Design of RCC structures
Detailing of Reinforcement
(IS456-2000, IS13920)
WHO IS AN ENGINEER?
The great liability of the engineer …compared to men of other
professions……is that his works are out in the open where all can see
them.
He cannot bury his mistakes in the grave like the DOCTORS.
He cannot, like the ARCHITECT, cover his figures with trees
A design engineer’s responsibility should include assuring the structural
safety of the design, details, checking shop drawing.
Detailing is as important as design
Requirements of Good Detailing
Should be simple for fabrication and placing
Check spacing for crack control – maximum
spacing
Minimum spacing for concrete placing
Check for splicing requirements and
development length
Special care for section of varying depth and
sloped slabs
Care for corner joints, beam column junction,
openings etc.
Cont.…
▪ Detailing for gravity loads is different from the lateral loads specially
for the SEISMIC FORCES.
▪ Apart from the detailing for the above there is a different detailing
required for the rehabilitation and strengthening of damaged
structures.
▪ Detailing codes SP16 and IS456-2000
▪ EQ code is 13920 as required for seismic forces.
Minimum Nominal Cover
Clear cover shall be provided
❖To develop the desired bond strength
through out the perimeter of steel
❖To protect against corrosion and fire
❖Slab 20mm
❖Beam 25mm
❖Column 40mm
❖Footing 60mm
For detail see Table-16 IS 456-2000
Spacing of reinforcement
The horizontal distance between two
parallel main reinforcing bars shall not be
less than
The diameter of the bar if the bars are of
equal diameter
The diameter of the larger bar
5mm + nominal size of aggregate
Maximum spacing ----as per design
Further reading Page 167 A. K. Jain
Limits for reinforcement
Beam
Min As/bd = 0.85/Fy
Maximum = 4% of bD
Compression = 0.2%
Web reinforcement = 0.1% of web area
Vertical Shear bars not exceeding 0.75d or 300mm whichever is less.
Minimum shear bars = cl 26.5.1.6
Slab = min 0.12% for Fe415 and 0.15% for Fe250
Clause 26.5, IS456-2000
The stirrups shall be minimum size of 8mm in the case of lateral load
resistance .
The hooks shall be bent to 135 degree .
In column size of bar not less than 12 mm
Spacing of bars not greater than 300mm
Arrangement of lateral ties as per cl 26.5.3.2
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF BARS
FOR A CONCRETE GRADE M20 &STEEL
STRENGTH Fy=415
SLNO BAR DIA. TENSIONm COMPRESSION REMARKS
m
1 8 376.0 301.0
2 10 470.0 376.0
3 12 564.0 451.0
4 16 752.0 602.0
5 20 940.0 752.0
6 22 1034.0 827.0
7 25 1175.0 940.0
8 28 1316.0 1053.0
9 32 1504.0 1203.0
APPROXIMATELY USE 50Xdia FOR TENSION
Lap splicing -clause 26.2.5.1 IS456-2000
Lap splicing as per clause 26.2.5.1 IS456-2000
Lap splices should not be used for bar larger
than 36mm
Larger than 36mm bar may be welded
Lap length including anchorage value of
hooks in flexural tension is development length
(Ld)or 30ϕ whichever is greater.
Lap length including anchorage value of
hooks in direct tension is 2Ld or 30ϕ whichever
is greater.
The straight lap length should not be less than
200mm or 15ϕ whichever is greater.
Lap splicing Cont.….
Lap splices are considered as staggered if
the c/c distance of the splices is not less
than 1.3 times the lap length.
The lap length in compression is equal to
the development length in compression
but not less than 24ϕ.
Lap length is calculated on the basis of
diameter of smaller bar when bars of
different diameters are to be spliced.
DO’S For Detailing
Prepare drawing properly and accurately
Prepare bar bending schedule, if necessary
Indicate proper cover to the reinforcement
Decide location of the openings/hole and supply adequate
details for the reinforcement around openings.
Commonly available size of bars and spirals shall be used for
reinforcement.
For a single structural member the number of
different sizes of reinforcement bar should be
minimum.
The grade of reinforcement bars should be
clearly mention in the structural drawings
When reinforcement is left exposed for future
construction, it should be adequately protected
from corrosion and weathering.
Congestion of the reinforcement should be
avoided at points where members intersect and
make certain that all the reinforcement shown
can be properly placed.
Show enlarged details at the corners, beam and
column joint and at similar special situations.
Do Not's for Detailing
Flexure reinforcement shall not be
terminated in a tension zone.
Lap splices should not be used for
bars larger than 36 mm dia.
Different types of reinforcing bars
such as deformed bars and plain
bars and various grades should not
be used side by side as this practice
would lead to confusion at site.
Do’s for Columns
A reinforced column should have min 4
bars for rectangular or square column
and minimum 6 bars for circular
columns.
Keep outer dimensions of the column
constant, as far as possible, for re-use
of forms.
Preferably avoid use of two grades of
vertical bars in the same element.
Do’s for Beams and Slabs
Where splices are provided in the
reinforcing bars, they should be
staggered, and away from the sections
of maximum stress.
Where the depth of the beam exceeds
750 mm in case of beams without torsion
and 450 mm with torsion side face
reinforcement shall be provided.
All spacing shall be c/c spacing of the
bars.
Deflection in beams/slabs may be reduced by providing
compression reinforcement.
At beam column intersection ,ensure that the main beam bars
avoid the main column bars.
At beam column intersections , main reinforcement may be so
arranged that layers in mutually perpendicular beams are at
different levels.
To accommodate bottom bars, it is good practice to make
secondary beams shallower than the main beams at least by 50
mm.
Curtailment of reinforcement
Clause26.2.3 IS456
Cont.…
Cont.…
Positive moment reinforcement, Cl26.2.3.3
Negative moment reinforcement,Cl26.2.3.4
Curtailment of bundled bars,Cl26.2.3.5
Further reading A. K. Jain p 172
Simplified rules of curtailment as per BS 8110-1985
Bar Bending Schedule
Bar Bending Schedule should include:
❖Identification of structural member
❖Position of each bar in the member
❖Bar marks and diameter of each bar
❖Number of bars
❖Shape and bending dimension of each bar
❖Length of each bar
❖Remark, if any
Typical example for slab, beam and column: see
page 180 (A.K. Jain)
IS13920:1993,Ductile Detailing of
RCC Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces
This code applies to all RCC
structures which satisfy one of the
four conditions-
The structure is located –
In zone IV or V
In zone III and I> 1.0
In zone III and industrial structure
In zone III and is more than 5 story high
What is EQ Resistant Design?
The acceptable response levels of
the structure under design
earthquake.
Designer should exercise some
degree of control on magnitude
and distribution of stiffness, mass
and relative strength of member
and their ductility to achieved
desired results.
Seismic Design Criteria(IS 1893)
Earthquake Desired Behavior Controlling parameters
Minor No damage to non- Control deflection by
structural components providing stiffness
Moderate No significant structural Avoid yielding of members or
damage, minor cracks in permanent damage by
beam and columns, providing strength
Response should be
predominantly elastic
Severe, No collapse of the system Allow structure to enter into
Catastrophic which could cause loss of inelastic range and absorb
life. energy by providing ductility
If elastic strength of structural elements exceeds the greatest
imposed load upon that structure there can be no significant
damage.
In severe earthquake some of the resisting elements will be loaded
to their full strength. If they are brittle, they will fail, throwing their
share of the load on the remaining elements. If they are ductile,
they can continue to participate in resisting the lateral force up to
their full strength after they yield.
DUCTILITY
A ductile material is the one that
can undergo large strains while
resisting loads
Ductility implies the ability to
sustain significant inelastic
deformations prior to collapse.
Brittle material is one that fails
suddenly upon attaining its
maximum load
Brittle and Ductile force-deformation
behavior
Brittle
Force
Ductile
Δy Δu
Deformation
Significance of Ductility
It can be expected to adapt to unexpected overloads, impact and
structural movements due to foundation settlements and volume
changes.
Occupants will have sufficient warning of the impending failure thus
reducing the probability of loss of life in the events of collapse.
All joints and splices must be able to withstand forces and
deformations corresponding to yielding of the reinforcement.
Design for Ductility
Structural layout should be
simple and regular.
Amount of tension
reinforcement in beams should
be restricted and more
compression reinforcement
should be provided.
Cont.…
Cont.…
The shear reinforcement should be
adequate to ensure that the
strength in shear exceeds the
strength in flexure and thus, prevent
a non-ductile shear failure before
the fully reversible flexural strength
of a member has been developed.
See on clause 6.3.3 in IS13920
BEAMS
At least two bars should be provided continuously both at top and
bottom.
The positive moment resistance at the face of the joint should not be
less than one –half of the negative moment resistance provided at that
face of the joint.
Neither the negative nor the positive resistance at any section along the
member length should be less than one-fourth of the moment resistance
provided at the face of the either joint
Clause 6, IS13920
MIN 2 BARS FOR FULL LENGTH
ALONG TOP AND BOTTOM FACE
AS > MIN. Bd
AS < MAX Bd
50 mm max 50 mm max
db
2d 2d
HOOP SPACING
> d /2
HOOP SPACING
< d/4 and 8 db
B = BREADTH OF BEAM
db = DIAMETER OF LONGITUDINAL BAR
BEAM REINFORCEMENT
Spacing of hoops over a length of
2d at either end of the beam shall
not exceed-
d/4
8 times the diameter of the smallest
longitudinal bar, need not be less
than 100 mm
Elsewhere, the beam shall have
vertical hoops at a spacing not
exceeding d/2.
Clause 6.3.5, IS13920
COLUMN
Cont.…
The special confining reinforcement shall
be provided above and below the beam
connections, in a length of the column at
each end which is largest of the following-
1/6 of the clear height of the column
Larger dimension of the column
450 mm
When a column terminates into a footing,
special confining reinforcement shall
extend at least 300 mm into the footing
SPECIAL CONFINING
REINFORCEMENT
> 300 mm
PROVISION OF SPECIAL CONFINING REINFORCEMENT IN
FOOTINGS
lO
JOINT REINFORCEMENT
lO AS PER 8.1
> hc / 4
TRANSVERSE
REINFORCEMENT
hC
AS PER 7.2.1
> hc / 4
lO
CONFINED JOINT WITH BEAMS
FRAMING INTO ALL FOUR SIDES
CONFINING REINFORCEMENT AS
PER 8.2
COLUMN AND JOINT DETAILING
The spacing of hoops used as
special confining reinforcement
shall not exceed –
¼ of the minimum member
dimension
need not be less than 75 mm
nor more than 100 mm
For further information see on
Clause 7.4.6 and 7.4.7 in IS 13920
db
Ld = DEVELOPMENT
LENGTH IN TENSION
Db = BAR DIAMETER
FIG. 1: ANCHORAGE OF BEAM BARS IN
AN EXTERNAL JOINT.
LAP SPLICES IN BEAM
Not more than 50 % of the bars shall be
spliced at one section
The longitudinal bars shall be spliced , only if
hoops are provided over the entire splice
length, at a spacing not exceeding 150 mm
The lap length shall not be less than the bar
development length in tension.
Clause 6.2.6 IS13920
Cont.…
Lap splices shall not be provided-
within a distance of 2d from the joint
face
within a joint
within a quarter length of the member
where flexural yielding may generally
occur under the effect of earthquake
forces.
Use of welded splices and mechanical
connections may also be made as per
IS456-1978
Clause 6.2.6 IS13920
Ld
db 150 mm
Ld = DEVELOPMENT
LENGTH IN TENSION
db = BAR DIAMETER
FIG. 2: LAP, SPLICE IN BEAM
Web Reinforcement
Clause 6.3 IS13920
Cont.….
CANTILEVER BEAM
crack
INCORRECT
Ldt
CLOSE
STIRRUPS
Ldt/2
Ld/2 Ld/2 CORRECT
Ld
crack
NON PRISMATIC BEAM
INCORRECT
Ldt
CLOSE
STIRRUPS
Ldt/2
Ld/2 Ld/2 CORRECT
Ld
GRID BEAM
INCORRECT
Close rings
1.5d 1.5d
300
300
d
2#extra bars Hanger
Slope 1:10
bars
CORRECT
Details of Main & Secondary beams Secondary
beam
Main
INCORRECT beam
Secondary beam
Close rings
1.5d 1.5d
300
300
d
60degree
Hanger Main
bars beam
CORRECT
BEAM
1/4OR INCORRE
1/5 SPAN
CT
Ld
Ld
LINE OF CRACK
d/2
t
t
d/2
1.5d d/2+d/2Cot(t)
CORRECT
Continuous Beam
Span/4 Span/4
Span/4
Span/4 Span/4
incorrect
Span/4 Span/4
1.5d
1.5d 1.5d
correct
CONTINUOUS BEAM
SPAN/4 SPAN/4
SPAN/4
.08L1 100% CRACK 100%
CRACK
CRACK
.08L1
L1 .08L2 L2
INCORREC
T
100% L1/4 L2/4
L1/4 20%
20%
0.1L1 100% 100%
.15L1
L1 .15L2 L2
CORRECT
NONPRISMATIC
SECTION OF
BEAM CRACK D
D
D
INCORRE
CT
CLOSE RING
D
CORREC
CLOSE RING
D T
CANTILEVER BEAM PROJECTING FROM
COLUMN
COLU
INCORRE MN
NOT CT
LESS NOT LESS THAN GREATER OF 0.5L OR Ld
50mm
THAN
0.5Ast
Ld
0.25Ast
COLU
CORREC Ld/3 MN
SLOPING BEAM
CRAC
K
Ld
Ld
CORRE
CT
HAUNCH BEAMS
CRACK CRACK
INCORRE
Ld
CT Ld
CORRECT
Ld L/8 TO Ld
L/10 L/8 TO
L L/10
STRESSES AT CORNERS C-COMPRESSION
C
t
T-TENSION
C CRACK
t
RESULTANT TENSILE STRESS FOR
ACROSS CORNER(ONE PLANE)
RESULTANT TENSILE STRESS FOR
t ACROSS CORNER(DIFFERENT PLANE)
CRACK
c
t
c
SHEAR AND TORSION REIN. IN BEAMS
Stirrups taken round
outermost bars
spacing<=x1
<=(x1+y1)/4
Min 0.2%bd to control
deflection as well as for
<=300mm
INCORRE seismic requ.
CT n
d y1
Skin rein.10dia is D
100 to
required when 200mm
D-n>500mm
depth exceeds
450mm(0.1% of D/
web area 5
distributed x1 CORREC
equally on two T
b
CANTILEVER BEAM WITH POINT LOAD
Shear
rein.
INCORRE
CT
2/3
d L d
d
CORRECT
L
d Extra ties
openi
ng
crack crack
INCORRECT OPENING IN WEB OF
BEAM
d/ openi d/
2 ng 2
Closed Closed
stps for stps for
d/2 Ld d/2
OPENING IN WEB OF
BEAM CORRECT
BEAM COLUMN JUNCTION-EXTERIOR COLUMN
INCORRECT
2”max
CLOSED STPS
U TYPE BARS
Ld
IN TENSION-Ld
CORRECT
SPLICE DETAIL FOR
COLUMN
COVER
CLOSE
SLOPE 1:6
TIES
@S/2
S-SPACING
CORRECT
INCORRECT
REDUCTION
COLUMN BOTH
SIDES
INCORRECT
SPLICE
SLOPE 1:8 FROM
BEAM BOTTOM 3NO.CLOSE TIES
CLOSE STPS SPACIN
<=75mm
3NO.CLOSE TIES
CORRECT
INCORRECT
Ld
CORRECT
TERMINATION OF COLUMN BARS INSIDE BEAM
*COL.CORE HAS TO
BE CONFINED BY
CIRCULAR OR
RECTANGULAR TIES
IN ACCORDANCE
WITH END REGION
SPACING OF
LATERAL
TIES <=d/2
COL.
END REGION
CORE*
SPACING OF
LATERAL
TIES
<=100mm
END REGION
BEAM COL. JUNCTION-EQ
REGION
INCORRE SPACING OF
CORREC
CT LATERAL
TIES <=d/2 BEAM COL.TJUNCTION-EQ
REGION
EQ REGION-BEAM-COL JN-EXTERIOR
incorrect First stirrups correct
50mm from
END
REGION beam END
faceREGION-h/6 or D or
450MM whichever is
greater
COLUMN
h DETAILS IN
b d EQ REGIONS
END
REGION END
REGION
Spacing of shear
Spacing of shear
rein. In columns
EQ-REGION-CONTINUOUS
BEAM
INCORREC
T
50mmmax CONTINUOUS BARS NOT LESS THAN ¼
AREA OF BARS AT COL.FACE CORRECT
A=L1/3 A=L1/3 A=L1/3
Ld
stp@maxd/2 stp@maxd/2
2d 2d
2d Stirrup spacing=d/4 or
100mm or 8dia which
ever is the least
FOOTING-DETAILS(INDEPENDENT)
INCORRECT COLUMN
BARS
STARTER
NATURAL
BARS
G.L
COVER TO
STARTER
Lb
3” SIDE COVER Ldt
Min.300
COVER50mm
Ldt
IF p.c.c below
CORRECT or 75mm
INCORREC
CRACK T
CORRECT
Ld
Ld
Ld
SECTION OF TRENCH
INCORRECT
Extra
Ld(mi bar
n)
Ld(mi
n)
Ld(mi
n)
CORRECT
STAIRCASE-WITH WAIST SLAB
Dist.
Alternat
Main bare 1
Main bar
SLABLESS STAIRCASE
SLABLESS STAIRCASE
Main bar
L=horizontal
span
Alternat
A=0.25L e2
