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Lab of Instrumentation Lab Report 2 Low Pass Filter: Submitted To Engr. Ali Raza by Maha Rauf 2014-EE-494

This document summarizes a lab report on a low pass filter circuit. The objectives were to calculate the frequency response of an RC low pass filter, plot the output versus gain, and observe the variation in output voltage with frequency. The circuit used a resistor, capacitor, function generator, and op-amp. Measurements were taken and plotted, showing the output dropped to zero above the calculated cutoff frequency of 268Hz. It was observed that low frequencies pass through but high frequencies are weakened. The conclusion is that passive filters have no gain while active filters can restore signal loss through amplification.

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Maha Rauf
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206 views6 pages

Lab of Instrumentation Lab Report 2 Low Pass Filter: Submitted To Engr. Ali Raza by Maha Rauf 2014-EE-494

This document summarizes a lab report on a low pass filter circuit. The objectives were to calculate the frequency response of an RC low pass filter, plot the output versus gain, and observe the variation in output voltage with frequency. The circuit used a resistor, capacitor, function generator, and op-amp. Measurements were taken and plotted, showing the output dropped to zero above the calculated cutoff frequency of 268Hz. It was observed that low frequencies pass through but high frequencies are weakened. The conclusion is that passive filters have no gain while active filters can restore signal loss through amplification.

Uploaded by

Maha Rauf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LAB OF INSTRUMENTATION

LAB REPORT 2
Low Pass Filter

Submitted to Engr. Ali Raza


By Maha Rauf
2014-EE-494

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE,


FSD CAMPUS

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Table of Contents

Sr. No. Pages


Experiments

1 Title 3

2 Objectives 3

3 Apparatus 3

4 Circuit Diagram 3

5 Procedure 4

6 Calculations & Results 5

7 Frequency plot 5

8 Observations 5

9 Conclusion 5

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Experiment 2

Low Pass Filter

Objectives:

 To Calculate the frequency response of RC low pass filter and plot the output v/s gain
 By using LM741 amplifying the frequency signal and observing through a graph
 Observing the variation of output voltage against the frequency

Apparatus:

Resistor (27Ω), Capacitor (22𝝁F), Function generator, Jumper Wires, Digital Multi Meter
Oscilloscope, LM741

Circuit Diagram:

Fig.1 circuit diagram of the experimental setup

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Addition of op-amp:

Fig.2 circuit diagram of the experimental setup with op amp

Procedure:

 Connected the function generator and oscilloscope as shown in fig.2


 Frequency of 50Hz and 7V input was set.
 Used auto set and measure buttons to observe at oscilloscope
 Gradually increased the frequency and observe the output against it
 Used the recorded values to plot the frequency response
 Calculated the cut off frequency considering the R and C
 Re constructed the circuit by connecting LM741 op amp.
 Calculated the gain of the amplifier circuit.
𝑅𝑓
𝐴𝑣 = 1 +
𝑅𝑖
 Verified the following relation.
𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑣
=
𝑉𝑖 √2

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Calculations and Results:

Fig.3 Table of measured and calculated data

Frequency Plot:

Fig.4 Frequency plot

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1 1
𝑓𝑐 = = = 268 𝐻𝑧
2𝜋𝑅𝐶 2𝜋(27Ω)(22𝜇𝐹)
𝑅𝑓 1𝑘Ω
𝐴𝑣 = 1 + 𝑅𝑖 = 1 + 1𝑘Ω = 2

𝑉𝑜 9.8
= = 1.4
𝑉𝑖 7

That is 70.7 % of Av.

Observations:

In this lab it is observed that

 There is almost no current flow through capacitor at low frequencies. So the gain is 1
and frequency response does not show any variation but flat line till cut off frequency.
 After the cut-off frequency it drops to zero at a slope of -20dB/decade
 Above the cut off (high frequency signals) are weakened as capacitor acts as a short
circuit
 The frequency response of the active RC filter will be the same as that for the passive RC
filter, except that the amplitude of the output is increased by the pass band gain, Av of the
amplifier.

Conclusion:

It is concluded that Passive filters are made up of passive components such as resistors,
capacitors and inductors and have no amplifying elements (transistors, op-amps, etc) so have no
signal gain, therefore their output level is always less than the input. . One way of restoring or
controlling this loss of signal is by using amplification through the use of Active Filters.

Basic function of passive filters and active filters is same but passive filter will have output gain
less than 1 as they don’t have any amplifying component as transistor or op amp.In active filters
the output is amplified by pass band. Signal loss in passive filters could be combat by the same
principal

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