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Outline
• Recap
• Analog vs. Digital Communication
• Noise Immunity
LECTURE 02 • Performance Metrics for Communication Systems
• Communication Systems : Design Goal
Introduction to Communication Systems II
• Data Rate Limits & Shannon’s Capacity
• Communication System Design Tradeoffs.
• Shannon’s Capacity Formula

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Recap Communication Systems

• Communication System Block Diagram
• Distortion and Noise – Communication Channel Input Input Transmitted Received Output Output
Message Signal Signal Signal Signal Message

Input Output
Transducer Transmitter Channel Receiver
Transducer

Distortion
and
Noise

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Distortion & Noise -- Communication

Information or Message
Channel
• Distortion : • Analog
• Linear Distortion • Digital
• Non-linear Distortion
• Noise:
• Internal Noise
• Caused by thermal motion of electrons in conductors
• Random emission
• Diffusion or recombination of charged carriers
• External Noise
• Interference from signals transmitted on nearby channels
• Human made noise made by faulty contact switches
• Automobile ignition radiation
• Natural noise from lightning

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Analog And digital Information Analog, Digital and Binary Signals

• Analog information source produces messages that are • Analog signal
defined on a continum. • Values taken from infinite set
• Digital signal
• Example: Microphone
• Values taken from finite set
• Digital information source produces a set of possible • Binary Signal
messages • Digital signals with just two
discrete values (symbols)
• Example: Telephone touch pad
• Digital signal constructed with
M symbols is called M-ary
message or signal.
• Bit time (T)
• Time needed to send one bit.
• Data Rate (R)
• R = 1/ T, bits per second

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Analog vs. Digital Communication Noise immunity of Digital signals

• Analog Communication system converts (modulate)
analog signals into modulated (analog) signal. Transmitted
Signal
• Digital Communication system converts information in the
form of bits into digital signals Received
Distorted
• Analog signal can be converted into bits by:
Signal
• Sampling (Without
• Quantizing Noise)
• Coding Received
Distorted
Signal (With
Noise)

Regenerated
Signal

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Comparison Performance Metrics

ANALOG DIGITAL • Analog Communication System
• Fidelity i.e. how close m'(t) to m(t)
ADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES • SNR

• Less Bandwidth • Less expensive. • Digital Communication System

• Data rate & Probability of Error
DISADVANTAGES • More reliable.
• The effects of • Flexibility.
random noise can DISADVANTAGES
make signal loss and • Sampling Error.
distortion impossible • More bandwidth.
to recover.
• Synchronization

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Design Goal Communication Resources

• Transmit message as fast as possible • Transmitted power
• Fast communication is possible • Average power of the transmitted signal.
• Reducing the time  results in an increase in bandwidth • Channel Bandwidth
• Simultaneous transmission of several messages over a single physical
• Band of frequencies allocated for the transmission of message
channel  multiplexing
signal.
• Transmit message with as low power as possible
• Goal of communication engineer is to use these two
resources as efficiently as possible.
• Communication Channel
• Power limited  Satellite link
• Band limited  Telephone link

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Concept of bandwidth Role of Power

• What is bandwidth ? • Quality of transmission.
• “Bandwidth of a channel is the range of frequencies that it can • Increasing signal power reduces the effect of signal noise.
transmit with reasonable fidelity”. • Larger SNR allows transmission over large distances.
• What will happen if we compressed the signal in time by a • Channel bandwidth and signal power are exchangeable.
factor of 2.
 It can be transmitted in half the time.
 Speed of transmission is doubled.
 What is the effect on the frequency… ?

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Data Rate Limits Shannon’s Capacity Formula

• Data rate R depends on • For bandlimited AWGN channel
• Signal power • Doesn’t show how to design real systems
• Noise power
• Capacity of channel
• Channel impairments
• C = B * log * ( 1 + PS / PN )
• Bit error probability
• Shannon obtained
• C = 32Kbps for phone channels
• C = 1.5Mbps for DSL by using more bandwidth

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Communication System Design Examples

• Cellular Phones
• Satellite systems
Cost Complexity • Bluetooth
• Radio and TV broadcasting
• Public Switched Telephone Network
Reliability Bandwidth • Computer networks (LANs, WANs, and the Internet)

Accuracy Speed

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Reading assignment
• Energy and Power of Signal
• Classification of Signals
• Signal Operations