A.

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : Entropy System

B. DATE OF EXPERIMENT : Monday, 23th April 2018 at 09.00-11.30 pm
C. PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT : To learn entropy changing of system in some reactions
D. BASIC THEORIES
Entropy
The First Law of thermodynamics led to the introduction of the internal energy, U.
The internal energy is a state function that lets us assess whether a change is permissible:
only those changes may occur for which the internal energy of an isolated system remains
constant. The law that is used to identify the signpost of spontaneous change, the Second
Law of thermodynamics, may also be expressed in terms of another state function, the
entropy, S. We shall see that the entropy (which we shall define shortly, but is a measure of
the energy dispersed in a process) lets us assess whether one state is accessible from
another by a spontaneous change. (Tim Dosen Kimia, 2017) The First Law uses the
internal energy to identify permissible changes; the Second Law uses the entropy to
identify the spontaneous changes among those permissible changes. The Second Law of
thermodynamics can be expressed in terms of the entropy:
ΔStot > 0
The entropy of an isolated system increases in the course of a spontaneous change.
Where Stot is the total entropy of the system and its surroundings. Thermodynamically
irreversible processes (like cooling to the temperature of the surroundings and the free
expansion of gases) are spontaneous processes, and hence must be accompanied by an
increase in total entropy. (Atkins, 2010)

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

We define entropy, S, as an additional thermodynamic state function. The infinitesimal
change in entropy, dS, is defined as

where ―rev‖ on the infinitesimal for heat, dq, specifies that it must be the heat for a
reversible process. The temperature, T, must be in kelvins. Integrating equation, we get

where S is now the change in entropy for a process. As indicated in the previous section,
for the Carnot cycle (or any other closed cycle) S must be zero.
For an isothermal, reversible process, the temperature can be taken out of the integral
and the integral can be evaluated easily:
 ∫

This equation demonstrates that entropy has units of J/K. These may seem like unusual
units, but they are the correct ones. Also, keep in mind that the amount of heat for a
process depends on the amount of material, in grams or moles, and so sometimes the unit
for entropy becomes J/molK. (David W. Ball, 2003)

Reverible and Irreversible Reaction

A representation of a process that has an irreversible step. See text for discussion.
Most real processes can be described like this, giving entropy a meaningful place in the
understanding of real processes.
Consider, then, the two-step process illustrated in that process, where an irreversible
step takes a system from a set 1 of conditions to a set 2 of conditions, and then a reversible
step takes it back to the original conditions. As a state function, the sum of the steps equals
the overall change for the entire process. But from equation, the overall integral’s value
must be less than zero. Separating the integral into two parts:

∫ ∫

The expression inside the second integral is, by the definition in equation, dS. If we reverse
the limits on the second integral (so both terms refer to the same process going in the
same, not opposite, directions), it becomes -dS. We therefore have

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

The integral of dS is S, so for this step we have

Reversing and generalizing for any step, we simply remove the specific limits:

∫
If we want to keep this in terms of infinitesimals (that is, without integral signs) as well as
include the original definition of dS from equation, this becomes

where again the equality is applicable to reversible processes, and the inequality is
applicable to irreversible processes. But consider that a spontaneous process is an
irreversible process. Spontaneous processes will occur if they can. With that in mind, we
have the following generalizations:

for irreversible, spontaneous processes

for reversible processes

not allowed

The last statement is particularly important: the infinitesimal change in S will not be
less than dq/T. It may be equal to or greater than dq/T, but it will not be less than that.
Consider, then, the following description. A process occurs in an isolated system. Under
what conditions will the process occur? If the system is truly isolated (there is no transfer
of energy or matter between system and surroundings), then the process is adiabatic, since
isolation implies that q = 0, and by extension dq = 0. Therefore, dq/T is equal to zero. We
can therefore revise the above statements:
dS > 0 if the process is irreversible and spontaneous
dS = 0 if the process is reversible
dS < 0 is not allowed for a process in an isolated system
We conceptually collect the above three statements into one, which is the second
law of thermodynamics:
The second law of thermodynamics: “For an isolated system, if a
spontaneous change occurs, it occurs with a concurrent increase in
the entropy of the system”.
If a spontaneous change does occur, entropy is the sole driving force for that change
because both q and w are zero—and therefore U is zero—under the stated conditions.
(David W. Ball, 2003)
We calculated the entropy change for an isothermal process. What if the process were
not isothermal? For a given mass
dq = C dT
where C is the heat capacity, we can substitute for dq in the infinitesimal change in
entropy:

and then integrate:

∫ ∫ ∫

for a constant heat capacity. Evaluating at the temperature limits and using the
properties of logarithms:

For n moles, this equation becomes =nC ln(Tf/Ti) and C will have units of
J/mol K. If C has units of J/g K, then the mass of the system is necessary. If the heat
capacity is not constant over the specified temperature range, then the temperature-
dependent expression for C must be included explicitly inside the integral and the
function must be evaluated on a term-by-term basis (David W. Ball, 2003)
Now that the entropy function has been defined and a method outlined for the
evaluation of entropy changes, we have gained a powerful tool for our attack on the
fundamental problem physicochemical equilibrium.
Any spontaneously occuring change in an isolated system is accompanied by an
increase in entropy. From the first Law of Thermodynamics we know that energy can be
neither created nor destroyed, so that the internal energy of an isolated system must be
constant. The only way such a system could gain or lose energy would be some
interaction with its surrounding, but the absence of any such interaction is just what we
mean when we say that the system is isolated-no work is done on it; no heat flows across
its boundaries. A sufficient condition for a system to be isolated is that it have a constant
energy and volume. The first sentence of this paragraph can thus be rephrased: In a
system at constant E and V, any spontaneous change is accompanied by an increase in
entropy.
Now, a system is said to be equilibrium when it has no further tendency to
change it properties. The entropy of an isolated system will increase until no further
spontaneous change can occur. When the entropy reaches its maximum, the system no
longer changes; the equilibrium has been attained. A criterion for thermodynamic
equilibrium is therefore the following: In a system at constant energy and volume, the
entropy is maximum. At constant E and V, the S is maximum.
 If instead of a system at constant E and V, a system at constant S and V is
considered, the equilibrium criterion takes the following form: At constant S and V, the E
is a minimum. This is just the condition applicablein ordinary mechanics, in which
thermal effects are excluded (Moore, 1962)

Statement of The Second Law

The second law of thermodynamics states that: ―Whenever a spontaneous process
takes place, it is accompanied by an increase in the total energy of the universe”.
More specifically, we take the term ―universe‖ to mean the system and the surroundings,
because the system is not isolated, the system and surroundings have to be combined, and
at constant T and P, (∆Ssurr =−∆Hsys/T) yields,
∆Stot = ∆Ssys+∆Ssurr
= ∆Ssys − ∆H/T
This requires that
∆Stot > 0 if process is spontaneous;
∆Stot = 0 if process is reversible;
∆Stot < 0 if process is impossible.
Or, for short, ∆Stot ≥0.

There is a way to get around the problem of having to use an isolated System or a
system plus surrounding, rather than focusing on the system only. This can be
accomplished by using free energy functions, of which there are two kinds: the Helmholtz
free energy and the Gibbs free energy (also called Gibbs energy).

The Gibbs free energy is a property of the system only (surroundings not included). The
Gibbs energy is defined as

G = H−TS

At constant temperature,

∆G = ∆H−T∆S

or
−∆G/T = ∆S − ∆H/T
and, if the pressure is also constant, we can write
−∆G/T = ∆Ssys+∆Ssurr =∆Stot
Thus, instead of using entropy of the system and surroundings, we can use the Gibbs free
energy, which refers to the system only, and write
∆GT,P/T <0 if process is spontaneous;
∆GT,P/T= 0 if process is reversible;
∆GT,P/T >0 if process is impossible.
Or for short,
∆GT,P ≤0.

Thus, if there is only PV work, ∆GT,P =0 for a reversible change (system in equilibrium)
and negative for an irreversible change. This is a powerful criterion for spontaneity.

The Gibbs energy discussed so far, although more convenient to work with than
entropy, is still not the most general. It is based on the assumption that only PV work is
present. If wother is also present, then at constant P and T,

∆H = ∆U + P∆V
= qp − P∆V + wother + P∆V
=qp+ wother
When the system exchanges heat with the surroundings, the heat lost (gained) by the
system is equal to the heat gained (lost) by the surroundings. The process is treated as
reversible.
qsys = −qsurr = −T∆Ssurr.
Thus,
∆H = −T∆Ssurr+wother
For fixed T and P,
∆GT,P = ∆H − T∆Ssys = −T∆Ssurr − T∆Ssys + wother
= −T∆Stot + wother
Since ∆Stot ≥ 0, the right-hand side of Equation is less than or equal to wother and
∆GT,P ≤ wother
Again, for the change to proceed reversibly (in equilibrium), the change in Gat constant P
and T has to be equal to the non-PVwork, wother. If irreversible, the change has to be less.
The relation between ∆GP,T and wother is very useful, as it enables us to obtain ∆G from
work measurements. An example (to be discussed later) is the determination of the free
energy from work measurements in electrochemical studies (Bruno Linder, 2011: 33-35).
E. TOOLS AND SUBSTANCES
1. Tools
Test tube 3 pieces
Thermometer 1 piece
Spatula 1 piece
Plastic vial 1 piece
Beaker glass 1 piece
Measure glass 1 piece
2. Substances
NaOH solid
KNO3 solid
HCl solution 0,1 M
NH4Cl solid
Ba(OH)2 solid
Aquadest
Mg metal
F. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
1. Reaction of NaOH and Water

Tube 1

⁻ Added 10 mL of water
⁻ Noted the temperature
Temperature 1.1

⁻ Added a half spoon of crystal NaOH

⁻ Shaken until homogenous
⁻ Noted the temperature

Temperature 1.2
2. Reaction of KNO3 and Water
Tube 2

⁻ Added 10 mL of water
⁻ Noted the temperature
Temperature 2.1

⁻ Added a half spoon of KNO3

⁻ Shaken until homogenous
⁻ Noted the temperature

Temperature 2.2

3. Reaction of HCl and Mg

Tube 3

⁻ Added 5 mL of HCl
⁻ Noted the temperature
Temperature 3.1

⁻ Added a half spoon of Mg

⁻ Shaken until homogenous
⁻ Noted the temperature

Temperature 3.2

4. Reaction of Ba(OH)2 and NH4Cl

A Spoon of Ba(OH)2 A spoon of NH4Cl

⁻ Added into container ⁻ Added into container

⁻ Noted the temperature ⁻ Noted the temperature

Temperature 1 Temperature 1

⁻ Entered into same container

⁻ Closed the container
⁻ Shaken until homogenous
⁻ Smelt the aroma
⁻ Noted the temperature

Aroma Temperature 2
G. RESULT OF EXPERIMENT

Result Observation
No. Procedures Hypothesis/Reactions Conclusion
Before After
1. Reaction of NaOH and Water  Water :  The solution The reaction occur exotermic  This system occur
colourless between reaction exotermic reaction
Tube 1
liquid NaOH and NaOH (s) + H2O (l) → which indicate the
⁻ Added 10 mL of water  NaOH : water is NaOH(aq) increasing of
⁻ Noted the temperature
white crystal colourless temperature from
Temperature
 Initial  The 27ᵒC to 59ᵒC.
1.1
⁻ Added a half spoon of crystal NaOH temperature temperature  The entrophy (ΔS) is
⁻ Shaken until homogenous
of water : of solution 9,1590 J
⁻ Noted the temperature
27ᵒC increase into  The entalphy (ΔH) is
Temperature 59ᵒC -3040 JK
1.2
2. Reaction of KNO3 and Water  Water :  The solution The reaction occur endotermic  This system occur
Tube 2 colourless between reaction endotermic reaction
liquid KNO3 and KNO3 (s) + H2O (l) → KNO3 which indicate the
⁻ Added 10 mL of water
⁻ Noted the temperature  KNO3 : water is (aq) decreacing of

Temperature white colourless temperature from

2.1 powder  The 27ᵒC to 24ᵒC.
⁻ Added a half spoon of KNO3
⁻ Shaken until homogenous  Initial temperature  The entrophy (ΔS) is
⁻ Noted the temperature temperature of solution -0,0612 J
of water : decrease The entalphy (ΔH) is –
Temperature
2.2 27ᵒC into 24ᵒC 16,9682 JK
3. Reaction of HCl and Mg  HCl :  The solution The reaction occur exotermic  This system occur

Tube 3 colourless between HCl reaction exotermic reaction

liquid and Mgr is 2HCl (aq) + HCl (aq) → which indicate the
⁻ Added 5 mL of HCl
 Mg : grey colourless MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) increasing of
⁻ Noted the temperature
powder solution and temperature from
Temperature
3.1 Initial grey 27ᵒC to 29ᵒC.
⁻ Added a half spoon of Mg
temperature of precipitate  The entrophy (ΔS) is
⁻ Shaken until homogenous
⁻ Noted the temperature HCl : 27ᵒC of Mg. 0,01449 J
 The  The entalphy (ΔH) is
Temperature
temperature –-4,37598 JK
3.2
of solution
decrease
into 29ᵒC
4. Reaction of Ba(OH)2 and NH4Cl  Ba(OH)2 :  The mixture The reaction occur endotermic  This system occur
A Spoon of A spoon of white between reaction endotermic reaction
Ba(OH)2 NH4Cl powder Ba(OH)2 Ba(OH)3 (s) + NH4Cl (s) → which indicate the
⁻ Added into ⁻ Added into  NH4Cl : and NH4Cl BaCl2 (aq) + NH3(g) + H2O(l) decreacing of
container container is soft pink temperature from
white
⁻ Noted the ⁻ Noted the
powder mixture and 27ᵒC to 22ᵒC.
temperature temperature
 Initial become  The entrophy (ΔS) is
Temperature 1 Temperature 1
temperature watery. -0,02167 J
of Ba(OH)2:  The The entalphy (ΔH) is –
27ᵒC temperature 6,3926 JK
⁻ Entered into
same container  Initial of solution
⁻ Closed the temperature decrease
container of NH4Cl is into 22ᵒC
⁻ Shaken until
27ᵒC  Produce
homogenous
⁻ Smelt the aroma ammonia
⁻ Noted the gas.
temperature

Aroma Tempera
ture 2
H. ANALYSIS AND EXPLANATION

This experiment have purpose to learn the entropy changes in several reactions.
Entropy is one of the thermodynamic quantities that measure energy in systems per unit
temperature that can not be used to conduct an working. The entropy of a isolated system
always increase when heat transfer conditions, heat energi moved from higher temperature
components to lower temperature components. In a system that the heat is isolated, entropy
only goes one way (not reversible / back and forth). The entropy of a system needs to be
measured to determine that energy can not be used to make an working on thermodynamic
processes. Entropy changes (ΔS) are directly related to the amount of heat (q) and associated
with temperature (kelvin).

In this experiment (entropy system) aims to study the changes in system entropy in several
reactions. In this experiment there are 4 different reactions:

1. The Reaction between Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) with Aquadest

The first step poured aquadest 10 mL that colorless into test. Then measured
the temperature when the aquadest in the test tube. This temperature is labeled as the
starting temperature of the solution (T 1.1). The initial temperature of aquades is 27oC
or 300 kelvin. Then added as much as half a spoon of crystal white sodium hydroxide
solids that have been weighed by mass. The mass of NaOH obtained is 1.4051 grams,
the weighing is used analytical balance sheet, the use of analytical balance is intended
to obtain more accurate data. In adding sodium hydroxide must be done rapidly due
to the reactive nature of sodium hydroxide with air. Then shaken until completely
dissolved (until homogeneous), it can observe as homogeneous or dissolve perfectly
when seen there is no sodium hydroxide lump in solution. This way has a weakness
because not everyone has the same perspective. In this reaction the color changing in
beginning is colorless become turbid, then colorless again. Apart from the color, there
is another change of the tubes that initially cool turns to warm which indicates the
reaction is exothermic. Exothermic reaction is a reaction that absorbs heat or
requires energy. Exactly when soluble the perfect temperature of the solution is
measured and noted. This temperature is considered the final temperature of the
solution (T 1.2). The final temperature obtained is 59oC or 332 kelvin.
The reaction is
 H2O (l) + NaOH (s)→ NaOH (aq) ∆H = - 3040.788 J

Based on the phase in reaction the entropy system increases, because the
original NaOH (s) turns into NaOH (aq). The solid phase has the order of molecules>
the liquid phase, whereas the meaning of entropy (S) itself is a disorder of a system.
So SNaOH (aq)> SNaOH (s) = S +. As for the value is the following:

ΔS = n NaOH x Cp H2O ln

= x 75,291 J/K mol ln

= 9.1590 J/K

ΔH = - ΔS x T2
= - 9.1590 J/K x 332 K
= - 3040.788 J

When the system is exothermic reaction the value of ΔS is positive, because q

=- . ΔS positive is shown that the reaction is spontan reaction. So the changes og
entrophy system can noted as :

= .
2. The Reaction KNO3 with Aquadest
The first step poured aquadest 10 mL that colorless into test tube. Then
measured the temperature when the aquadest in the test tube. This temperature is
labeled as the starting temperature of the solution (T 2.1). The initial temperature of
aquades is 27oC or 300 kelvin. Then added KNO3 solids that have been weighed by
mass. The mass of KNO3 obtained is 1.0345 grams, the weighing is used analytical
balance sheet, the use of analytical balance is intended to obtain more accurate data.
In adding sodium hydroxide must be done rapidly due to the reactive nature of sodium
hydroxide with air. Then shaken until completely dissolved (until homogeneous), it can
observe as homogeneous or dissolve perfectly when seen there is no sodium hydroxide
lump in solution. This way has a weakness because not everyone has the same
perspective. In this reaction the color changing in beginning is colorless become
turbid, then colorless again. Apart from the color, there is another change of the tubes
 that initially cool turns to warm which indicates the reaction is exothermic.
Exothermic reaction is a reaction that absorbs heat or requires energy. Exactly when
soluble the perfect temperature of the solution is measured and noted. This
temperature is considered the final temperature of the solution (T 2.2). The final
temperature obtained is 24oC or 277 kelvin.
The reaction is
H2O (l) + KNO3 (s) → KNO3 (aq) ∆H = 16.9682 J
Based on the phase in reaction the KNO3 (s) changes into KNO3 (aq), it make
the entrophy system decrease. Jadi SKNO3 (aq) < SKNO3 (s) = S -. For the result, can
calculate with formula :
ΔS = n KNO3 x Cp H2O ln

= x 75,291 J/K mol ln

= - 0.0612 J/K
ΔH = - ΔS x T2
= - (-0,0612 J/K x 277 K)
= 16.9682 JK
when the reaction is endothermic the value of ΔS is negative, because q = -
. ΔS negative, it indicate that the reaction is not spontan reaction. So, the
changes of entrophy system can noted as
=

= .

Based on experiment that have been done the reaction is endothermic reaction,
but actually this reaction is exothermic reaction. When we observe this reaction, the
endothermic is beginning because KNO3 will ionized into K+ Aand NO3-, to ionized
process it need several heat so the reaction shown endothermic, after ionized the ion
will bond with H2O an release the energy so the reaction will shown exothermic
reaction. In experiment that have done, it just shown emdothermic reaction because
the observation that do just a little time. So the reaction not yet become exothermic
reaction but the temperature is noted.

3. The Reaction between Magnesium and Aquadest

 The first step poured aquadest 10 mL that colorless into test tube. Then
measured the temperature when the aquadest in the test tube. This temperature is
labeled as the starting temperature of the solution (T1). The initial temperature of
aquades is 27oC or 300 kelvin. Then added as much a piece of magnesium solid that
have black colour and weighed by mass. The mass of Mg obtained is 0.7044 grams,
the weighing is used analytical balance sheet, the use of analytical balance is intended
to obtain more accurate data. Then shaken the test tube until the solution become
turbid and there is present black precipitate in solution. Apart from the color, there is
another change of the tubes that initially cool turns to warm which indicates the
reaction is exothermic. Exothermic reaction is a reaction that absorbs heat or
requires energy. Exactly when soluble the perfect temperature of the solution is
measured and noted. This temperature is considered the final temperature of the
solution (T 3.2). The final temperature obtained is 29oC or 302 kelvin.
The reaction is
2 HCl (aq) + Mg (s) → MgCl2 (s) + H2 (g) ∆H = - 4.37598 J
Based on the temperature, the entrophy system is increase from 27oC
become 29oC. the value of entrophy will depend on temperature when volume and
pressure are constant. So S MgCl2 (s) > S Mg (s) = S +. When the reaction is
exothermic reaction, the value of ΔS is positive because q = - , ΔS positive
indicate that the reaction is spontan reaction, the changes of entrophy system can
noted as :
=

4. The Reaction between Ba(OH)2 and NH4Cl

The first step is to poured a white Ba (OH)2 powder as much as 1 spoon of
spatula into the film roll plastic (already weighed). Ba (OH)2 mass obtained 4.92267
gram. Then a half spoon of white-weighted powder NH4Cl spatula was added, the
mass of NH4Cl obtained in weighing 1.5268 grams. Weighing is done with the aid of
analytical balance sheet, the use of analytic balance is aimed to get more accurate
weighing result. Further measured temperature and recorded. Weighing has purpose
to be able to calculate entropy changes appropriately. This temperature is regarded
as the starting temperature of the solution (T1). The initial temperature of the reaction
is 280C or 301 kelvin. Then shaken until perfectly mixed, said perfect mixed if smelled,
smell of ammonia gas, and there is a change in the solid mixture that initially did not
 agglomerate to clot, due to the formation of water from the reaction. Exactly when
well-mixed temperature is measured and noted. This temperature is considered the
final temperature of the reaction (T2). The final temperature of this reaction is
obtained at 220C or 295 kelvin. The reaction is :
Ba(OH)2 (s) + 2 NH4Cl (s) → BaCl2 (s) + 2NH3 (g) + 2H2O (aq) ∆H = 6.3926 J

Based on the temperature, the entrophy system is decrease because from 31oC
menjadi 28oC. the entrophy is depend on the temperature when the volume and
pressure are . so Sreaktan> Sproduct = S -. For the result it used formula as :

𝑇
ΔS = mol BaCl2 x Cp H2O ln
𝑇

If reaction is endothermicthe value of ΔS is negative because q = - , ΔS

negative shown that reaction is spontan. So, to calculate the changes of entrophy
system used formula as:

I. CONCLUSION

In the experiments that have been done this aims to study the changes in system entropy in
several reactions. From the experimental results it can conclude that

1. experiments first and third test tubes show an entropy increase (ΔS> 0), positive
entropy change value indicates that the reaction goes spontaneously. The presence of
temperature rise and the negative ΔH value indicates this reaction is an exothermic
reaction.
2. For the second reaction tube and the plastic film roll or forth reaction decreased
entropy (ΔS <0), the value of the negative entropy changes that showed the reaction
did not proceed spontaneously. The presence of temperature drop and positive ΔH
value indicates that the reaction is an endothermic reaction.

From the results of the above reaction, it is found the regularity of the relationship between
entropy and enthalpy that is when the value of negative enthalpy, then the positive entropy
value and reaction will run spontaneously. Conversely, when the enthalpy is positive, the
entropy value will be negative and the reaction does not run spontaneously.

ANSWER OF QUESTION
1. According to an experiment, determine the enthropy changes in quantity and
quality!
Answer :
According to the experiment we can observed the entrhopy changes by quantity and
quality aspect. At the first until third experiment, we can see the phase changes from
solid to aqueous. The NaOH crystal when diluted in the water, will change to aqueous
also the KNO3 in the water. The Mg powder less diluted in the HCl, but its phase still
change to aqueous. For the forth experiment, the Ba(OH)2 and NH4Cl are the white
powder at initial. When it mixed and shaken, the mixture become watery and the
colour become soft pink and produce ammonia gas, those changes can indicate the
enthropy changes. All those changes which we can see observed by our sense (could
see, could smell, colour changes, phase changes) are identified as quality assessment
for entrophy changes. for the enthalpy aspect of entrophy changes, we can see from
the amound of ΔS, if its amount is negative that’s mean the system occur changes from
irregular to regular such as the freezing of water. If the amount of entropy is positive,
that’s mean the system accur change from regular to irregular such as the melting of
ice. The temperature can be as quality and quantity aspect of assessment of entropy
changes. When it go down and go up, it become quantity aspect because show the
number of system temperature. But when our finger touch the out of test tube, and we
feel warm of cold, it become quality aspect because we can observed it directly with
our sense.
2. Describe your analysis of experiment !
Answer :
a. For the first experiment, there is a reaction between NaOH solid and water. The
initial temperature of each component are 27ᵒC. This reaction is spontaneous
reaction, therefore need no action out of system. When the NaOH added to water,
the reaction automatically occur. The temperature increase to 59ᵒC, the outside
wall of test tube become hotter. It’s mean the heat which occur from reaction
transferred out side. This aspect indicate the exothermic reaction. While the
system has exothermic reaction the amount of entropy is positive and the amount
of enthalpy is negative.
b. For the second experiment, there is a reaction between KNO3 solid and water. The
initial temperature of each component are 27ᵒC. This reaction is spontaneous
reaction, therefore need no action out of system. When the KNO3 added to water,
the reaction automatically occur. The temperature decrease to 24ᵒC, the outside
wall of test tube become colder. It’s mean the heat which occur from reaction
transferred in side. This aspect indicate the endothermic reaction. While the
system has endothermic reaction the amount of entropy is negative and the amount
of enthalpy is postive.
c. For the third experiment, there is a reaction between Mg solid and HCl. The initial
temperature of each component are 27ᵒC. This reaction is spontaneous reaction,
therefore need no action out of system. When the Mg added to HCl, the reaction
automatically occur. The temperature increase to 29ᵒC. It’s mean the heat which
occur from reaction transferred out side. This aspect indicate the endothermic
reaction. While the system has exothermic reaction the amount of entropy is
positive and the amount of enthalpy is negative.
d. For the forth experiment, there is a reaction between Ba(OH)2 solid and NH4Cl.
The initial temperature of each component are 27ᵒC. The initial properties are
both of them are white powder. When the Ba(OH)2 added to NH4Cl, and shaken it
for a while, The temperature decrease to 22ᵒC, the outside wall of test tube become
colder. It’s mean the heat which occur from reaction transferred in side. This
aspect indicate the endothermic reaction. While the system has endothermic
reaction the amount of entropy is negative and the amount of enthalpy is postive.
REFERENCES
Atkins, Peter and Pula de Julio. 2010. Physical Chemistry Ninth Edition. New York :
W.H. Freeman and Company.

Ball, David W. 2003. Physical Chemistry. London: Thomson Learning Inc.

Linder, Bruno. 2011. Elementary Physical Chemistry. Florida: World Scientific

Publishing.

Moore, W. J. 1962. Physical Chemistry 4th Edition. London: Prentice Hall.

Tim Dosen Kimia. 2017. Petunjuk Praktikum Kimia Fisika II Fakultas MIPA Universitas
Negeri Surabaya. Surabaya: FMIPA Unesa.
 ATTACHMENT
1. DOCUMENTATION

No Pictures Explanation
1. The initial property
of Magnesium. There
is grey powder and
has 27ᵒC.

2. A half spoon of
Magnesium, it’s
mass is 0,7044
grams.

3. It’s the initial

property of KNO3.
It’s a white powder
and has 27ᵒC.

4. The mass of a
spoonful of KNO3 is
1,0345 grams.
5. The initial property
of NaOH is white
crystal. It has 27ᵒC
temperature.

6. The mass of a
spoonful of NaOH is
1,4051 grams.

7. The temperature of
mixture BaCl2.
Decrease from 28ᵒC
to 22 ᵒC.
8. The process of
measure the
temperature of
mixture BaCl2.

9. The temperature of
NaOH solution,
increase from 27 ᵒC
to 59ᵒC.
 10. The mixture between
Ba(OH)2 and
NH4Cl. The initial
colour of them are
white powder but the
result of mixture is
white semisolid.

11. The temperature of

solution KNO3
decreasing from
27ᵒC to 24ᵒC.

2. CALCULATION
1. Reaction of NaOH and Water
 Initial temperature of NaOH = 27ᵒC + 273 = 300K
 Initial temperature of water = 27ᵒC + 273 = 300K
 End temperature of solution = 59ᵒC + 273 = 332 K
 Mass of NaOH = 1,4051 grams
 Mr of NaOH = 40 ⁄

n NaOH = = 0,0351 mole

⁄
 Cp of water = 75,291 ⁄

ΔS = n Cp of water. ln

ΔS = 0,0351 mole . 75,291 ⁄ . ln K

ΔS = 0,0351 mole . 75,291 ⁄ . 0,1014K

ΔS = 0,2679 Joule
ΔH = - ΔS . T2
ΔH = - 0,2679 Joule . 332 K
ΔH = - 88,9428 J.K
2. Reaction of KNO3 and water
 Initial temperature of KNO3 = 27ᵒC + 273 = 300K
 Initial temperature of water = 27ᵒC + 273 = 300K
 End temperature of solution = 24ᵒC + 273 = 277 K
 Mass of KNO3 = 1,0345 grams
 Mr of KNO3 = 101 ⁄

n KNO3 = = 0,0102 mole

⁄

Cp of water = 75,291 ⁄

ΔS = n Cp of water. ln

ΔS = 0,0102 mole . 75,291 ⁄ . ln K

ΔS = 0,0102 mole . 75,291 ⁄ . (-0,0797)K

ΔS = -0,0612 Joule

ΔH = - ΔS . T2

ΔH = - (-0,0612) Joule . 277K

ΔH = 16,9682 J.K
3. Reaction of Mg and HCl
 Initial temperature of KNO3 = 27ᵒC + 273 = 300K
 Initial temperature of water = 27ᵒC + 273 = 300K
 End temperature of solution = 29ᵒC + 273 = 302 K
 Mass of Mg = 0,7044 grams
 Mr of Mg = 24,3 ⁄

n Mg = = 0,02898 mole
⁄

Cp of water = 75,291 ⁄

Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Initial : 0,02898 0,223

Reaction : 0,02898 0,05796 0,02898 0,02898 +

Equilibrium : 0 0,16504 0,02898 0,2898

ΔS = n Cp of water. ln

ΔS = 0,02898 mole . 75,291 ⁄ . ln K

ΔS = 0,02898 mole . 75,291 ⁄ . (0,0645)K

ΔS = 0,01449 Joule

ΔH = - ΔS . T2

ΔH = - (0,02898) Joule . 302K

ΔH = -4,37598 J.K

4. Reaction of Ba(OH)2 and NH4Cl

 Initial temperature of Ba(OH)2 = 28ᵒC + 273 = 301K
 Initial temperature of NH4Cl = 28ᵒC + 273 = 301K
 End temperature of solution = 22ᵒC + 273 = 295 K
 Mass of Ba(OH)2 = 4,92267 grams
  Mass of NH4Cl = 1,5268 grams
 Mr of Ba(OH)2 = 171,48 ⁄

 Mr of NH4Cl = 53,45 ⁄

n Ba(OH)2 = = 0,0287 mole

⁄

n NH4Cl = = 0,02856 mole

⁄

Cp = 75,375 ⁄

Ba(OH)2 (s) + 2NH4Cl (s) → BaCl2 (aq) + 2NH3 (g) + 2H2O (l)

Initial : 0,0287 0,02856

Reaction : 0,0287 0,02856 0,01428 0,02856 0,02856 +

Equilibrium : 0,01442 - 0,01428 0,02856 0,02856

ΔS = n Cp. ln

ΔS = 0,01428 mole . 75,375 ⁄ . ln K

ΔS = -0,02167 Joule

ΔH = - ΔS . T2

ΔH = - (-0,02167 ) Joule . 295 K

ΔH = 6,3926 J.K