DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL
1 Preliminary Data
i) Height of RW h 5.00 meters
ii) Soil Density γs 18 KN/cum
iii) SBC qo 145 KN/sqm
30 degrees
iv) Angle of repose Ø
0.524 radians
0 degrees
v) Surcharge Angle Ө
0.000 radians
vi) Coefficient of friction µ 0.5
vii) Surcharge Load Ws 5 KN/sqm
2 Pressure Coefficients
Active Pressure Coefficients
i) =(cosӨ-√(cos2Ө-cos2Ø)*cosӨ) / (cosӨ+√(cos2Ө- Ca 0.333
cos2Ø))
Passive Pressure Coefficients
ii) Cp 3.00
= (1+SinØ) / (1+SinØ)
3 Preliminary Dimensions
Proposed Adopted
i) Thickness of Stem ts - 0.45 meters
ii) Thickness of footing base slab tb = 0.08 * (h + hs) 0.40 meters 0.45 meters
Length of base slab L = 1.5 * √(Ca/3) * (h + hs) 2.64 meters
iii) 3.40 meters
or L = 0.6h to 0.65h 3.43 meters
iv) Extra Height of Retaining Wall due to Surcharge hs = W s/γs 0.28 meters
v) Total Height of Retaining Wall due to Surcharge Hs = h+hs 5.28 meters
vi) Extra Height of RW due to inclined back fill hi = (L-ts)* tanӨ 0.00 meters
vii) Total Height of RW due to inclined back fill Hi = h+hi 5.00 meters
viii) Design Height of RW considered H = Max of H1 & H2 5.28 meters
4 Stability against Overturning
i) Active pressure due Surcharge Load Pa1 = Ca*W s*h 8 KN
ii) Active pressure due Backfill Load Pa2 = Ca*γs*h2 / 2 75 KN
iii) Total Load on stem Pa = Pa1 + Pa2 83 KN
iv) Overturning Moment Mo= (Pa1 * h/2) +(( Pa2*CosӨ)* h/3) 146 KNm
v) Load Lever arm from end of stem Moment
W1 Backfill Load = (L-ts)*(h-tb)*γs 242 KN (L-ts) / 2 1.48 meters 356 KNm
W2 Surcharge Load = Ca*Ws*h 8 KN (L-ts) / 2 1.48 meters 12 KNm
W3 Inclined Backfill Load = ((L-ts)*hi)/2*γs 0 KN (L-ts) / 3 0.98 meters 0 KNm
W4 Stem self weight = ts*(h-tb)*γconc 51 KN (L- (ts/2))/2 1.59 meters 81 KNm
W5 Base self weight = L*tb*γconc 38 KN L/2 1.70 meters 65 KNm
W6 Downward component = Pa*sinӨ 0 KN 0 KNm
W6 Other Load 0 KNm
∑W 339 KN ∑Mw 515 KNm
vi) Distance of Resultant Vertical Force from end of heel xw=∑Mw/∑W 1.52 meters
vii) Stabilizing Moment Mr =∑W * (L - xw) 639 KNm
viii) Factor of Safety against OVERTURNING
(FS)OT = 0.9 * (Mr/Mo) 3.94 > 1.4 Safe against Overturning
5 Stability against Sliding
i) Sliding Force Pa*CosӨ 83 KN
ii) Resisting Force F = µ*∑W 170 KN
iii) Factor of Safety against SLIDING
(FS)SL=0.9*(F/(Pa*CosӨ)) 1.83 > 1.4 Safe against Sliding
Shear Key not required
iv) Shear key Design
x 0.00 meters
a) Shear Key Size
y 0.00 meters
b) Distance from stem z 0.00 meters
c) Heigth of exacavation h1 0.00 meters
d) Heigth of exacavation h2 = h1 + y + (z * tanØ) 0.00 meters
e) Passive Pressure Pp = Cp*γs*(h12-h22) / 2 0 KN
v) Revised Factor of Safety against SLIDING
(FS)sliding = 0.9 * ((F+Pp)/(Pa*CosӨ)) 1.83 > 1.4
Safe against Sliding
6 Soil Pressures at footing base
i) Resultant Vertical Reaction ∑W = R 339 KN
ii) Distance of R from heel Lr = (Mw+Mo)/R 1.95 meters
iii) Eccentricity e = Lr- L/2 0.25 meters
Eccentricity lies within middle third of the base hence OK
iv) Pressure Distridution on soil qmax = R/L * (1+(6*e/L)) 143 KN/sqm
qmin = R/L * (1-(6*e/L)) 56 KN/sqm
Max Pressure qmax<SBC hence pressure on base is OK
Pressure at junction of stem and
v) qsh=qmax-((qmax-qmin)/L)*ts) 132 KN/sqm
heel
7 Working Stress Method
Design Constants
i) Grade of concrete 25 MPa
ii) Grade of steel 500 MPa
iii) Compr stress in concrete c 8.5
iv) Tensile stress in steel t 275
v) Modular ratio m = 280/3c 10.98
vi) Neutral axis depth factor k=mc/(mc+t) 0.253
vii) Lever arm j = 1 - k/3 0.916
viii) Factor R= cjk / 2 0.986
Design
i) Stem
a) Force Lever arm from bottom of stem Moment
i) Force due to surcharge = (Ca*Ws*(h-tb) 8 KN/m (h-tb) / 2 2.28 meters 17 KNm
ii) Dorce due to backfill = (Ca*γs*(h-tb)^2/2 62 KN/m (h-tb) / 3 1.52 meters 94 KNm
∑Ws 70 KN/m ∑Ms 111 KNm
iii) Thickness required dreq=√(Ms/(R*b) 0.01 meters
iv) Thickness provided ts 0.45 meters
Thickness of Stem is OK
v) Ast required Ast = M/(t*j*tse) 1135 sqmm
vi) Ast provided 16 mm dia @ 150 mm c/c 1340 sqmm
vii) Percentage of Steel pt = Ast/(b*d) 0.29 %
Steel OK
Shear Force due to surcharge = (Ca*W s*(h-ts-60)) 7 KN
ix)
Shear Force due to backfill = (Ca*γs*(h-ts-60)2/2) 52 KN
x) Shear Stress ζv = SF/ (b*d) 0.15 N/sqmm
xi) Shear Stress Allowable Refer IS-456 2000 Table 23 pg 84 0.32 N/sqmm
i) Base Slab
a) Force
i) Force due to backfill+surcharge = γs*(H2-tb) 86.90
ii) Force due to inclined backfill = γs * hi/2 0.00
iii) Self Weight of base slab = tb *25 11.25
∑Ws 98.15
vi) -33.66
Net upward soil pressure
v) 41.85
Shear Force 13.92
Bending Moment 96.40
vi) Shear Stress = ζv = SF/ (b*d) 0.04 N/sqmm
vii) Shear Stress Allowable 0.18 N/sqmm Refer IS-456 2000 Table 23 pg 84
viii) Thickness required dreq=√(Ms/(R*b) 0.31 meters Thickness of Stem
ix) Thickness provided ts 0.45 meters is OK
x) Ast required Ast = M/(t*j*tse) 982 sqmm
xi) Ast provided 12 mm dia @ 110 mm c/c 1028 sqmm
xii) Percentage of Steel pt = Ast/(b*d) 0.25 %
Steel OK
