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Nota Complex Numbers

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101 views13 pages

Nota Complex Numbers

iul

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meowo0o
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APPENDIX EK Complex Numbers @ E.! DEFINITIONS; ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS DEFINITION OF 4 ‘COMPLEX NUMBER Since x? > 0 for every real number x, the equation x* = 1 has no real solutions. To deal ‘with this problem, mathematicians of the eighteemth century introduced the imaginary number i=\/~=1, which they assumed had the property eat Expressions of the form a + bi were called complex numbers, and these wege manipulated according to the standard rules of algebra with the added property that i? = 1, By the beginning of the nineteenth century it was recognized that a complex number a + bi could be viewed as an’ordered pair of real numbers (a,6) or as @ vector (a, 6). This is the approach we will follow. DERINMTION 1. A complex number is an ordered pair of real numbers, denoted either by (a,b) ora + Bi. The marabera is called the real part ofthe complex aurnber, andthe ruraber b is called the imaginary part. : Sometimes itis convenient to use a single letter, such as z, to denote a complex number. Thus, we might write reatbi in which case the real and imaginary parts of z are denoted by Re(<) and Im(e), respectively; that is, Re(2) — a and Im(2) = b. Real numbers can be regarded as complex numbers that have an imaginary part of zero; that is, a = a + Oi, In this sense the complex. number system is an extension of the real number system. Example 1 z z (ORDERED PAR NOTATION) (EQUIVALENT NOTATION) ——Re(z)_—_—_im(2) a4) 3 4 C12 = 2 0.1) 0 1 20) 2 0 a2 44 (242 4 2 OTHE COMPLEX PLANE Figure £1 OPERATIONS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS RPT OE NYE MOE ey ME 2S i The dtference of wo complex numbers Figure B3 | E.1 DEFINITIONS; ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS Aas Acomplex number z= a + bi can be represented geometrically as a point or a vector in an -rcoordinate system, in which case we call the caxis the real axis, the y-axis the imaginary axis, and the plane itself the complex plane (Figure E.1). Figure E.2 shows the complex numbers in Example 1 as points end vectors in the complex plane. Imaginary aus eal axis —> (ea par 2) Figure £2 The sum and difference of two complex numbers are defined by adding or subtracting corresponding real and imaginary parts; that i, (a+bi)+(c+di)=(a+e)+(b+d)i a (a+bi)-(e+di)=(a—c)+(b-d)i = 2 Example 2 4-5) + (146) =4- N+ (546 =348 G-S)-(-146)=@4N4+(-S-Hi=5-1i ‘The sum and difference of complex numbers z, and z2 can be visualized geometrically by viewing the numbers as vectors (Figure E.3). Multiplication of two complex numbers can be motivated by expanding the expression (@ + bie + di) according to the usual laws of algebra, but weating /? as —1: that is,” (a + bike + di) = ac + bali? + adi + bei = (ae — bd) + (ad + bey ‘Thus, we define the product of complex numbers as (a+ bi) (c+ di) =(ac—bd)+(ad +e) @ For computational purposes, we suggest using the method that led to the formula in this efinition, rather than substituting inthe formula itself. Example 3 SQ +4’) = 10 +201 B+ 204 +9 2431+ 8427 = 12+ 2 = 104 Mi i040 -29 = 10-214 4-27) =iGB—Qes—F=1bK Division of complex numbers can be motivated by a process that is similar to “ration alizing”” quotients in algebra. To obtain the real and imaginary parts of the quotient at bi etd 36 @MPLEX NUMBERS G COMPL EX CONJUGATES we multiply the numerator and denominator by ¢ ~ di and simplify atbi_atbi en di_ (ac + bd) + (be ~adyi etdictdi c—di oe bd) + (be = adi = Get bd) + (oe — act ord ‘which suggess that we define the quotient of complex numbers as atbi_(acttd) , (be ood: (853) «(Ee): ? ‘Again, we recommend that cémputations be performed using the procedure that led to the formula inthis definition rather thain substituting in the formula itself. Moreover, note that division of complex nurnbers is undefined if the denominator is 2er0, just as for real numbers. Example 4 344i_344i 142i _-5+ 101 12a 1-28 Tea S eee If 2=a-+ bis any complex number, then the complex conjugate (or conjugate) of zis denoted by Z and is defined as i=a-bi Example § » 34a 34 2-H 2431 A We have already scen that complex conjugates arise in the division of complex numbers ‘They also arise in solving polynomial equations Agta ot ag at Hay = with real coefficients. It can be proved that such equations always have solutions in the ‘complex number system and that if z is a solution, then so is Z. Thus, the solutions with nonzero imaginary parts occur in conjugate pairs. For example, from the quadratic formula the solutions of the equation x? +x+2=0 are Vii 2 so the solutions x= —} + 3-V7i and x= -}—3-V7i are complex conjugates. Geometrically, complex conjugates are reflections of one another about the real axis nthe ~e Ca S00 WD eR ALON TCE RT agente EJ DEFINITIONS; ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS —A37 (Figure £4). Moreover, we leave it forthe exercises t show that complex conjugates have the following properties: Figure B4 MODULUS co) If a complex number zis viewed as a vector, then its length is called the modulus of z and is denoted by [z|. Thus if = a + bi, then Va +b kd © (Figure B.5). For example, if 2= 3 — 4%, then lz| = [3 ~4i] = V3 + (4a = 3. If zis a real number, say 2= a+ 02 =a, then lz] = Vat +0 = Va? = Jal 8 so the modulus of a real number is the same 2s the absolute value of that number. ‘Observe that (a+ bia ~ bi) = a? — abi + bai ~ be? =a? +b? = fel? ia re 0 the modulus and complex conjugate of z are related by ‘ Figure BS z=|2 a Moreover, it can be shawn that lle] and |z,/2,|=[2,|/lzo| 2 @ > Exercise Set E In cach part plot the point and sketch the vector that ccorrespeads to the given complex number, @) 243% @) -4 ©) 3-2 @ -5i. 2. Express cach complex number in Exercise 1 as an ordered pair of real numbers. 3. In each part use the given information to find the real numbers x and y. @) x= 2435 ©) GFF E—yim3 Hi 4. Given that = 1-2 and zp = 445i, find @ ate @) ane © % © AS Bat hen Sr h 5." im each pat solve for 2. @ c#0-9=342 @) —Se=5410F SX U-2+ Qe 3)™ -2 + Th cach part sketch the veetors za. Za 24 + zo and ~ Za @ grt grit ©) y=-242, Qastse 7. im each part sketch the vectors z and kz @ lta kz Ag8 COMPLEX NUMBERS {8 In each part find real numbers ky and Ke that satisfy the equation @ bite +)=3-2 SS b+ 3i) + A 4 = 7+ Si, 9, In each part find az», &, and & @ a=R anti AS ya 446i, 22-31 AO 44044), 2 = 40 - 50. 10. Given that zy =2 Si and zg = ~1 i, find @ anus ©) Gy +3" © tata? @ ima Tn Bxerises 11-18; prion he calculations and express tbe result in the form abi C+ 24-69, 2G + IK 20. 13, 39. 14. 1 +79 344+ 29, 1s, fer aG+ OP ye CV2+9-~ Vai + V0. (HTH P HEY yar 3 29F- G+ 297, 19, Ineach part find 2 @ 2-247 Bd = 3-5i © far os © on-9 Ooo 20, In each past find |z} @: o © © © DL. Verify that 2 = |2/* for 22, “Given that = 1 Si and rg =3 + 44 ind @ ale ialte © ale Ghd aa/lal lela. 23. “In each pat find 1/2 @ @: @ 4-2 o @ 2 isi * G=a6F5 24: Aaa. L aed ‘ Dei 3) =p AFH # H 38, In ach pst solve for (@ z=2 ) 4-3 @ 7 34, Use the properties in (5) to sho hat @ Fi ©) m=z 35. In cach part sketch the set of points in the complex plane that satisfies the equation. @ |e=2 ® [2~a+al=1 © le-i=lerd ©) me+y=3, ‘36. In each part sketch the set of points in the complex plane that satisfies the given condition(s). @ leris1 ©) 1 Exercise Set E.ll L 3. 6 In each part find the principal argument of z Use the method in the alternative solution of Example 5 to find all cube roots of 1 @ z=1 oz © zai @ cmlti 9, Use the method in the altemative solution of Example 5 @ 2-14 Vii ® 2-1-4 to find all sixth roots of 2 Ineach pat nd he valve of = arp(t ~ Vii tha sas fos te ven codon 10. Find all square roots of 1 + and express your results in polar form, 11. In each part Gnd all soluons of the equation. a) 0S0<2e -r

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