SAB 2032
SAB 2032
FKM
Mechanical and
Electrical System
LECTURER: DR. MAZLAN ABDUL WAHID
http://www.fkm.utm.my/~mazlan
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM Mazlan 2008
SAB 2032
FKM Fire Fighting
System
Dr. Mazlan Abdul Wahid
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
www.fkm.utm.my/~mazlan
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Contents:
A. Combustion
B. Ignition Temperature
C. Sources of Ignition
D. Classification of fire
E. Three ways of extinguishing a fire
F. Types of Fire Services Installations and Equipment
G. Portable Fire Extinguishers
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FKM A. Combustion
1. Combustion may be defined as a chemical reaction
accompanied by the evolution of light and heat. It is only
when fuel, oxygen and heat come together in the right
proportions that you have a fire. These three elements make
up what is commonly known as FIRE TRIANGLE or
Triangle of Combustible.
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2. Combustible materials exist as solids, liquids and gases. The
burning of any substance is usually accompanied by a flame; and
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as a flame is produced as the result of the burning of a gas or
vapor, it can be seen that liquids, and solids with minor
exceptions, must emit inflammable vapors before combustion can
take place.
3. A supply of oxygen is required to support combustion and this
is usually drawn from the atmosphere, of which it form about 20
% but in some cases the material themselves contain sufficient
oxygen to maintain combustion when deprived of atmospheric
oxygen.
4. Most solids and liquids require to be heated above their normal
temperature before they can emit inflammable vapors; and some
liquids (e.g. petrol) emit inflammable vapors at normal
temperatures.
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B. Ignition Temperature
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The temperatures at which combustion can take place fall into
three categories, they are:
1. Flash Point: The lowest temperatures at which a substances
gives off sufficient inflammable vapor to produce a momentary
flash on the application of a small flame.
2. Fire Point: The lowest temperatures at which the heat from
the combustion of a burning vapor is capable of producing
sufficient vapor to sustain combustion. It will be seen that the
difference between flash point and fire point is that the flash
point temperature is only required to produce vapor to enable a
momentary flash to take place whereas the fire point
temperature has to be high enough to produce sufficient vapor
to enable combustion to be maintained.
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3. Spontaneous Ignition: The lowest temperature at which the
FKM substance will ignite spontaneously. When the cooling becomes
inadequate to dissipate the heat developed, the material will
begin to self-heat and will eventually burst into flame.
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C. Sources of Ignition
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Combustible materials may be ignited in various ways:
1. Open flame e.g. bunsen burners in lab, welding torch, lighting
of a match
2. Electrical sparks or arc e.g. static electricity, overloading or
supply, short circuit, electric arc welding
3. Mechanical sparks caused by friction, e.g. cutting, grinding
4. Spontaneous ignition certain chemical reactions generate
sufficient heat to cause fire; e.g. yellow phosphorus oxidises
very rapidly and ignites on contact with air
5. Hot surface e.g. heater
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D. Classification of fire
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1. Fires involving solid materials
e.g. wood, paper, textiles, etc.
2. Fires involving liquids or liquifiable solids
e.g. petroleum, solvents, oil, paint
3. Fires involving gases
e.g. LPG, Town Gas
4. Fires involving metals
e.g. Magnesium, Sodium, etc.
5. Fires involving electrical hazards
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E. Three ways of extinguishing a fire
1. Starving
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(a) Take the fuel away from the fire. For example, by removing
combustible material from the neighborhood of the fire.
(b) Take the fire away from the fuel. For example, by
subdividing the burning material into smaller fires which
may be left to burn out or to be extinguished.
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2. Smothering
FKM (a) By reducing the oxygen which support the combustion.
Allow the fire to consume the oxygen while preventing inward
flow of more oxygen.
For examples:
use of covers or blankets
use of foam on oil
use of finely divided particles of dry powder
(e.g. sodium bicarbonate)
(b) Add an inert gas to the burning mixture.
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3. Cooling
Cool the heat source. If the rate at which heat is generated by
combustion is less than the rate at which it is dissipated, the
combustion cannot persist. In applying this principle to fire
extinction, the first step is to accelerate the speed with which
heat is removed from the fire, thus reducing the temperature of
the burning mass and as a consequence the rate at which heat
in lost from the fire exceeds the rate of heat production and the
fire dies away.
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F. Types of Fire Services Installations and Equipment
FKM For example: - Commercial building (high rise)
REQUIREMENTS-
SYSTEMS/INSTALLATIONS/EQUIPMENT FOR:
1. Audio/visual advisory systems
2. Automatic actuating devices
3. Automatic fixed installations other than water
4. Emergency generators
5. Emergency lighting
6. Exit signs
7. Fire alarm systems
UTM 8. Fire control center
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9. Fire detection systems
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10. Fire hydrant/hose reel systems
11. Fireman’s lifts
12. Portable hand-operated approved appliances
13. Pressurization of staircases
14. Sprinkler systems
15. Static or dynamic smoke extraction systems
16. Ventilation/air conditioning control systems
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Portable Fire Extinguishers
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These are appliances designed to be carried and operated by hand.
They contain an extinguishing medium which can be expelled by
action of internal pressure and directed onto a fire.
1. Water type extinguisher
use on fires involving wood, textiles and paper.
never use water to extinguish an electrical fire. Water is a
good conductor, and there is some concern for electrocution if you
use water to extinguish an electrical fire.
never use water to extinguish flammable liquid fires. Spread
the fire if you try to use water on it.
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2. Foam type extinguisher
FKM use on fires involving flammable liquids, such as
gasoline, oil, solvents.
3. Carbon Dioxide ( CO2 ) gas extinguisher
CO2 are designed for flammable liquid and electrical
fires only.
4. Dry Powder extinguisher
use on most fires, flammable liquids, metal fires or
electrical fires.
5. B.C.F. ( BROMOCHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE )
extinguisher
use on electrical fires, flammable liquids, delicate
UTM equipment, important documents.
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FKM Fire protection system
Is a system that includes:
devices, wiring, piping, equipment, and controls
Function to:
• detect a fire or smoke
• actuate a signal
• suppress the fire or smoke
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Primary Objectives of Fire Protection System
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•To saves lives
•To protect properties
Secondary Objectives
•To minimize interruptions of service due to a fire
i.e.
Supposedly a fire is detected on the ground floor of a
high rise hotel, if the fire can be isolated quickly and
extinguished, then there will be no need to disturb the
guest on the upper floor
40 story building with 100 persons
- take more than one hour
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FKM Current trends in building design and modern lifestyles
make for serious fire hazards.
Some of the contributing factor:
1. High-rise building
2. Architectural design
3. Controlled interior environment
4. Increased use of combustible materials
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Building codes:
FKM Specify the type of construction methods and materials that
can be used for building occupancies.
Some of the codes and standards related to building design
and construction:
Standards for portable fire extinguisher
Standards for foam extinguishing systems
Standards for carbon dioxide extinguishing system
Standards for the installation of sprinkler systems
Standards for the installation of standpipe and hose system
National Electrical Code
Lightning Protection Code
Life Safety Code
National Fire Prevention Code
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Commonly used terms pertaining to fire protection
FKM •Automatic fire suppression system
•Fire area
•Fire partition
•Fire door
•Fire wall
•Fire separation distance
•Fire protection rating
•Fire separation assembly
•Flame spread
•Flame spread rating (FSR)
•Means of egress
•Use group
•Fire loading
•Smoke developing rating (SDR)
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Classification of Fire and Construction Hazards
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Fire is a rapid combustion of materials in the presence of oxygen,
without oxygen a fire cannot be sustained.
The products of fire have two components:
•The thermal elements – which produce flame and heat
•The nonthermal elements – which produce smoke and toxic
gases. Smoke is the primary cause of fire related deaths.
Fire protection system
•Not to just extinguish a fire
•But also to remove smoke
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Classification of Fires
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Class A – Fires of ordinary combustible materials
Class B – Fires in flammable liquids, oils, greases
Class C – Fires that involve energized electrical equipment
Class D – Fires of combustible metals, magnesium ,
titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium, and potasium
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Classification of Hazards
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Light (low) hazard – Fires of ordinary combustible
materials
Ordinary (moderate) hazard – Fires in flammable liquids,
oils, greases
Extra (high) hazard – Fires that involve energized electrical
equipment
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Example of an Escape Floor Plan SAB 2032
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