent pre-ignition
- Diesel compression ratio of 16 ~ 22
- Problems (1) high temperatures (2) limited mixing time which produces greater pollutants
- Petrol engines have lower pollutants due to better fuel-air mixing and three way catalytic converter
o Reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen
o Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide
o Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water

Why not put three-way catalytic converter on diesel engine?


- Only work when fuel and air are balanced with just enough oxygen to burn with fuel
- In diesel, extra air is always left over
- No simple three-way catalytic converter that works efficiently with left-over air (you can research this)
- Current choice is: clean petrol engine but low efficiency or efficient diesel but polluting from poor mixing and no
catalytic converter

Pollutant Emission
Petrol
- Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
- Unburnt hydrocarbons
- Carbon monoxide

Diesel
- Particular matter
- Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

New kinds of internal combustion


New VS Miller Cycle TSI
- High compression ratio of 12.5:1
- Turbocharger with variable turbine geometry (VTG) – volume produced spark-ignition engine for the first time
- Common rail injection system with 350 bar pressure
- APS coated cylinder walls

Hyundai GCI Prototype: Partially premixed charge CI


- Similar to diesel engine except it runs on gasoline
- Additional early injection is required
- Known as partially mixed combustion as early injection results in premixed charge
- Late injection is still used to initiate ignition

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