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Empirical Analysis of Textile Clusters in Pakistan: Muhammad Shahzad Iqbal - Faiz.M.Shaikh - Dr. Babak Mahmood

This document analyzes textile clusters in Pakistan. It finds that the textile industry contributes over 60% of Pakistan's exports but is in need of financial and technological investment. The industry uses imported machinery and lacks research and development. China and India are major competitors. The document recommends that the government launch a cluster-based textiles vision, increase efficiency through research, and identify areas for process improvement to strengthen the textile industry. It also summarizes key economic indicators for Pakistan such as GDP growth, exports, and investment trends to provide context.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
83 views12 pages

Empirical Analysis of Textile Clusters in Pakistan: Muhammad Shahzad Iqbal - Faiz.M.Shaikh - Dr. Babak Mahmood

This document analyzes textile clusters in Pakistan. It finds that the textile industry contributes over 60% of Pakistan's exports but is in need of financial and technological investment. The industry uses imported machinery and lacks research and development. China and India are major competitors. The document recommends that the government launch a cluster-based textiles vision, increase efficiency through research, and identify areas for process improvement to strengthen the textile industry. It also summarizes key economic indicators for Pakistan such as GDP growth, exports, and investment trends to provide context.

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International Conference On Applied Economics – ICOAE 2010 321

EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF TEXTILE CLUSTERS IN PAKISTAN


MUHAMMAD SHAHZAD IQBAL1 - FAIZ.M.SHAIKH2 - DR. BABAK MAHMOOD3
Abstract
The current research investigates the textile clusters in Pakistan. A cross sectional data were collected from 30 textile industries by
using simple random technique and data were analysis by using E-Views software. It was revealed that the industry is in urgent need
of financial and technological investments. However, according to recent official figures, the Pakistan textile industry contributes
more than 60% to the country‘s total exports, which amounts to around 5.2 billion US dollars. The manufacturing sector contributes
to around half of the total exports and textile sector contributes around 46% of the manufacturing sector‘s contribution. The negative
growth of 2.6 % declining from $ 16.4 billion last year to $ 16.0 billion in July-April 2008-09. Ministry of Textile Industry should
launch and endorse the development a cluster-based textiles vision. It further revealed that Government should emphasis on increase
Efficiency and Productivity with the help of research and development department and identifies key areas for process.
Key words: Textile, Clusters, Empirical Analysis, Pakistan
1 Introduction
Textile Industry is one of the oldest industries in Pakistan and despites its inherent strengths; it is losing its competitiveness to
other countries, especially in South East Asian Countries. The Industry is in urgent need of financial and technological investments.
However, according to recent official figures, the Pakistan textile industry contributes more than 60 % to the country‘s total exports,
which amounts to around 5.2 billion US dollars. The industry contributes around 46 % to the total output produced in the country. In
Asia, Pakistan is the 8th largest exporter of textile products. The contribution of this industry to the total GDP is 8.5 % (Economic
Survey of Pakistan-2008-09). It provides employment to 38 % of the work force in the country, which amounts to a figure of 15
million. However, the proportion of skilled labor is very less as compared to that of unskilled labor. All Pakistan Textile Mills
Association is the chief organization that determines the rules and regulations in the Pakistan textile industry. Pakistan textile
industry is currently facing several challenges. There is a need for the industry to improve the quality of its products. There is also the
need for greater value addition in its products (Bari, 2003). The textile machinery used in Pakistan is imported mainly from countries
like Japan, Switzerland, Germany, China and Belgium. Also, there is lack of efficient R&D and training. Our main competitors in
primary textile products with the advantage of large engineering sector in this region are China and India. The only country in this
region without strong engineering base is Pakistan and our dependence upon outside Engineering Industry keeps our cost of
production higher with low engineering skills. Looking into the future a strong competition from China and India for these market
requirements can be used to involve them to start assembly plants under their guidance and cooperation. Some progress in the
direction has led to the development of a Task Force in the Ministry of Industries and Textile Engineering is growingly lucrative for
investors, local and foreigners.
This paper presents an analysis of the Textiles and Apparel Cluster in Pakistan. The report gives an overview of the
socioeconomic performance of the country followed by an assessment of its business environment. It also explores the performance
of the cluster with a special focus on its role in the national economy, its historic evolution, and analysis of the cluster Diamond. The
penultimate section of this paper summarizes the strategic issues faced by the country and the cluster. The final section presents a set
of recommendations to improve the performance of the cluster.
2 Country Analysis
2.1 Background
The population of Pakistan is approximately 181 million people and it is the sixth most-populous country. Geographically, it is
situated in south Asia with its borders with India in the East and Afghanistan in the West. About 20 % of the population lives below
the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day (Economic Survey of Pakistan-2008-09). The majority of southern Pakistan's
population lives along the Indus River. By population size, Karachi is the biggest city of Pakistan. In the northern half, most of the
population lives about an arc formed by the cities of Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat,
Jhelum, sargodha and shekhupura. Pakistan also faced a major set-back when East-Pakistan (now Bangladesh) seceded 1 and became
an independent nation. Pakistan geopolitical problems were further compounded by its strategic location and proximity to
Afghanistan which made her a frontline state during the cold war against Russia. Now Pakistan is an important helper of the USA in
the global war against terrorism, but unfortunately Pakistan also faces the swear condition of terrorism

1
Lecturer, Department of Business Studies, The University of Faisalabad
2
Assistant Professor, SZABAC-Dokri, Email:[email protected]
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Business Studies, The University of Faisalabad, Email:[email protected]
322 International Conference On Applied Economics – ICOAE 2010

Figure 2.1

2.2 Economic Performance


 The overall foreign investment during the first ten months (July-April) of the current fiscal year has declined by 42.7 %
and stood at $ 2.2 billions against $3.9 billion in the comparable period of last year.
 Foreign direct investment (private) showed some flexibility and stood at $3205.4million during the first ten months
(July-April) of the current fiscal year as against $3719.1 million in the same period last year thereby showing decline of
13.8 %.
 The total investment has declined from 22.5 % of GDP in 2006-07 to 19.7 % of GDP in 2008-09.
 Fixed investment has decreased to18.1 % of GDP from 20.4 % last year.
 Agriculture sector has depicted growth of 4.7 % as compared to 1.1 % witnessed last year and target of 3.5 % for the
year.
 Major crops accounting for 33.4 % of agricultural value added registered a remarkable growth of 7.7 % as against a
negative growth of 6.4 % last year and a target of 4.5 %.
 Pakistan‘s per capita real income has risen by 2.5 % in 2008-09 as against 3.4 % last year. Per capita income in dollar
term rose from $ 1042 last year to $ 1046 in 2008-09, thereby showing marginal increase of 0.3 %.
 Manufacturing sector has contracted by 3.3 % in 2008-09 as compared to expansion of 4.8 % in last year and over-
ambitious target of 6.1 %.
 Large-scale manufacturing depicted contraction of 7.7 % as against expansion of 4.0 % in the last year and 5.5 % target
for the year.
 Small and medium manufacturing sector maintained its healthy growth of last year at 7.5 % (Economic Survey of
Pakistan-2008-09)..
2.3 Trends in GDP Growth Rate
The economy has lost significant growth drive due to massive contraction in the industrial sector. The current account deficit is
likely to decelerate from as high as 8.5 % of GDP to around 5.3 % of GDP in 2008-09 a reduction of 3.2 %age points in just one
year. The improvement allowed for a build-up of the country‘s foreign exchange reserves beyond$11 billion. Pakistan‘s economy
still faces pressures from uncertain security environment, higher inflation in food prices. Pakistan‘s GDP is almost contract by 3 % in
average year 2009. Real GDP grew by 2.0 % in 2008-09 as against 4.1 % last year and growth target of 4.5%. The commodity
producing sector witnessed marginal positive growth of 0.2 % which is the lowest ever in the last eighteen years.
Table 2.1
International Conference On Applied Economics – ICOAE 2010 323

Figure 2.2

Source: World Development Indicators, 2008-09

2.4 Pakistan Export Situation


The main export items of Pakistan are rice, furniture, cotton fiber, textiles, leather etc (Textile Vision 2005, 2000). Exports were
targeted at $ 19.0 billion or 6.9% lower than last year. Exports started to face global financial crisis since November 2008 and the
contraction of world over demand has exacerbated export contraction. The manufacturing sector contributes to around half of the
total exports and textile sector contributes around 46% of the manufacturing sector‘s contribution. The negative growth of 2.6 %
declining from $ 16.4 billion last year to $ 16.0 billion in July-April 2008-09.
In terms of export clusters, Pakistan‘s economy is mostly concentrated in textile & apparel, leather goods, agricultural products,
construction material, logistics, transportation, fruits, row cotton, fish, vegetables and sports good. Out of which Textile & apparel
are the biggest and the fastest growing clusters. The challenge for Pakistan is thus to develop other emerging clusters to expand its
portfolio.

Source: General of economic corporation among Islamic countries


324 International Conference On Applied Economics – ICOAE 2010

Table 2.3 Export, Import and Balance of Trade

Source: Govt. of Pakistan statistic division federal bureau of statistic


Provisional figures are based on figure provided by the member (FB&S) CBR, Islamabad.
Note: Rupee value is converted into US$ on monthly average exchange rate for November 2006 (1$+Rs.60.728219)
3 Business Environment of Pakistan
Pakistan‘s national business environment is characterized by abundance of semi-skilled and low wage labor, moderate natural
resources, poor infrastructure, high rates of corruption, poor governance, moderate level of university-industry collaboration and low
scientific research on the factor side. American Business Council of Pakistan (ABC), a formal association of American
Multinationals operating in Pakistan conducts informal business survey annually to assess how their members view investment
climate in Pakistan. The survey conducted in July – August, 2002, shows that Pakistan's economy is picking up and the investment
environment is improving (sheikh, 2005).
Key results of the survey:
 85% of respondents indicated improvement in Pakistan's overall economic prospects while 73% indicated improvement
in Domestic Economy.
 83% reported increase in their revenues in Rupees while 78% in US $ terms.
 79% observed that the policies were more consistent than before while 68% felt that the Government was positively
impacting business.
 75% indicated increase in their pre-tax profits.
 63% indicated improvement in implementation of policies by the Government.
 51% of the respondents reported that they were planning to expand investment in Pakistan.
3.1 Trends in business environment and textile policy
During the last five years, Pakistan has registered some significant improvement in the factor conditions. ISLAMABAD
(September 10 2009): The 'IFC-World Bank Doing Business-2010' report has projected no improvement in ease of doing business in
Pakistan and the country continued to be ranked at 85th in world among 131 countries. According to the report available on World
Bank website, Pakistan shows declining trends in ease of doing business the business ranking of Pakistan has been determined at 85
in Doing Business Report-2010. Whereas in Doing Business Report-2009 Pakistan was also ranked at 85th in the world, showing no
improvement. Pakistan's ranking in starting a business has improved and the country has been ranked at 63rd in 2010 report whereas
Pakistan was ranked 80th in 2009. In Pakistan some 10 procedures are required and it takes some 20 days and it costs 5.8 % of
income per capita.
Wage rate: Between 994-2006, annual productivity growth average 1.2% while the corresponding wage figure was 3.63%, and it
affecting the ability of the country‘s competitiveness. And according to the World Bank report ease of employing workers in Pakistan
has shown no improvement in 2008-09 and the country continued to rank at 146th in the world.
International Conference On Applied Economics – ICOAE 2010 325

Figure: 2.3

Source: Economist Intelligence Unit's


Data Collection Methodology
A cross sectional Data were collected from 30 textile industries by using simple random technique and data were analysis by
using E-Views software.
4 Cluster Analysis
4.1 Importance of the Textile Cluster
The Textiles and Apparels is the backbone of Pakistan‘s economy. In 2005, textile‘s contribution to overall GDP was 10% while
its share in the exports was at a high of 60%.

Moreover, it is the biggest source of employment in the country providing employment to more than 1.3 million people. About
38% of the manufacturing sector employment is in textile sector.

4.2 Historic Perspective


Pakistan‘s textile industry has long historic roots. In the Indus River Valley of Pakistan, cotton was being grown, spun and woven
into cloth about 3,000 years BC (Cotton Counts 2007). The Production of textiles continued flourishing during different historic
regimes such as Sultanate 10 period, Mughals dynasty and the British colonial times (Ali 1962). During the British colonial Regime,
India was a primary supplier of raw cotton for textile mills based in Manchester and other parts of the United Kingdom. After
Pakistan‘s independence in 1947, the textile industry continued to grow largely due to Government‘s investments in irrigation
systems and attractive packages for industry start-ups. Over time, the share of textiles in Pakistan‘s overall economy as well as in the
manufacturing sector remained significantly high.
326 International Conference On Applied Economics – ICOAE 2010

4.3 Trends in Textile Exports


Pakistan is exporting around US $ 10 billion of textile goods each year the exports of composed of both basic textile products
such as yarn and value added exports includingmade-ups (www.aptma.org.pk).
Textile Export:
Overall exports are increasing with increase in the value-added exports. However, it also shows that value added exports as
proportion of overall textiles Exports has largely remained same.
Export of textile:
Table: 4.1 Figure: 4.2

Year Textile Apparel Total Export Performance of Textile and Apparel Industry in
Pakistan
1995 4.26 1.61 5.87

1996 4.92 1.87 6.79

1997 4.61 1.81 6.42


8
Vlue in billion

1998 4.3 1.84 6.14


6
1999 4.26 1.85 6.11
4
2000 4.53 2.14 6.67 2

2001 4.53 2.14 6.67 0


1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
2002 4.79 2.23 7.02
Years
2003 5.81 2.71 8.52
Textile Apparel
2004 6.13 3.03 9.16

2005 7.09 3.6 10.69

2006 7.47 3.91 11.38

Pakistan Vs Major competitor:


Table: 4.

4.4 Textile Value Chain


A typical textiles value chain starts with cotton production which then passes through ginning where fiber is separated from the
cotton seed. The next stage is spinning where the fiber is spun into yarn. At this stage, Manmade Fibers (MMF) such as polyester is
also used as substitute for cotton fiber. The next stage of processing includes knitting and weaving depending on the type of fabric to
be produced. The knitted or woven fabric then goes through dyeing and further processing such as bleaching. Once the fabric is
processed, the last stage is stitching through which various made-ups are produced. Additional steps in the value chain include
branding and retailing. These core activities of the value chain are facilitated by a network of supporting activities that include
transport and logistics as well as export support.
International Conference On Applied Economics – ICOAE 2010 327

Figure: 4.4

4.5 Textile Cluster Map

The textile cluster contains a very diverse set of players and interconnections amongst the players. Some of the supporting include
suppliers of machinery and tools; financial service providers, agriculture, transport and logistics. Whereas the textiles finished goods
side, exporters, distributors and the leather clusters are important one.
5 Textile Diamonds
The textile cluster has generally shown a good performance in terms of overall growth. Nonetheless, the cluster has largely
remained engaged in low-end of the value chain with heavy dependence on basic exports. The Diamond analysis below identifies
various strengths and weaknesses that have led to the current outlook of the textile cluster
328 International Conference On Applied Economics – ICOAE 2010

Figure 5.1.1: World Export Demand

5.1 Condition of Demand


Pakistan‘s textiles cluster heavily depends on global market. Currently, the global demand for textiles account for US $ 300
billion which is likely to increase to US $ 800 billion within the next 10 years. In addition to increasing global demand, Pakistan is
also enjoys a huge domestic demand owing to its huge population size i.e. 160 million. Currently Pakistan caters to about 3% of the
global demand as it produces about US $ 10 bn worth of textile products. China has the highest market share in global textile market,
followed by India and Pakistan in the region (see Table Below)
Global Market Shares 2005-06

Table 5.1 Global market share

Source: Werner International USA 2005


In terms of export destination, Pakistan is heavily dependent on European countries, USA and the Middle East. In addition to
clothes Pakistan also exports cotton yarn and basic textiles to East Asian countries.
International Conference On Applied Economics – ICOAE 2010 329

Figure 5.1.2: Export Destination

s
Source: SMEDA 2000

5.2 Related Industries


The growth of related industries in the textile cluster has largely taken place in the informal sector in a very haphazard manner.
There are examples of organic clustering but a conscious effort on the part of industry players or government to promote a
cluster based approach have always lacked. Generally, the capacity of related and supporting industries is often weak. Though, the
linkage between various actors is also a cause of concern but there are some examples where the norms of reciprocity and interaction
are very high. Faisalabad, one of the largest textile producing cities in Pakistan gives a good example of organic clustering and
interconnection amongst the members. Table below gives the list of variety of players that are involved in the textiles sector.
Table 5.2.1: Participants in the Textile Cluster

Source: Ul Islam F. (2006)

5.3 Factor Conditions


As textiles cluster involves diverse set of activities requiring different of inputs, a detailed analysis of factors conditions across the
value chain is required. Figure 1 summarizes the factor conditions faced by the cluster. Across the value chain, low cost of labor
emerges as the major strength. The estimated cost of labor was 43 cents for Pakistan followed by 47 cents in India, 57 cents in
China, 52 cents in Indonesia and 60 cents in Egypt while Bangladesh and Vietnam outweighed this advantage with even
lower costs 27 and 29 cents respectively (BR 2007). However, gaps in skill set of labor and poor technology—two major constraints
faced by the cluster largely offset advantage of cheap labor.
330 International Conference On Applied Economics – ICOAE 2010

Figure 5.3.1: Factor Conditions across Textile & Apparel Value Chain
Weaknes
ses

Strengths
Pakistan is the fourth largest producer of cotton (9% world share) and is endowed with fertile lands and extensive irrigation
network (USDA 2007; UNU 2007). However, the cotton sub-sector faces serious productivity and quality gaps. The cotton yields for
Pakistan were 586 kgs/hectare compared to 1129 kgs/hectare in China in 1999-2000. Moreover, most of the commercial varieties of
cotton were of small to medium length (22mm-28mm) with coarse texture (SMEDA 2000). One of the major contributing factors to
this low productivity and poor quality is non-adoption of modern planting techniques such as furrow planting which is 6-7%. At the
ginning, spinning and weaving stages, dependence on outdated and less efficient technology is seriously hampering the productivity
rates. For instance, the processing rate at the ginning stage is 8.3 bales per hour compared to 20 in the case of USA. Similarly, the
spinning sector is largely dependent on less efficient technology e.g. spindles (9.2million units) compared to a meager 147,852 units
of routers (Ibid). Similarly, weaving sector is dominated by conventional looms. The ratio of conventional power looms to shuttle-
less looms is estimated to be 1 to 92 (2006).
Gaps in skill set of labor force only add to the problem of low productivity. Informal apprenticeship mechanism such as
Shagirdi is the dominant form of skill transfer which eventually leads to inconsistencies in product quality. Ultimately, these
inhibiting factor conditions, such as low quality of raw material, poor technology and insufficient skills, lead to low value addition
and high defect rates. For example, 40% of exported fabric was grey in 2000—an indicator of low value addition. Similarly, the
defect rate at the processing/printing stage was 10% (SMEDA 2000). It is pertinent to mention here that the overall factor conditions
of the country particularly those related to road infrastructure and energy also play significant role shaping the productivity of textile
sector. For instance, cost of freight from China to USA was 50% cheaper than that from Pakistan (GoP, 2007).
5.4 Context for Firm Strategy and Rivalry
Pakistan‘s Textiles and Apparels industry is highly fragmented comprising many small-scale players with majority of them
working in the unorganized sector (see Table). This fragmentation and emergence of small-scale operators is partly due to
government policies of the past which declared unit size 40 looms and below as cottage industry and hence provided exemption from
tax and stringent labor policies (2006).
Table 5.4.1: Industry Structure and Capacity

Source: Ul Islam 2006


International Conference On Applied Economics – ICOAE 2010 331

Another important feature of the textile industry in Pakistan is that it is largely dominated by family owned businesses. For
instance, in Faisalabad, largest textiles producing city in Pakistan, three families dominated the business and trade groups. This, on
the one hand, promoted trust and effective contract enforcement thus reducing transaction cost, it also led to regulatory ‗capture‘
thus diverting government incentives to benefit a few and stifled the competition (2006). Some policies of the government with
regards to taxes as well as incentives have been listed in the Figur-2.
World Bank notes that textile sector suffered from low diversification due to government restrictive policies on import of
polyester (25% tariff rate) coupled with poor administration of import duties and duty rebates schemes (World Bank, 2002). Lack of
access of finances constitutes another important constraint for large number of small businesses in the cluster as the banking system
is more aligned to serving large scale firms (2006).
6 Challenges Faced by Textile Cluster
 Unavailability of standard raw material.
 Lack of skilled workers.
 Poor coordination between cluster players.
 Financial problems.
 Gaps in quality of local suppliers.
 Increase global competition.
 Low foreign direct investment.
 Not setting specific strategies.
 High tax rates.
 Poor state of technology and production process.
 Lack of specialized workers.
 Excessive dependence on textiles and apparel cluster and limited diversification of exports.
 Poor governance and its implication for overall business environment and foreign investment.
 Rising Cotton Prices.
 China and India being considered as countries for high value added garments.
 Limited use of modern technology.
 Confusion in political / religious scenario.
 Low levels of managerial capabilities.
 Poor physical infrastructure.
 Lack of a well coordinated approach at the cluster level
7 Conclusions
Pakistan is the fourth largest producer of cotton (9% world share) and is endowed with fertile lands and extensive irrigation
network (USDA 2007; UNU 2007). However, the cotton sub-sector faces serious productivity and quality gaps. The cotton yields for
Pakistan were 586 kgs/hectare compared to 1129 kgs/hectare in China in 1999-2000. Moreover, it is the biggest source of
employment in the country providing employment to more than 1.3 million people. About 38% of the manufacturing sector
employment is in textile sector. The manufacturing sector contributes to around half of the total exports and textile sector contributes
around 46% of the manufacturing sector‘s contribution. The negative growth of 2.6 % declining from $ 16.4 billion last year to $
16.0 billion in July-April 2008-09
8 Recommendation
After all above data we recommend that we need to be done.
 Ministry of Textile Industry should launch and endorse the development a cluster-based textiles vision.
 Increase Efficiency and Productivity with the help of research and development department and identify key areas for
process.
 Improve supply chain management.
 Government should coordinate with private sector.
 Initiate educational and awareness programs for firms in the textile industry on the business value of formal and modern
training.
 Building Logistic Capabilities.
 Developing long term relationships with Clients.
 Collaborating with buyers on forecasting and inventory management.
 Investing in IT infrastructure and compliance.
 Think Value Not Price.
 Be on the Cutting Edge of Performance.
 Reduce Cycle Time, Improve Flexibility.
 Redefine Strategic Partnership.
 Encourage private sector, increase public expenditure, and work with international institutions such as the World Bank
and Asian Development Bank to improve the infrastructure particularly energy by exploiting the huge hydroelectricity
potential available in the country.
332 International Conference On Applied Economics – ICOAE 2010

 Diversify the export portfolio by facilitating the development of multiple clusters particularly in the areas of logistics and
communication, medical devices, horticulture, and tourism.
 Development of skills in labor and offer trainings time to time.
 Conduct global market research in textile apparels.
9 References
All Pakistan Textile Mills Association (APTMA), web address: www.aptma.org.pk. Accessed on 14/10/2007.
A Survey of owner managed business Department of Employee, September 1990
Bari, K. Malik (2003), The Competitive Advantage of Pakistan – Empirical Analysis of the Textile/Apparel Industry, PhD Thesis,
University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K.

Cotton Counts 2007. http://www.cotton.org/pubs/cottoncounts/resources.cfm. Accessed on 20/11/2009.


Economist Intelligence Unit's. www.eiu.com. Accessed on 25/11/2009
Government of Pakistan, (2000), Textile Vision 2005, Islamabad, Pakistan
Government of Pakistan, (2002), Ministry of Commerce, Text of the Trade Policy of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Government of Pakistan, (various years), Pakistan Statistical Year Book, Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS), Statistics Division,
Islamabad.
Government of Pakistan, (various years), Economic Survey of Pakistan, Ministry of Finance, Islamabad.
http://www.cybercity.online.net/yp/OPs/html/mnc_s_views_of_business_enviro.html. Accessed on 19/12/2009..
http://www.links of emo project\Population Association of Pakistan-Statistics.html. Last Accessed on 10/12/2009.
http://www.pap.org.pk/statistics/Economy.html. Accessed on 10/12/2009.
http://www.brecorder.com. Accessed on 10/11/2009.
htps://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos. Accessed on 14/10/2009.
http://www.ptj.com.pk/Web%202004/03-2004/trend.html. Accessed on 30/11/2009.
http://www.khaleejtimes.com/pakistan/Textileindustry.asp. Accessed on 20/12/2009.
Khan, S. R., (1999), Fifty Years of Pakistan Economy: Traditional Topic and Contemporary Concerns, Oxford University Press,
Karachi, Pakistan.
Sheikh, H. R. (2005), Growth and BMR Requirements of the Textile Industry – Problems and Prospects, Textile Institute of
Pakistan.
Small and Medium Enterprise Development Agency (SMEDA), 2000. www.smeda.org. Accessed on 28/12/2009
Trade Development Authority of Pakistan. www.epb.gov.pk. Accessed on 25/12/2009
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2007. www.usda.gov. Accessed on 30/12/2009
World Development Indicators various issues
www.pakistan.gov.pk/ministries/index.jsp?MinID. Accessed on 10/10/2009.
www.epb.gov.pk. Accessed on 20/11/2009.
www.worldbank.org. Accessed on 20/12/2009.

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