Week 2 - Basic Log Analyses
Week 2 - Basic Log Analyses
Introduction
Reservoir Characterization • After reviewing the Geology, the engineer
Logging and Log Analyses should perform a through log analyses to
determine the reservoir fluid flow properties
of porosity and water saturation
Section 5.2.1 Basic Log Analysis • Well bore corrections, shale corrections,
hydrocarbon and lithology corrections must
be made to compute porosity
• Shaly sand water saturation must also be
used to compute Sw
rock formations.
Example GR Log
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
Other logs that are useful
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
LOGGING SUITE FOR DEVELOPMENT WELLS LOGGING SUITE FOR PRODUCTION WELLS
• For Development wells, it may be possible to • For Production Wells, it is likely that the logging
reduce the costs of the well by reducing the open suite has to be minimize to minimize costs and
hole logging suite improve the profit margin.
Gamma Ray Log (GR) • To get the necessary information from a minimal
Spontaneous potential (SP) logging suite, correlations between logs and cores
Sonic Compressional and shear slowness will have to be developed.
Dual-Induction (Array) Log Gamma Ray (GR)
Neutron (CNL) Spontaneous Potential (SP)
Density Log (FDL) Dual-Induction (Array) Log (DIL)
Sonic Compressional and shear slowness
Steps Required to Analyze Logs in UGRs Steps Required to Analyze Logs in UGRs
• If older logs are available on paper, a • These statistical analyses include:
substantial amount of work is required before Pickett Plot (Rw, m, n)
any reservoir properties can be computed Shale histograms (shale end points)
• For older, paper logs, the steps required to pre- Sand or Limestone histograms to determine clean
process the log data are: zone end points
Digitizing all data,
Depth shifting, Environmental corrections
Environmental corrections, and Linear regression of sonic, density and neutron log
Normalization data with core porosity data when available
• Once all data have been pre-processed and are Linear regression of sonic vs. density and neutron vs.
stored in a digital database, then a series of density log readings
statistical analyses are conducted to quantify
certain parameters
Caliper Log
Steps Required to Analyze Logs in UGRs 001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
formations
Formation Evaluation 5
• 3 main types
6 16 0.2 200
RHOC
10700
1.95 2.95
Bulk density
Sonic (acoustic)
Bulk Density
10900
Log
Bulk Density
DPHI
Log
10800 10800
10900 10900
formation in bursts
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
CNLLC
• Neutrons collide with nuclei of the atoms in the
10700
0.45 -0.15
formation
• Neutrons lose energy (velocity) with each collision
• If a neutron hits a hydrogen atom head on, it will be 10800
10800 10800
Sonic
Log
10900 10900
10800
SPHI
Typical sonic waveform in borehole
10900
φD =
( ρb −ρ ma )
φS =
(Δt−Δtma )
(ρ f −ρ ma ) (Δt f −Δtma )
Formation Evaluation 7
SNC
• Later, the full-wave form acoustic log was 0.2 200
velocity
• With both shear and compressional velocity,
we can compute mechanical properties, to
include the elastic modulus
10900
Resistivity
Log
Empirical constant
(usually near unity) Resistivity of
Rww
aR formation water,
Sw = n
Ω-m
φ
Cementation
Water
saturation,
m
m exponent
fraction
Saturation
exponent
R
Rtt (usually near 2)
R0
Rt
100
IR =
Rock type 2
10
FR
10 Rock type 2
1
.01 .1 1.0
1
.01 .1 1.0 Sw
When water saturation is 100% φ • When φ is constant
S w = ⎜⎜ m w ⎟⎟
6 16 0.2 200
10700
⎝ φ Rt ⎠
log(R t ) = − m log (φ) + log (a R w ) − n log (S w )
10800
10900
log (R t ) = − m log (φ) + log (aR w )
y Slope x Intercept
Formation Evaluation 9
200
1
200
1
63.245553
63.245553
20
20
Apparent Rt
Apparent Rt
Porosity
Porosity
6.324555
6.324555
.1
0.1
0.1
.2
2
Rw = 0.073 Rw = 0.073 .4
0.632456
0.632456
a=1 a=1 .6
m=2 m=2 .8
0.01
0.01
0.2
0.2
0.01
Well: Bonanza 1
0.1 1 10 100 500 Well: Bonanza 1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 500
Zone: 10690.000 - 10980.000 ft Deep Induction VCL < .3 Zone: 10690.000 - 10980.000 ft Deep induction VCL < .3
Date: 27 Apr 1998 @ 11:31 Date: 27 Apr 1998 @ 11:32
Summary
SUMMARY - RESISTIVITY
• The most economic way to evaluate a thick,
• Resistivity important property
layered formation is to run open hole well logs
• Depends on ions in water
and correlate the logs with cores and well
• Water resistivity depends on tests
Concentration
Temperature • For unconventional gas wells, the log readings
Ion species have to be corrected for shale, hydrocarbons,
• Archie’s First Equation relates rock wellbore effects and other factors before one
resistivity to formation water resistivity,Rw has values from logs that can be correlated
• Archie’s Second Equation relates Sw to Rt with cores and well tests.
Summary
• Open hole logs create a continuous record of
how certain fluid flow and mechanical
properties vary with depth
• The logs can be used to identify the contrast
between layers
• Obtaining in-situ data from logs can be
correlated with core data to calibrate the logs