BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
MAIN CAMPUS
CITY OF BALANGA
2nd Semester, SY 2017-2018

Solid Waste Compactor Machine: Briquetting Machine of Carbonized

Saw Dust and Paper

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirement of the Course
CE PROJECT STUDY- CEPS 523

By:
Alvarez, Archie G.
Baciles, Ace Jan G.
Cruz, Maui Darj C.
Del Rosario, Raymond M.
Dela Cruz, Joshua E.
Macapinlac, Christian P.
Ibanez, Alyssa Mae A.
Ramos, Jameila C.

May 11, 2018

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The average resident produces seven and a half pounds of garbage every day that

is buried down in landfills and litters lands costing a great amount of money. Nowadays,

people face no more critical trouble than the need to save the weakening environment,

mainly in urban areas, where solid wastes are uselessly dumped. It has been observed that

cities have no controlled structure for garbage disposal. Basically, garbage is old, dirty and

wet, so that it is a perfect place for bacteria and other viruses to stay in. Rubbish growth in

cities has been a problem all over the world for centuries. Landfills have always been

regarded as sources of illnesses and unpleasant smells. The harmful wastes from the

garbage spread through the ground from paint, chemicals, petrol, batteries, and other toxic

materials that have been thrown away into the garbage. The toxic chemicals get into the

water pipes and spread through the people’s drinking water. Another reason of that problem

is that people have created all these disasters, which are connected with environmental

pollution. The more modern technologies are created, the more unbelievable become

wastes and remains of what is produced. From this, man is responsible for what he or she

created and for the following consequences. Anxieties about the environment have made

people more aware of their environmental footprints or the kind of waste they leave behind

during their existence.

A common symbol that can be seen on garbage bags, dump trucks and trash cans

is of recycling. The phrase ‘Reduce, Reuse, Recycle’ is taught to children all over the world

in the hope of creating a clean environment. We all know that recycling is a simple way in

which every person can contribute to making a better world. But surely there must be more
benefits of recycling than just reducing the amount of trash we throw out. After all, it takes

time and effort to collect, separate and send away the trash. But the fact is that there are

many ways in which this process makes for a better world. One of the biggest reasons

why recycling has been promoted is that it does reduce the strain on our environment. By

utilizing waste products in a constructive way, we can slowly decrease the size of our

landfills. As the population grows, it will become difficult for the landfills to hold so much

and trash. Another one of the benefits of recycling is that it allows more emphasis to be put

on creating technology to utilize what already exists. This is why a number of industries

support programs where they can receive large quantities of recyclable material to convert

into new items. An unexpected place where the benefits of recycling can be seen is our

economy. A strong economy is one that is efficient in nature. What drags it down is having

to pay for resources that are growing scarce in the country. Every bit of recycling counts

when the economy does not have to pay for planting more forests, mining iron ore or

purchasing fossil fuels from other countries.

Hence the researcher aims to establish something that can help individuals to

process some waste products into a usable material that can contribute to the society and

environment.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Waste management encompasses management of all processes and resources for

proper handling of waste materials, from maintenance of waste transport trucks and

dumping facilities to compliance with health codes and environmental regulations. Waste

can take any form that is solid, liquid, or gas and each have different methods of disposal

and management. Waste management normally deals with all types of waste whether it

was created in forms that are industrial, biological, household, and special cases where it

may pose a threat to human health. It is produced due to human activity such as when

factories extract and process raw materials. Waste management is intended to reduce

adverse effects of waste on health, the environment or aesthetics.

The increasing amount of waste being produced around the world is a serious

problem and a major threat to the environment. Animals are losing their homes to make

room for landfills, and disease-ridden vermin like rats are moving in. Trash incinerators

emit carbon dioxide, adding to the already critical buildup of greenhouse gases and

exacerbating global warming. We’re polluting water sources and wild environments with

our careless litter, making once natural habitats hostile for our precious wildlife. This is

only part of the problem. Basically, it comes down to this: we’re producing more garbage

than the Earth can handle, and we’re running out of places to put it.

Garbage and man-made waste isn’t new. Our nomadic ancestors produced waste

like bones, animal skins, and other organic materials. However, what waste they created

was biodegradable, so it broke down and returned to the earth with no harm done.
 Landfills aren’t a new concept, either. The first municipal landfill was in ancient

Greece. Still, little harm was done to the environment. The real waste problems began

during the Industrial Revolution. New technologies allowed us to manufacture more

artificial and non-biodegradable goods, and in much larger quantities. This changed the

type and amount of waste we produced, and not for the better. Since then, the problem has

only increased as we develop new technologies and mass-produce and mass-consume

goods.

New products and technologies contain more man-made components, like synthetic

fabrics, other plastics, and metals. These can take thousands of years to break down, unlike

the organic waste of our ancestors, which took months or at most a couple years. To add to

this, we’re producing these slow-decomposing materials at a much faster rate than the

environment can handle. Large quantities of these materials just lengthen the decomposing

process.

Waste and Recycling Statistics for 2017 based on National Environment Agency

Waste Waste Waste

Recycling
Waste Type Disposed Recycled Generated
Rate (%)
of (tonnes) (tonnes) (tonnes)

Construction Debris 9,400 1,599,900 1,609,300 99%

 Waste Waste Waste
Recycling
Waste Type Disposed Recycled Generated
Rate (%)
of (tonnes) (tonnes) (tonnes)

Ferrous metal 7,800 1,371,000 1,378,800 99%

Used slag 3,100 269,400 272,500 99%

Non-Ferrous metals 1,500 92,200 93,700 98%

Scrap tyres 2,900 33,000 35,900 92%

Wood 97,300 326,800 424,100 77%

Horticultural Waste 107,600 220,700 328,300 67%

 Waste Waste Waste
Recycling
Waste Type Disposed Recycled Generated
Rate (%)
of (tonnes) (tonnes) (tonnes)

Paper/Cardboard 576,000 568,800 1,144,800 50%

Glass 58,900 12,400 71,300 17%

Food 676,800 133,000 809,800 16%

Ash & Sludge 214,800 28,600 243,400 12%

Plastics 763,400 51,800 815,200 6%

Textile/Leather 141,200 9,600 150,800 6%

 Waste Waste Waste
Recycling
Waste Type Disposed Recycled Generated
Rate (%)
of (tonnes) (tonnes) (tonnes)

Others (stones,
319,300 7,100 326,400 2%
ceramic, rubber, etc.)

Total 2,980,000 4,724,300 7,704,300 61%

Note:

Metal recovered from IBA for recycling is excluded from total waste disposed.

Wood and horticultural waste recycled include 347,300 tons used as fuel in biomass power

plants.

Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of

waste materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials from which the items

are made can be reprocessed into new products. The benefits of recycling are simple, but

the effect they can have are large. Which is why so many countries support the process and

make sure that their citizens face no trouble at all when they want to take up recycling.

A compactor is a machine or mechanism used to reduce the size of material such

as waste material or bio mass through compaction. A trash compactor is often used by a
home or business to reduce the volume of trash it produces. A baler-wrapper compactor is

often used for making compact and wrapped bales in order to improve logistics.

Normally powered by hydraulics, compactors take many shapes and sizes.

In landfill sites for example, a large tractor (typically a converted front end loader with

some variant of a bulldozer blade attached) with spiked steel wheels called a landfill

compactor is used to drive over waste deposited by waste collection vehicles (WCVs).

WCVs themselves incorporate a compacting mechanism which is used to increase

the payload of the vehicle and reduce the number of times it has to empty. This usually

takes the form of hydraulically powered sliding plates which sweep out the

collection hopper and compress the material into what has already been loaded.

Different compactors are used in scrap metal processing, the most familiar being

the car crusher. Such devices can be of either the "pancake" type, where a

scrap automobile is flattened by a huge descending hydraulically powered plate, or

the baling press, where the automobile is compressed from several directions until it

resembles a large cube.

A briquette is a compressed block of coal dust or other combustible biomass

material such as charcoal, sawdust, wood chips, peat, or paper used for fuel and kindling

to start a fire. A popular charcoal briquette emerging in developed countries is one which

takes a waste produce such as sawdust, compresses it and then extrudes it to make a

reconstituted log which can replace firewood. It is a very similar process to forming a wood

pellet but on a larger scale. The natural lignin in the wood binds the particles of wood

together to form a solid. Burning a wood briquette is far more efficient than burning
firewood. Moisture content of a briquette can be as low as 4%, while as green firewood

may be as high as 65%.

Sawdust briquettes have developed over time with two distinct types: those with

holes through the centre, and those which are solid. Both types are classified as briquettes

but are form using different techniques. A solid briquette is manufactured using a piston

press which simple sandwiches layers of sawdust together, and ones which a hole are

produced using a screw press. The hole is simply a byproduct of the screw thread passing

through the centre however it also increases the surface area of the log People have been

making charcoal since about 4000 BC in both China and West Asia. North and South

American people, Africans, and Europeans also made and used charcoal. The way people

made charcoal was generally by piling wood up and covering it with dampened dirt, and

then lighting the wood on fire, so that it burned very slowly without much oxygen. The

best charcoal comes from burning hard wood like oak or beech. The result is

mainly carbon, like coal and aids efficient combustion.

Paper is the major contributor of solid waste either weight or volume. Yet it is

highly recyclable and can be manufactured into some other materials. Thus, paper charcoal

was introduced as an alternative for charcoal.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Solid waste management is one of the biggest problems that our country is facing.

The recent global development is also accompanied by the rapid increase in the volume of

waste. A number of environmental and health impacts is caused by improper solid waste

management practices. People who live near disposal facilities are prone to various

diseases. Improper garbage disposal can also threaten marine life and animals who come

in contact with the contaminated water. Recycling wastes is one of the most reliable

methods of lessening the wastes generated in our country. The problem is, only a fraction

of the wastes generated per year are recycled.

Aside from waste management, the use of charcoal is also a big threat to the

environment. Although it contributes a huge help to our society, the problem is that

charcoal is directly comes from the trees which is often cut solely for making charcoals.

There is a need for an addition in alternative ways of recycling wastes to minimize

the incredible amount of solid wastes and charcoals that is generated in our country. This

machine is able to help contribute to such needs as it can convert non plastic wastes into a

briquette.

General Objectives:

This study aims to design a machine which helps to compact waste materials

specifically paper and sawdust and convert it into a briquette as an eco-friendly alternative

thus contributing to a cleaner environment.

 Generally, this study will be conducted to create a waste compactor machine and

produce briquette made out of waste papers and sawdust.

Specifically it aims to answer this following problems:

1. How to fabricate the design waste compactor?

2. Does it help to lessen waste pollution?

3. Does it reduce the size of the waste materials?

4. How long does it take to produce a product?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The results of this study would be of great help to the government, students,

community, readers and future research in the following ways:

1. Government

This study would help the government to know what policies and regulations they

will implement to the community when it comes to proper waste management.

2. Students

This study would help them to know the importance of waste in our society on how

they prevent serious damage to environment. In addition, it will give them an idea

managing their own wastes.

3. Community

This study would encourage every member of the community to take the

responsibility of their own wastes in the environment.

4. Readers

This study would help the readers to know how to manage their wastes. And it also

helps them to identify the materials used.

5. Future Researchers

This study would help the future researchers as their basis of their study and

additional literature for their future investigations/research.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

SCOPE

This study was conducted to lessen the size of waste materials and same as to give

a new purpose to the waste which is the community.

Saw dust are by-products or waste products of wood working operations such as

sawing, drilling and sanding that is usually burn into ashes. While papers, cartons and

newspapers are being thrown out to garbage after being used once; not knowing that it can

be utilized and turn into charcoal briquettes to make it more efficient.

There are some remote areas where its residents cannot afford to buy gas stoves or

electric stoves, so they are only using charcoal and firewood in cooking their food. But

sometimes there are charcoals are easily ached, so they need to add more for cooking. And

they must spend more money in buying charcoal.

DELIMITATIONS

1. The capacity of the prototype machine is for compacting sawdust and paper since

the researcher does not have enough time to test other waste materials.

2. The duration of the prototype machine is unknown but a proper maintenance (like

cleaning after use, welding, etc.) could help to lengthen its lifespan.

3. The effectivity such as burning time and emission of the briquette is unknown since

the time is limited.

4. The scope area of the study is only for a small scale community.

5. The compactor can produce different types of products but the researchers limit the

produce product to briquette.

6. The product output is limited to the size of the molder.

7. The machine is operated manually by pumping the hydraulic jack.

8. The maximum capacity of the hydraulic jack used in the project

9. The budget being accumulated is unknown since it gather many donations from

different individuals.

10. In terms of producing a briquette, the combination of the mixture must contain

carbonized sawdust.

HYPOTHESIS

H0: The compactor is not feasible to compact waste materials such as sawdust and

paper.
 H1: The compactor is feasible to compact waste materials such as sawdust and

paper.

H0: The briquette cannot be produced using the compactor machine.

H2: The briquette can be produced using the compactor machine.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

a.) Compactor

A compactor is a machine or mechanism used to reduce the size of material such

as waste material or bio mass through compaction.

b.) Waste Materials

Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance

which is discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use.

c.) Compression

Compression is the application of balanced inward ("pushing") forces to different

points on a material or structure, that is, forces with no net sum or torque directed

so as to reduce its size in one or more directions.

d.) Sawdust

Sawdust or wood dust is a by-product or waste product of woodworking operations

such as sawing, milling, planning, routing, drilling and sanding. It is composed of

fine particles of wood.