Kaysonseducation Metallurgy

Chapter
2 Metallurgy
Day - 1

1. Ores and minerals

Elements are basic units of all types of matter in this universe. Elements are found to occur in nature either
in the free state (native state) or in combined state (ores & minerals).

Elements in nature

Element in free state (Ag, Au, Pt) (If pure Element in combined state
metal in form of lumps. nuggest)

Mineral Ore
Naturally occurring chemical The minerals from which can be
substances in form of which the conveniently & economically
metals occer in earth along with extracted to as ores.
impurities impurities

Important:- All ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores.

Aluminium 8.3

Fe 4.7

Ca 3.6

Na 2.8
Silicon
Silicon Metals
27.7
27.7 Metals K 2.6
Other non-metals
Hydrogen 0.1 Mg 2.0

Phosphorus 0.1 Oxyge Ti 0.4

Oxigen
others < 0.1 n 46.6
46.6 Mn 0.1

Others < 0.1

Percentage distribution (by weight) of the most elements in the earth’s crust.

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1.1 Principal Minerals/Ores of some important metals

S. Metal Minerals Chemical formula

No.
1. Aluminium Bauxite
(sometimes)
Kaolinite (a form of clay) or
2. Iron Haemetite
Magnetite
Siderite
Irom pyrite
3. Copper Copper pyrites
Malachite
Cuprite
Copper glance / Chalcocite
4. Zinc Zinc blend or Sphalerite
Calamine
Zincite
5. Lead Galena
Cerrusite
Anglessite
6. Tin Tinstone or Cassiterite
7. Silver Argentite (Silver glance)
Horn Silver
Pyrargyrite (Ruby Silver)
8. Magnesium Carnalite (in sea water)
Epsomite
Small amount in sea water
Magnesite
Ollvine
Asbestos
Serpentine
In minerals springs

1.2 Extractive Metallurgy

The process of extracting metals from their ores is called Metallurgy. The metallurgy involves following
processes

1. Crushing & grinding of ore Just to broken the lumps of ores.

2. Concentration or benefaction of ore The removal of unwanted earthy and siliceous impurities (gangue
/ matrix) from the ore is ore-dressing or concentration of ore. The process used to concentrate the ore
benefaction process.

3. Extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore.

4. Refining of ore.

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1.3 Concentration of ore

1. Hydraulic washing / Levigation / Gravity Saperation

Method is used when the ore particles are heavier than the earthy or racky particle. The process is
carried out in specially designed tables called Wilgley tables.

Ex:- Oxide ore of Iron (haemelite), tin nature ore of Ag, Au etc.

2. Electromagnetic Saperation

Method is employed when either ore or impurities associated with it are magnetic in nature.

Finely Powdered Ore

Electromagnetic Roller

Chromite , Magnetite and pyrolusite = ore

of Mn] being separated from non-magnetic silicious gangue.

Tinestone / cassiterite an ore of tin being non-magnetic separated from magnetic

impurities like tungstates of iron and Mn.

3. Froth Floatation Method

Used for sulphide ores

Principle

Surface of sulphide ores is preferentially wetted by oil while that of gangue is preferentially
wetted by water.

Wo rking

The crushed ore mixed with water (in form of suspension) in a tank added collectors (pire oil,
xanthats and fatty acids) which enhance the non-wettability of the ore particles and froth-
stabilizers (Ex. Cresol & aniline) which stabilize the froth. The suspension is violently agitated by
the rotating paddle which draws in air causing frothing. During this process, the ore particle
becomes lighter and thus rise to the surface along with froth while gangue particles becomes

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heavier (wetted by water) & thus settle down at the bottom of tank. The froth is skimmed off,
allowed to collapse and finally dried to the concentrated ore.

If the minerals to be concentrated consists of sulphides of two metals, then by adjusting

the proportion of oil: water, it is often possible to separate ore sulphide from the other.

Depressants are used to prevent one type of sulphide ore particle from forming froth
air bubble.

Depressant
On surface of ZnS

On surface of ZnS prevent the ZnS for the froth floatation. Only PbS form froth.

4. Leaching/Hydrometallurgy

Treating the powdered ore with a suitable reagent (eg. Acids bases or other chemicals) which
selectivety dissolve ore form soluble complexes but not impurity.

For:- Ag

or
Sod. Dicyanoargentate (I)

For:- Gold

Pot. Dicyanoargentate (I)

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Self Efforts

1. In the floatation process for the purification of minerals the particles float because
(A) they are light
(B) they are insoluble
(C) their surface is preferentially wetted by oil
(D) they bear an electrostatic charge.
2. Froth floatation process for the concentration of ores is an illustration of the practical application of
(A) Adsorption (B) Absorption
(C) Coagulation (D) Sedimentation.
3. Which method is used for the purification of Bauxite ore ?
(A) Levigation (B) Leaching
(C) Electrolysis (D) Magnetic separation.
4. The process by which lighter earthly particles are freed from the heavier particles by washing with water is called
(A) Benefication (B) Levigation
(C) Leaching (D) None of these.
5. The most abundant element on earth crust is
(A) H2 (B) O2
(C) Si (D) C.
6. Which of the following is not an ore of magnesium ?
(A) Carnalite (B) Dolomite
(C) Gypsum (D) Magnesite.
7. Which of the following metals is obtained by leaching its ore with dilute cyanide solution ?
(A) Silver (B) Titanium
(C) Vanadium (D) Zinc.
8. The natural materials from which an element can be extracted economically are called
(A) Ores (B) Minerals
(C) Gangue (D) None of the above.
9. Malachite is an ore of
(A) Iron (B) Zinc
(C) Copper (D) Mercury
10. Among the following statements the incorrect one is
(A) Calamine and siderite are carbonates
(B) Argentite and cuprite are oxides
(C) Zinc blende and iron pyrites are sulphides
(D) Malachite and azurite are ores of copper.

ANSWERS
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. A
8. A 9. C 10. B

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Day - 2

1. Conversion of ore into their oxides

Calcination

Converting an ore into its oxides by heating it strongly below its m.p. either in absence of
or in limited supply of air.
Benefits of Calcination
1. Moisture is driven out.
2. Volatile impurities such as S, As & P are removed as their volatile oxides formed.
3. Water is removed from hydrated oxide & hydroxide ores.

4. Carbonate ores are converted into their respective oxide by loss of .

Limestone

Dolomite

Malachite

Roasting
Converting an ore into its metallic oxides by heating strongly at temp insufficient to melt in excess
of air (used for sulphide ores).

produced in above reaction used for preparation of

Important Term (i) Flux (ii) Slag

Flux
A substance that chemically combined with gangue which may still be present in the roasted /
calcined ore.
Flux + gangue Slag.
(a) Acidic Flux (for basic impurities)

Fusible slag
(b) Basic Flux (for acidic imp.)

Fusible slag

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1.1 Reduction of Metallic Oxide into Crude Metal

(a) Reduction by displacement:-
Metals precipitated from solution of its ions by the addition of another metal which is more
electropositive (more – volu.)

(b) Reduction by thermal decomposition

Metals which are less electropositive than H , i.e., metals with positive. value; either
occur in free state or form compd which easily decompose on heating to yield the metal.

(c) Reduction by carbon

Pyrometollurgy:- The process of extracting the metal by heating the metal oxide with suitable
reducing agent called Pyrometollurgy.
Smelting:- It is the process of extracting a metal by reduction of its oxide with carbon (in form of
coke, charcoal or CO).
1.2 Ellingham diagram

00 C 4000 C 8000 C 12000 C 12000 C 2000 0 C

273K 273K 273K 273K 273K 273K

Normally consists of plots of for the formation of oxides of elements. Similar can be
constructed for sulphides and halides. Such diagram helps us in predicting the feasibility of
thermal reduction of an ore.
For ex:-
…….(1) (Red)
…….(2) (Oxid)
Reducing agent Carbon, main pole of reducing agent is to provide a large negative to
make the sum of of the above two reduction.
Actually instead of partial oxidation of C CO, complete oxidations of C occur.

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…….(3)
and if, instead of C, CO is used as the reducing agent.
…….(4)
Equation (1) is actually reverse of oxidation.
…….(5)
On subtracting equation (5) from each of (2), (3), (4) we have,
…….(6)
…….(7)
…….(8)
These three equations (6), (7), (8) describe actual reduction of .
The large values can be obtained by subtraction of the corresponding values from the
Ellingham diagram.
At any given temperature, any element (metal) will reduce the oxide of other metals
which lie above it in Ellingham diagram because the free energy change for the combined
redox reactions will be negative by any amount equal to the difference between the free energy of
formation of the two oxides at that temperature.
Create the difference, easier the Reduction.

1.3 Application of Ellingham Diagram

Reduction of the compounds obtained after calcined or roasting (Pyrometallurical process)
In order to extract metals from the ores obtained after calcination or roasting, these are reduced by various
reducing agents.

1.4 (A) Reduction of Metallic oxides:

(i) by Al powder (Gold Schmidt’s Aluminothermie process )

(free Al powder)

(Extraction of Fe and thermite welding process)

1.5 eq. Reduction of Cr2O3 to Cr metal by Al powder

is mixed with requisite amount of Al powder (mixture Called thermite mixture) and is placed in a
large fire clay crucible an intimate of and Mg powder (ignition mixture or ignite) is placed
in a small depression made in thermite mixture. The crucible is surrounded by sand which prevents the loss
of heat by radiation mixture a piece of ribbon is struck into the ignition mixture and the charge is covered
by fluorspar which acts a heat insulator. Now Mg ribbon is produced leading to a violent reaction
between with evolution of large amount of heat.

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Heat in above reaction make and Al powder react together

Molten Cr – Metal formed settles down at the bottom

(Ignition mix)

(Thermite mixture)

Reduction of by Al powder (Alumino – thermic process)

1.6 Thermite welding process

Aluminothermic process has used for joining the broken pieces of iron (welding), discovered by Gold
Schmidt (1905).
In this processes powder (3 : 1 ratio) placed in a funnel shaped crucible lined initially with
magnistite and having a plug hole at its bottom. The thermite mixture covered with Mg powder
(ignition mix) in which piece of Mg ribbon inserted. The end of the iron piece to be welded are thoroughly
cleaned and surrounded by a fire clay mould. When Mg ribbon is ignited, ignition mixture catches fire and
gets reduced to Fe by Al – powder.

(ii) By H2 or water gas (H2 + CO)

Oxides of those metals which are less electropositive than hydrogen can be reduced by H2 when
heated. The oxides of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, Zn and Al cannot be reduced by H2.

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(iii) Reduction CO (Smelting)

The oxides of metals like Zn, Pb, Sn, etc which do not form carbide are reduced by free metal by
heating them with carbon or coal. The metals obtained by this process are within the form of
vapours which are condenser (aq. Zn) or in the metal state (Fe, Sn).

1.7 Self reduction Method

In Copper:-
(in reverbentory furnace)

Flux lined Slag

in furnace

Finally

R.A

Blister copper because aissvlued escapes from cooling metals.

gas bubbles are however entrapped during solidification gives blister
like appearance

In Lead

R.A

In Mercury:-

R.A

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1.8 Electrolytic Reduction Method

The process of obtaining Al by electrolysis of a mixture of purified Alumina and
is half process. Role of cryolite and fluorspar make alumina a
good conductor as well as reduce m.p. of maximum up to 1140K.

or

At Cathode

At Anode

For each kg of Al produced

So anodes have to be replaced from time to time.

Al melt at high temperature1173K. of the tank.
Extraction of copper from low grade ore and

1.9 Continence from Carnelite –

Fusion

At cathode
(Red) light weight one furd electrolyte
usefull by product (Oxidation)

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1.10 Hydrometallurgy
Cyanide Process (Oxidation Reduction Method)
Metal oxidized to which then combine

Soluble complex

The metals are then recovered from these complex by displacement method using a more electropositive Zn
metal

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Self Efforts

1. An ore after levigation is found to have basic impurities. Which of the following can be used as flux during
smelting ?
(A) H2SO4 (B) CaCO3
(C) SiO2 (D) Both CaO and SiO2.
2. The main function of roastion is
(A) to remove the volatile matter (B) to convert the ore into oxide
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) to make slag.
3. The ignition mixture in Alumino-thermite process contains a mixture of
(A) Magnesium powder and BaO2
(B) Magnesium powder, aluminium and BaO2
(C) Magnesium and aluminium powders
(D) Magnesium and aluminium oxide.
4. Flux is used to
(A) Remove all impurities from ores (B) Reduce metal oxide
(C) Remove silica (D) Remove silica and undesirable metal oxide.
5. The common method of extraction of metals from oxide ores is
(A) Reduction with carbon (B) Reduction with hydrogen
(C) Reduction with aluminium (D) Electrolytic method.
6. Hydrogen will not reduce
(A) heated cupric oxide (B) heated ferric oxide
(C) heated stannic oxide (D) heated aluminium oxide.

ANSWERS
1. C 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. D

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Day – 3

1. Refining
Refining is the process of purifying the crude metal.

(i) Distillation process

Employed for purification of volatile metals like:- Zn, Hg, Cd etc.[ Heated in iron retort, vapours
condensed in separate receiver]
(ii) Liquation process
Liquation process is used for purification of such metals as contain impurities which are less fusible than
metals themselves i.e., m. p. of metals < impunities.

Crude metals heated in inert atmosphere of CO on slopping hearth of a reverberatory furnace. Metal melts
and flows down into receiver learning the infusible impurities on hearth. (Example:- Sn, Pb)

(iii) Electrolytic Refining

Cu, Ag, Pb, Ni, Cr, Zn, Al:- Refined by this process

Impure metal form anode, while cathode is made up of a pure metal strip. These electrodes are dipped into
solution of a soluble salt of the metal usually a double salt of the metal. When electric current is passed,
metal ions from electrolyte are deposited at the cathode in the form of pure metal while an equivalent
amount of metal dissolved from the anode and goes into electrolyte solution as metal ions.

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` The voltage applied for electrolysis is such that the impurities of more basic metals (more electron positive
metals) remain in solution as in form of ions. Where as impunities of less basic metals (less electrolyze
metals) settle down under anode as Anode mud or Anode sludge.

Blister Copper

1.1 Zone. Refining

(Fractional Crystallization) Ge, Si, B, Ga, In.
Method is based upon the principle that the impurities are more soluble in the molten state (melt) than in
the solid state of the metal.
1.2 Vapour – Phase Refining
The crude metal is free from impurities by first converting it into a suitable volatile compound by heating it
with a specific reagent at a lower temperature and then decomposing the volatile compound at some higher
temperature to give pure metals.
1.3 Conditions
(a) Metal should form a volatile compound with a suitable reagent.
(b) The volatile compound should easily decomposed so that recovery is easy.

(i) Mond Process

–
Impure Ni
Nickel tetracarbonyl (volatile)

Pure

(ii) Van Arkel Method

Ultra pure metal recover by removing

Impur Zirconium tetraiodide

e

Pure

Impur Pure
e

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1.4 Chromatographic Method

Based on the principle that the different components of a mixture are adsorbed to different extent on an
adsorbent.

Detecter

It is a physical technique consists of two phase:-

(i) Stationary phase (alumina, silica gel)
(ii) Mobile phase (Liquid, gas, supercritical fluid )

This technique is especially suitable for such elements which are available in minute quantities and
impurities are not very much different in chemical properties. [eg. Lanthanoids (rare earth metal) are
purified by this technique using ion – exchange resins as adsorbent]

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Self Efforts

1. One of the following metals forms a volatile compound and this property is taken as advantage for its extraction.
This metal is
(A) Iron (B) Nickel
(C) Cobalt (D) Tungsten.
2. Zone refining process is used for the
(A) Concentration of an ore (B) Reduction of a metal oxide
(C) Purification of metal (D) Purification of an ore.
3. Which metal cannot be obtained by electrolysis?
(A) Ca (B) Mg
(C) Cr (D) Al.
4. The most electropositive metals are isolated from their ores by
(A) High temperature reduction with carbon (B) Thermal decomposition
(C) Electrolysis of fused ionic salts (D) Displacement method.
5. The metal which cannot be obtained by electrolysis of aqueous solution of its salts is
(A) Ag (B) Zn
(C) Cu (D) Al.
6. Vapour phase refining is used for the purification of
(A) Hg (B) Ti
(C) Zn (D) Ni.

ANSWERS
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. B, D

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Day - 4

1. Metallurgy of Iron

(At 500-800K )
(At 500-800K )
(At 500-800K )

Pig Iron
Pig Iron [Fe with 4%C, small amount of S, P, Si, Mn] ⟶ Cast iron ⟶ Wrought iron
[Cast into variety
of shapes]

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1.1 Wrought Iron

Purest form of iron (0.2-0.5% C, trace of P, Si in form of slag)
It is prepared from cast im by oxydising impurities in a reveraberratory furnace lined with haemetite. This
haemetite oxidises C to CO.

Limestone is added as flux and S, Si and P are oxidized and form Slag. The pure metal can be removed by
passing through rollers.

1.2 Metallurgy of Copper

Extraction of copper from cuprous oxide
(a) Roasting

Copper pyrite

Actually ore is heated in a reverbetory furnace after mixing with silica.

In the furnace, iron oxide ‘slag of’ as iron silicate and Cu is produced in the form of copper matte.
This contains mostly Cu2S and few FeS.
Copper metal is than charged into Bessemer converter (silica lined)

Iron Silicate

(Self reduction)

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Blister copper

1.3 Bessemer Converto r

Copper from low-grade ore and escape. ⟶ Process concentration (hydro metallurgy/leaching)

cuprites

Copper recovered from CuSO4 solution by electrolytic refining process or treating it with scrap
iron which is more reactive than Cu.

Electrolytic Refining of Copper

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Self Efforts

1. A basic lining is given to a furnace by using

(A) Calcined dolomite (B) Lime stone
(C) Haematite (D) Silica
2. Froth floatation process may be used to increase the concentration of the mineral in
(A) Chalcopyrites (B) Bauxite
(C) Haematite (D) Calamine.
3. A very high cosmic abundance of Fe is due to
(A) its ferro-magnetic nature (B) its high nuclear binding energy
(C) its high reactivity towards O2 (D) none of these.
4. Silica is added to roasted copper pyrities during smelting in order to remove
(A) cuprous oxide (B) cuprous sulphide
(C) ferrous oxide (D) ferrous sulphide.
5. Direct reduction of Fe2O3 by CO is possible at temperature
(A) less than 1123 K (B) equal to or less than 1123 K
(C) more than 1123 K (D) equal to or more than 1123 K.
6. Direct reduction of Fe2CO3 by carbon is possible at temperature
(A) less than 1123 K (B) more than 1123 K
(C) equal to or less than 1123 K (D) equal to or more than 1123 K.
7. Malachite is basic copper carbonate. The only other element forming basic carbonate ore is
(A) Bi (B) Ba
(C) Mn (D) Mo.
8. Matte in metallurgy is,
(A) artificially produced oxides (B) artificially produced sulphides
(C) natural sulphides (D) None of these.

ANSWERS
1. A 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. B
8. B

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Day – 5

1. Metallurgy of Pb
Concentrated: by froth flotation process.

In actual practice the concentrated sulphide ore is roasted in a reverbetory furnace in a limited supply of air
at modderate temperature.

Self reduction

As impurity flux Sla

g
Sla
g
(CaO ⇒ prevents the format of PbSiO3)

Pb ⟶ Further refined by electrolytic refining process.

1.1 Metallurgy of Zinc

Concentrated ore

Coke, 673
ZnO + C High temp. Zn + CO

Distilled off and collected by rapid chilling

Zn ⟶ further purified by electrolytic refining.

1.2 Metallurgy of Tin (Sn)

Ore ⟶ Cassiterite
(a) Purification
(i) Crushing and concentration – The ore crushed and washed with a stream of running water to
remove the lighter earth and siliceous impurities.
(ii) Electromagnetic separation – To remove magnetic impurities like Fe.
(iii) Leaching – Sulphate of Cu and Fe are dissolved in water.
(iv) Washing – The ore is washed in running water to remove the finer iron oxide produced in
roasting. The ore thus obtained contains 60 – 70 % SnO2 called black tin.

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(b) Roasting
To remove volalite impurities in form of their oxides (S as SO2, As as As2 O3 and Sb as SbO3)

(c) Smelting
The black tin mixed with anthracite coal and heated above 1500K in a reverberatory furnace. CaO
as flux is used as flux in furnace.

Impurity

Flux Gangue Slag

Scap iron
(d) Sn refined by leaching process

1.3 Metallurgy of Mg
(i) From Carnalite – The ore is dehydrated incurrent of HCl and mixture of fused chloride is electrolyseon.
(ii) From Magnesite

(dry)

MgO + C (Other reducing agent like Si, Al, can used) Vaccume
Mg + CO

(iii) From Dolomite

(iv) From Sea water (Dow’s process)

(0.13% Mg as MgCl2 and MgSO4 in volume) following steps are involved.

(a)
Slaked
(b) lime
Concentrated, crystallization given MgCl 2.6H2O.
(c)

(d) Extraction of fused anhydrous MgCl 2

MgCl2 obtained by above method and mixed with NaCl and CaCl 2.

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At Cathode

At Anode

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Self Efforts

1. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the slag obtained during the extraction of a metal like
copper or iron ?
(A) The slag is lighter and has lower melting point than the metal.
(B) The slag is heavier and has lower melting point than the metal.
(C) The slag is lighter and has higher melting point than the metal.
(D) The slag is heavier and has higher melting point than the metal.
2. Common impurities present in bauxite are
(A) CuO (B) ZnO
(C) Fe2O3 (D) SiO2.
3. The major role of fluorspar (CaF2) which is added in small quantities in the electrolytic reduction of alumina
dissolved in fused cryolite (Na3AlF6 ) is
(A) as a catalyst
(B) to make the fused mixture very conducting
(C) to lower the temperature of the melt
(D) to decrease the rate of oxidation of carbon at anode.
4. Which of the following process is used in the extractive metallurgy of magnesium ?
(A) Fused salt electrolysis (B) Self reduction
(C) Aqueous solution electrolysis (D) Thermite reduction.

ANSWERS
1. A 2. C, D 3. B, C 4. A

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DAY – 6

ILLUSTRATIONS
1-Illustration
High purity metal can be obtained by using
(A) thermite process (B) carbon reduction
(C) electrolytic reduction (D) hydrogen reduction.
Hint
Electrolytic reduction process gives metals with highest purity.

2-Illustration
Concentration of pentladite is carried out by using
(A) gravity process (B) froth floation process
(C) electromagnetic process (D) Any of these.
Hint
Pentladite is a sulphide ore of Ni, Fe and Cu. It is concentrated by froth floatation process.

3-Illustration
Dross is
(A) infusible impurity in an easily fusible metal
(B) non-volatile impurity in a volatile metal
(C) non-metallic impurity in a metal
(D) None of these.
Hint
Dross is infusible impurity present in an easily fusible metal.

4-Illustration
Metal not obtained by reduction with carbon is
(A) Fe (B) Zn
(C) Pb (D) Cu.
Hint
Copper can be obtained from its ores by the process of salt reduction.

5-Illustration
Gold can easily dissolve in
(A) conc. HNO3 (B) conc. HCl
(C) KCN(aq) + O2 (D) None of these.
Hint
Gold cannot dissolve in conc. HNO3 and conc. HCl alone. However, gold can easily dissolve in KCN(aq) +
O2 (see comprehensive review for details).

ANSWERS
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. C

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Self Efforts

Assertion and Reasoning

In each of the following questions two statements are given one labeled as the Assertion (A) and the other labeled as
the Reason (R). Examine these statements carefully and mark the correct choice as per following enstructions.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are not true and R is the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is true .
(E) Both A and R are false.

1. Assertion(A) : Silicate minerals are seldom used for the extraction of a metal.
Reason(R) : Silicate minerals are very rare.
2. Assertion(A) : Carbon is not used as a reducing agent for the extraction of group 2 metals.
Reason(R) : Carbon react with group 2 metals to give carbides.
3. Assertion(A) : Al is used as reducing agent in the manufacture of Fe.
Reason(R) : Al can easily extract oxygen from iron oxide.
4. Assertion(A) : Elements Fe, Ni, Co, Pd and Rb are called siderophiles.
Reason(R) : Sideros in Greek means iron.
5. Assertion(A) : Elements O, N and Ar are called atmophiles.
Reason(R) : Atmos in Greek means which cannot be subdivided.
6. Assertion(A) : Nitrate ores are very rare.
Reason(R) : Bond dissociation energy of N2 is very high.

ANSWERS
1. D 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. A

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DAY – 7

Illustrations
1-Illustration
Pick out the correct statement
(A) Inner core of the earth is made up of almost pre solid iron
(B) Inner core of the earth is made up of almost pure molten iron
(C) Inner core of the earth is made up of almost molten rock
(D) Inner core of the earth is made up of almost pure solid iron.
Hint
Inner core of the earth is made up of almost pure solid iron.

2-Illustration
The most abundant metal (by wt.) on earth’s crust is
(A) Na (B) Fe
(C) Al (D) Ca.
Hint
The most abundant metal (by wt.) on earth’s crust is aluminium.

3-Illustration
Carbonate ores are mostly of
(A) group 1 elements (B) group 2 elements
(C) transition elements (D) group 13 elements.
Hint
Carbonate ores are mostly of group 2 elements.

4-Illustration
Artificially produced sulphides during metallurgical operations is known as
(A) Gangue (B) flux
(C) regulus (D) None of these.
Hint
Artificially produced sulphides during metallurgical operations is known as regulus.

5-Illustration
Refractory material of good thermal conductivity is used in
(A) blast furnace (B) muffle furnace
(C) reverberatory furnace (D) open hearth furnace.
Hint
Refractory material of good thermal conductivity is used in a muffle furnace. This because in a muffle
furnace, the substance being heated is not allowed to come in contact with the fuel of the pro ducts of
combustion.

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6-Illustration
Pick out the wrong statement. Roasting is done to
(A) make the ore lumpy (B) make the ore porous
(C) remove volatile impurities (D) reduce the oxide to metal.
Hint
Roasting of ore is done to make the ore lumpy and porous, to remove volatile impurities and to convert
sulphide ores to oxides. Roasting cannot convert oxides into metal.

ANSWERS
1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. D

SELF EFFORTS

1. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists :
List I List II
I. Cyanide process Ultrapure
II. Floatation process Pine oil
III. Electrolytic reduction Extraction of Al
IV. Zone refining Extraction of Au
(A) I-(c), II-(a), III-(d), IV-(b) (B) I-(d), II-(b), III-(c), IV-(a)
(C) I-(c), II-(b), III-(d), IV-(a) (D) I-(d), II-(a), III-(c), IV-(b).

2. Which of the following is/are correct ?

(A) Furnace Δ

(B)

(C)

(D) Δ

3. What happens when malachite, Cu(OH) 2. CuCO3 is heated in a furnace ?

(A) Cupric oxide is formed (B) Cuprous oxide is formed
(C) Carbon dioxide is formed (D) It is dehydrated without decomposition
4. Which of the following element is recovered from the flue dust obtained by smelting of Zn ores ?
(A) Si (B) Pb
(C) Ge (D) Al
5. Which of the following is extracted by pyrometallurgical oxidation process ?
(A) Fe (B) Cu
(C) Ag (D) Cd
6. Which of the following process involve the extraction of copper from malachite process by hydrometallurgy ?
(A)
(B)

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(C)
(D)
7. An acidified solution of titanium salt when treated with hydrogen peroxide orange colour is developed due to the
formation of
(A) H2SO4 (B) TiO2
(C) H2TiO4 (D) Ti.

8. Which of the following processes is/are not used in extraction of magnesium ?

(A) Fused salt electrolysis (B) Aqueous solution of salt electrolysis
(C) Thermite reduction (D) Self reduction.
9. Pick up the correct statements.
(A) Asbestos and willemite are silicate minerals
(B) Anglesite and barites are sulphate minerals
(C) Sylvine and fluorspar are halide minerals
(D) Calamine and calcite are minerals of calcium.
-:Passage:-
A black coloured compound ‘A’ on reaction with dil H 2SO4 form a gas ‘B’ and a solution of compound ‘C’. When
gas ‘B’ is passed through the solution of compound ‘C’, a black coloured compound ‘A’ is obtained which is soluble
in 50% HNO3 and forms blue coloured complex ‘D’ with excess of NH 4OH and chocolate brown ppt. ‘E’ with
K4[Fe(CN)6].
10. ‘A’ is
(A) CuS (B) FeS
(C) PbS (D) HgS
11. ‘B’ and ‘C’ are respectively
(A) H2S, CuSO4 (B) SO2, CuS
(C) NH3, Cu(NO3)2 (D) SO3, HgSO4
12. ‘D’ and ‘E’ are respectively
(A) Cu(OH)2 , Cu4[Fe(CN)6]. (B) [Cu(NH3)2]SO4, Cu3[Fe(CN)6]
(C) [Cu(NH3)4 ](NO3)2, Cu2[Fe(CN)6] (D) [Cu(NH3)6]SO4, Cu2[Fe(CN)6]

ANSWERS
1. B 2. A, B and D 3. A, C 4. C
5. A, B and C 6. A, B and D 7. C 8. B, C and D
9.A, B and C 10. A 11. A 12. C

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