Chapter 12: Physical Properties of Solutions

Chapter 12: Physical Properties of Solutions

1. A saturated solution
A) contains more solute than solvent.
B) contains more solvent than solute.
C) contains equal moles of solute and solvent.
D) contains the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in that solvent at that
temperature.
E) contains a solvent with only sigma bonds and no pi bonds (i.e. only single bonds,
with no double or triple bonds).
Ans: D Category: Easy Section: 12.1

2. Which one of the following would be immiscible with water?

Ans: C
Category: Medium Section: 12.2

3. Heat of solution
A) is never positive (H°soln  0), because the solute-solvent attraction is never weaker
than the combination of the solute-solute attraction and solvent-solvent attraction.
B) is always positive (H°soln > 0), because the solute-solvent attraction is always
weaker than the combination of the solute-solute attraction and solvent-solvent
attraction.
C) is always zero (H°soln = 0), because the solute-solvent attraction is defined as the
average of the solute-solute attraction and solvent-solvent attraction.
D) is always negative (H°soln < 0), because the solute-solvent attraction is always
stronger than the combination of the solute-solute attraction and solvent-solvent
attraction.
E) may be positive, zero, or negative, depending on the relative strength of the solute-
solvent, solute-solute, and solvent-solvent attractive forces.
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 12.1

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4. Which response lists all the following pairs that are miscible liquids.
Pair #1: octane (C8H18) and water
Pair #2: acetic acid (CH3COOH) and water
Pair #3: octane (C8H18) and carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)
A) 1, 3 B) 1, 2 C) 3 D) 2 E) 2, 3
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 12.2

5. In which of the following solvents would you expect KBr to be most soluble?
A) C6H14 (hexane) D) CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride)
B) CH3CH2OH (ethanol) E) C6H12 (cyclohexane)
C) C6H6 (benzene)
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 12.2

6. Which of the following liquids would make a good solvent for iodine, I2?
A) HCl B) H2O C) CH3OH D) NH3 E) CS2
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 12.2

7. Which of the following compounds should be soluble in CCl4?

A) NaCl B) H2O C) NaOH D) C8H18 E) None of these
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 12.2

8. A 9.50 % by mass solution of acetone (C3H6O) in water has a density of 0.9849 g/mL at
20°C. What is the molarity of this solution?
A) 0.621 M B) 1.61 M C) 1.66 M D) 1.71 M E) 16.9 M
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 12.3

9. A 15.00 % by mass solution of lactose (C12H22O11, 342.30 g/mol) in water has a density of
1.0602 g/mL at 20°C. What is the molarity of this solution?
A) 0.03097 M B) 0.4133 M C) 0.4646 M D) 1.590 M E) 3.097 M
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 12.3

10. A 20.0 % by mass solution of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) in water has a density of 1.114
g/mL at 20°C. What is the molarity of this solution?
A) 0.0114 M B) 0.0568 M C) 0.114 M D) 2.27 M E) 11.4 M
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 12.3

11. Which of the following gives the molarity of a 17.0% by mass solution of sodium acetate,
CH3COONa (molar mass = 82.0 g/mol) in water? The density of the solution is 1.09
g/mL.
A) 2.26  10–6 M B) 0.207 M C) 2.07 M D) 2.26 M E) 2.72 M
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 12.3

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12. What is the molarity of a solution of 10% by mass cadmium sulfate, CdSO4 (molar mass
= 208.46 g/mol) by mass? The density of the solution is 1.10 g/mL.
A) 0.528 M B) 0.436 M C) 0.479 M D) 0.048 M E) 22.9 M
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 12.3

13. What is the molarity of a solution that is 7.00% by mass magnesium sulfate and has a
density of 1.071 g/mL?
A) 0.0890 M B) 0.496 M C) 0.543 M D) 0.623 M E) 1.32 M
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 12.3

14. What is the percent CdSO4 by mass in a 1.0 molal aqueous CdSO4 solution?
A) 1.00  10–3 % B) 0.100 % C) 17.2 % D) 20.8 % E) 24.4 %
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 12.3

15. Determine the mass percent HCl in a 1.2 M solution of hydrochloric acid with a density
of 1.019 g/mL?
A) 3.0 % B) 4.3 % C) 8.6 % D) 13% E) 30. %
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 12.3

16. What is the percent CsCl by mass in a 0.711 M CsCl solution that has a density of 1.091
g/mL?
A) 3.87  10–4 % D) 1.10 %
B) 3.87  10 % –1
E) 6.50  10–2 %
C) 11.0 %
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 12.3

17. Calculate the percent by mass of potassium nitrate in a solution made from 45.0 g KNO3
and 295 mL of water. The density of water is 0.997 g/mL.
A) 1.51 % B) 7.57 % C) 13.3 % D) 15.2 % E) None of these
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 12.3

18. How many grams of water are needed to dissolve 27.8 g of ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 in
order to prepare a 0.452 m solution?
A) 769 g B) 36.2 g C) 100. g D) 0.157 g E) 157 g
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 12.3

19. In how many grams of water should 25.31 g of potassium nitrate (KNO3) be dissolved to
prepare a 0.1982 m solution?
A) 250.0 g B) 792.0 g C) 1,000. g D) 1,263 g E) 7,917 g
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 12.3

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20. Calculate the molality of a solution containing 14.3 g of NaCl in 42.2 g of water.
A) 2.45  10–4 m D) 103 m
B) 5.80  10 m –4
E) 5.80 m
C) 2.45  10–1 m
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 12.3

21. What is the molality of a solution that is 3.68 % by mass calcium chloride.
A) 0.0332 m B) 0.332 m C) 0.344 m D) 0.464 m E) 0.506 m
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 12.3

22. What is the mass percent CH3OH of a 0.256 m CH3OH(aq) solution.

A) 0.814 % B) 0.992 % C) 1.23 % D) 1.29 % E) 1.51 %
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 12.3

23. Calculate the molality of a 20.0% by mass ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 solution. The
density of the solution is 1.117 g/mL.
A) 0.150 m B) 1.51 m C) 1.70 m D) 1.89 m E) 2.10 m
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 12.3

24. Calculate the molality of 6.0 M H2SO4 solution. The density of the solution is 1.34 g/mL.
A) 4.48 m B) 7.98 m C) 8.10 m D) 8.43 m E) 10.2 m
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 12.3

25. The density of a 20.3 M CH3OH (methanol) solution is 0.858 g/mL. What is the molality
of this solution? H2O is the solvent.
A) 17.4 m B) 20.8 m C) 23.7 m D) 70.0 m E) 97.6 m
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 12.3

26. Calculate the molality of a 15.0% by mass solution of MgCl2 in H2O. The density of this
solution is 1.127 g/mL.
A) 0.157 m B) 11.8 m C) 1.86 m D) 0.0134 m E) 1.58 m
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 12.3

27. Which of the following has the greater molal concentration (molality)?
A) 1.0 m KNO3 B) 1.0 M KNO3 C) Both have same molality.
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 12.3

28. The solubility of gases in water usually decreases with

A) increasing pressure. B) increasing temperature. C) decreasing temperature.
Ans: B Category: Easy Section: 12.4

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29. Oxygen gas makes up 21 % of the atmosphere by volume. What is the solubility of O2(g)
in water at 25°C if the atmospheric pressure is 741 mmHg? The Henry's law constant for
oxygen gas at 25°C is 1.3  10–3 mol/L·atm.
A) 2.7  10–4 M D) 9.6  10–3 M
B) 1.3  10–3 M E) 0.96 M
C) 6.2  10–3 M
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 12.5

30. The solubility of nitrogen gas at 25°C and a nitrogen pressure of 522 mmHg is 4.7  10–4
mol/L. What is the value of the Henry's Law constant in mol/L·atm?
A) 6.8  10–4 mol/L·atm D) 9.0  10–7 mol/L·atm
B) 4.7  10–4 mol/L·atm E) 1.5  103 mol/L·atm
C) 3.2  10 mol/L·atm
–4

Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 12.5

31. The solubility of oxygen in lakes high in the Rocky Mountains is affected by the altitude.
If the solubility of O2 from the air is 2.67  10–4 M at sea level and 25°C, what is the
solubility of O2 at an elevation of 12,000 ft where the atmospheric pressure is 0.657 atm?
Assume the temperature is 25°C, and that the mole fraction of O2 in air is 0.209 at both
12,000 ft and at sea level.
A) 1.75  10–4 M D) 4.06  10–4 M
B) 2.67  10–4 M E) None of the above.
C) 3.66  10 M –5

Ans: A Category: Difficult Section: 12.5

32. The solubility of CO2 gas in water

A) increases with increasing temperature.
B) decreases with decreasing temperature.
C) decreases with increasing temperature.
D) is not dependent on temperature.
Ans: C Category: Easy Section: 12.4

33. The solubility of CO2 gas in water

A) increases with increasing gas pressure.
B) increases with decreasing gas pressure.
C) decreases with increasing gas pressure.
D) is not dependent on pressure.
Ans: A Category: Easy Section: 12.5

34. At 10C one volume of water dissolves 3.10 volumes of chlorine gas at 1.00 atm
pressure. What is the Henry's Law constant in mol/L·atm?
A) 3.8 B) 0.043 C) 36. D) 3.1 E) 0.13
Ans: E Category: Difficult Section: 12.5

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35. According to Raoult's law, which statement is false?

A) The vapor pressure of a solvent over a solution decreases as its mole fraction
increases.
B) The solubility of a gas increases as the temperature decreases.
C) The vapor pressure of a solvent over a solution is less than that of pure solvent.
D) The greater the pressure of a gas over a solution the greater its solubility.
E) Ionic solutes dissociate in solution causing an enhancement of all colligative
properties.
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 12.6

36. Consider a solution made from a nonvolatile solute and a volatile solvent. Which
statement is true?
A) The vapor pressure of the solution is always greater than the vapor pressure of the
pure solvent.
B) The boiling point of the solution is always greater than the boiling point of the pure
solvent.
C) The freezing point of the solution is always greater than the freezing point of the
pure solvent.
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 12.6

37. The vapor pressure of water at 20°C is 17.5 mmHg. What is the vapor pressure of water
over a solution prepared from 2.00  102 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) and 3.50  102 g water?
A) 0.51 mmHg D) 18.0 mmHg
B) 16.0 mmHg E) 19.4 mmHg
C) 17.0 mmHg
Ans: C Category: Difficult Section: 12.6

38. A solution is 40.0% by volume benzene (C6H6) in carbon tetrachloride at 20°C. The
vapor pressure of pure benzene at this temperature is 74.61 mmHg and its density is
0.87865 g/cm3; the vapor pressure of pure carbon tetrachloride is 91.32 mmHg and its
density is 1.5940 g/cm3. If this solution is ideal, its total vapor pressure at 20°C is
A) 84.64 mmHg D) 81.63 mmHg
B) 84.30 mmHg E) 165.93 mmHg
C) 82.96 mmHg
Ans: B Category: Difficult Section: 12.6

39. A solution of carbon tetrachloride in benzene, C6H6, at 20°C has a total vapor pressure of
78.50 mmHg. (Assume that this solution is ideal.) The vapor pressure of pure benzene at
this temperature is 74.61 mmHg and its density is 0.87865 g/cm3; the vapor pressure of
pure carbon tetrachloride is 91.32 mmHg and its density is 1.5940 g/cm3. What
percentage of the volume of this solution is due to carbon tetrachloride? (Hint: assume
that you have 1.000 L of solution.)
A) 75.2% B) 76.7% C) 14.3% D) 24.8% E) 23.3%
Ans: D Category: Difficult Section: 12.6

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40. A solution of chloroform, CHCl3, and acetone, (CH3)2CO, exhibits a negative deviation
from Raoult's law. This result implies that
A) chloroform-chloroform interactions are stronger than chloroform-acetone
interactions.
B) chloroform-chloroform interactions are weaker than chloroform-acetone
interactions.
C) acetone-acetone interactions are stronger than chloroform-acetone interactions.
D) acetone-acetone interactions are weaker than chloroform-acetone interactions.
E) Both B and D.
F) Both A and C.
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 12.6

41. Dissolving a solute such as KOH in a solvent such as water results in

A) an increase in the melting point of the liquid.
B) a decrease in the boiling point of the liquid.
C) a decrease in the vapor pressure of the liquid.
D) no change in the boiling point of the liquid.
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 12.7

42. What is the freezing point of a solution that contains 10.0 g of glucose (C6H12O6) in 100.
g of H2O? Kf for water is 1.86°C/m.
A) –0.186°C B) +0.186°C C) –0.10°C D) +0.10°C E) –1.03°C
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 12.6

43. Which of the following aqueous solutions has the highest boiling point? Kb for water is
0.52°C/m.
A) 0.2 m KCl D) A and B.
B) 0.2 m Na2SO4 E) B and C.
C) 0.2 m Ca(NO3)2
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 12.7

44. Which of the following aqueous solutions has the highest osmotic pressure at 25°C?
A) 0.2 M KBr B) 0.2 M ethanol C) 0.2 M Na2SO4 D) 0.2 M KCl
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 12.7

45. During osmosis

A) pure solvent diffuses through a membrane but solutes do not.
B) pure solutes diffuse through a membrane but solvent does not.
C) pure solvent and a solution both diffuse at the same time through a membrane.
D) gases diffuse through a membrane into a solution and build up pressure.
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 12.6

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46. Calculate the freezing point of a solution made from 22.0 g of octane (C8H18) dissolved in
148.0 g of benzene. Benzene freezes at 5.50°C and its Kf value is 5.12°C/m.
A) –1.16°C B) 0.98°C C) 6.66°C D) 12.2°C E) 5.49°C
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 12.6

47. What is the freezing point of a solution prepared from 50.0 g ethylene glycol (C2H6O2)
and 85.0 g H2O? Kf of water is 1.86°C/m.
A) 17.6°C B) –176°C C) –1.50°C D) 1.50°C E) –17.6°C
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 12.6

48. A solution that contains 55.0 g of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in 250. g of water freezes at –
2.34°C. Calculate the molar mass (in units of g/mol) of the solute. Kf of water is
1.86°C/m.
A) 1.26 B) 10.9 C) 43.6 D) 175 E) 277
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 12.6

49. What is the molar mass of toluene if 0.85 g of toluene depresses the freezing point of
100. g of benzene by 0.47°C? Kf of benzene is 5.12°C/m.
A) 92.6 g/mol B) 78.0 g/mol C) 10.7 g/mol D) 81.8 g/mol E) 927 g/mol
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 12.6

50. What mass of ethanol, C2H5OH a nonelectrolyte, must be added to 10.0 L of water to give
a solution that freezes at –10.0°C? Assume the density of water is 1.0 g/mL. Kf of water
is 1.86°C/m.
A) 85.7 kg B) 24.8 kg C) 5.38 kg D) 2.48 kg E) 1.17 kg
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 12.6

51. When 24.0 g of glucose (a nonelectrolyte) are dissolved in 500. g of water, the solution
has a freezing point of –0.47°C. What is the molar mass of glucose? Kf of water is
1.86°C/m.
A) 41.9 g B) 47.5 g C) 54.9 g D) 178 g E) 190. g
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 12.6

52. What is the osmotic pressure of a solution that contains 13.7 g of propyl alcohol
(C3H7OH) dissolved in enough water to make 500. mL of solution at 27°C?
A) 0.014 atm B) 0.037 atm C) 0.456 atm D) 0.01 atm E) 11.2 atm
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 12.6

53. What is the freezing point of an aqueous solution of a nonvolatile solute that has a boiling
point of 102.5°C? For water Kf = 1.86°C/m and Kb = 0.52°C/m.
A) –8.94°C B) –366°C C) –0.99°C D) 0.99°C E) 8.94°C
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 12.6

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54. What volume of ethanol (density = 0.7893 g/cm3) should be added to 450. mL of water in
order to have a solution that freezes at –15.0°C? (For water, Kf = 1.86 °C/m.)
A) 371 mL B) 470 mL C) 212 mL D) 132 mL E) 167 mL
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 12.6

55. What volume of water should be added to 600. mL of ethanol in order to have a solution
that boils at 95.0°C? (For ethanol, Kb = 1.22 °C/m, density = 0.789 g/cm3, boiling point =
78.4°C)
A) 186 mL B) 245 mL C) 518 mL D) 116 mL E) 322 mL
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 12.6

56. Pure benzene, C6H6, freezes at 5.5° and boils at 80.1°C. What is the boiling point of a
solution consisting of cyclohexane (C6H12) dissolved in benzene if the freezing point of
this solution is 0.0°C? (For benzene, Kf = 5.12 °C/m, Kb = 2.53 °C/m; for cyclohexane, Kf
= 20.0 °C/m, Kb = 2.79°C/m)
A) 82.8°C B) 91.2°C C) 80.9°C D) 77.4°C E) 83.1°C
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 12.6

57. When 12.1 g of the sugar sucrose (a nonelectrolyte) are dissolved in exactly 800 g of
water, the solution has a freezing point of –0.082°C. What is the molar mass of sucrose?
Kf of water is 1.86°C/m.
A) 426 g B) 99.2 g C) 178 g D) 266 g E) 343 g
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 12.6

58. What is the osmotic pressure of a 0.25 M solution of sucrose at 37°C? (R = 0.0821
Latm/Kmol)
A) 6.6  10–5 atm B) 0.76 atm C) 6.4 atm D) 100 atm E) 940 atm
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 12.6

59. How many grams of sucrose (C12H22O11, 342.3 g/mol) would be needed to make 2.5 L of
a solution with an osmotic pressure of 14 atm at 25°C? (R = 0.0821 Latm/Kmol)
A) 0.57 g B) 6.8 g C) 2.0  102 g D) 4.9  102 g E) 5.8  103 g
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 12.6

60. What is the boiling point of an aqueous solution of a nonelectrolyte that has an osmotic
pressure of 10.50 atm at 25°C? Kb of water is 0.52°C/m. Assume the density of the
solution is the same as that of pure water.
A) 0.22°C B) 0.429°C C) 100.43°C D) 99.78°C E) 100.22°C
Ans: E Category: Difficult Section: 12.6

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61. 0.102 g of an unknown compound dissolved in 100. mL of water has an osmotic pressure
of 28.1 mmHg at 20°C. Calculate the molar mass of the compound.
A) 663 g/mol D) 727 g/mol
B) 0.872 g/mol E) 1.10  102 g/mol
C) 1.15 g/mol
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 12.6

62. An aqueous dextrose solution having a density of 1.04 g/cm3 freezes at –1.15°C. Find the
osmotic pressure of this solution at 25°C. Kf of water is 1.86 °C/m; molecular mass of
dextrose = 180.16 g/mol.
A) 13.8 atm B) 14.1 atm C) 15.1 atm D) 12.9 atm E) 120 atm
Ans: B Category: Difficult Section: 12.6

63. An aqueous fructose solution having a density of 1.049 g/cm3 is found to have an osmotic
pressure of 17.0 atm at 25°C. Find the temperature at which this solution freezes.
[Given: for water Kf = 1.86 °C/m; molecular mass of fructose = 180.16 g/mol]
A) –1.52°C B) –1.30°C C) –1.57°C D) –1.69°C E) –1.41°C
Ans: E Category: Difficult Section: 12.6

64. Consider a 0.90 M Al(NO3)3 solution. This solution has a nitrate ion concentration of
A) 0.30 M B) 0.90 M C) 0.0 M D) 8.1 M E) 2.7 M
Ans: E Category: Easy Section: 12.7

65. What is the approximate Na+ ion concentration in a 0.75 M Na2CO3 solution?
A) 0.375 M B) 0.75 M C) 1.25 M D) 1.50 M E) 2.25 M
Ans: D Category: Easy Section: 12.7

66. Calculate the approximate freezing point of a solution made from 21.0 g NaCl and 1.00 
102 g of H2O. [Kf of water is 1.86°C/m.]
A) 3.59°C B) 6.68°C C) –13.4°C D) –6.68°C E) –3.59°C
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 12.7

67. What is the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared from 13.7 g of the electrolyte HCl
and enough water to make 0.500 L of solution at 18°C?
A) 0.55 atm B) 1.10 atm C) 8.95 atm D) 17.9 atm E) 35.9 atm
Ans: E Category: Difficult Section: 12.7

68. Which of the following aqueous solutions has the lowest freezing point?
A) 0.18 m KCl D) pure water
B) 0.15 m Na2SO4 E) 0.20 m C2H6O2 (ethylene glycol)
C) 0.12 m Ca(NO3)2
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 12.7

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69. Arrange the following aqueous solutions in order of increasing boiling points: 0.050 m
Mg(NO3)2; 0.100 m ethanol; 0.090 m NaCl.
A) Mg(NO3)2 < NaCl < ethanol D) NaCl < ethanol < Mg(NO3)2
B) ethanol < Mg(NO3)2 < NaCl E) Mg(NO3)2 < ethanol < NaCl
C) ethanol < NaCl < Mg(NO3)2
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 12.7

70. The osmotic pressure of a 0.010 M MgSO4 solution at 25°C is 0.318 atm. Calculate i, the
van't Hoff factor, for this MgSO4 solution.
A) 0.013 B) 1.3 C) 1.5 D) 2.0 E) 76.8
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 12.7

71. What is the molarity of a solution that is 5.50 % by mass oxalic acid (C2H2O4) and has a
density of 1.0244 g/mL?
Ans: 0.626 M
Category: Medium Section: 12.3

72. What is the molarity and molality of a solution that is 10.00 % by mass potassium
hydrogen carbonate (KHCO3, 100.11 g/mol) and has a density of 1.0650 g/mL?
Ans: 1.064 M and 1.110 m
Category: Medium Section: 12.3

73. What is the percent by mass of sodium phosphate in a 0.142 M Na3PO4(aq) solution that
has a density of 1.015 g/mL?
Ans: 2.29 %
Category: Medium Section: 12.3

74. What is the molality of a 0.142 M Na3PO4(aq) solution that has a density of 1.015 g/mL?
Ans: 0.143 m
Category: Medium Section: 12.3

75. What is the mole fraction of sodium phosphate in a 0.142 M Na3PO4(aq) solution that has
a density of 1.015 g/mL?
Ans: 0.00257
Category: Medium Section: 12.3

76. Which of the following concentration units will not change with temperature: molarity,
percent mass, mole fraction, and molality.
Ans: Percent mass, mole fraction, and molality will not change with temperature.
Category: Medium Section: 12.3

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77. A solution is prepared by adding 6.24 g of benzene (C6H6, 78.11 g/mol) to 80.74 g of
cyclohexane (C6H12, 84.16 g/mol). Calculate the mole fraction and molality of benzene in
this solution.
Ans: mole fraction = 0.0769; molality = 0.989 m
Category: Medium Section: 12.3

78. A solution is prepared by adding 40.3 g of Mg(NO3)2 to 127 g of water. Calculate the
mole fraction and molality of magnesium nitrate in this solution.
Ans: mole fraction = 0.0371; molality = 2.14 m
Category: Medium Section: 12.3

79. What is the concentration of O2(g) in water at 25°C exposed to a partial pressure of
oxygen of 325 mmHg? The Henry's law constant for oxygen gas at 25°C is 1.3  10–3
mol/L·atm.
Ans: 5.6  10–4 M
Category: Medium Section: 12.3

80. The concentration of nitrogen in water at 25°C was determined to be 7.2  10–6 M.
Calculate the partial pressure of nitrogen at the surface of the water in mmHg. The
Henry's law constant for nitrogen gas at 25°C is 6.8  10–4 mol/L·atm?
Ans: 8.0 mmHg
Category: Medium Section: 12.3

81. How many grams of propanol (C3H7OH, 60.10 g/mol) would be needed to make 750 mL
of a solution with an osmotic pressure of 25 atm at 25°C? (R = 0.0821 Latm/Kmol)
Ans: 46 g
Category: Medium Section: 12.6

82. An organic compound was prepared and purified by chromatography. A conductivity

measurement showed the compound to be a nonelectrolyte. Elemental analysis gave an
empirical formula of CH3O. A 0.127 g sample of the compound was dissolved in water
and diluted to 100.0 mL, and the osmotic pressure of that solution was determined to
0.492 atm at 20°C. Determine the molar mass and molecular formula of the compound.
(R = 0.0821 Latm/Kmol)
Ans: 62.1 g/mol, consistent with C2H6O2
Category: Difficult Section: 12.6

83. How many liters of ethylene glycol antifreeze (C2H6O2) would you add to your car
radiator containing 15.0 L of water if you needed to protect your engine to –17.8°C?
(The density of ethylene glycol is 1.1 g/mL. For water, Kf = 1.86°C/m.)
Ans: 8.1 L
Category: Difficult Section: 12.6

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84. In the course of research, a chemist isolates a new compound with an empirical formula
C3H3O2. Dissolving 2.51 g of the compound in 100. g of water produces a solution with a
freezing point of 0.325C. What is the molecular formula of the compound? (For
water, Kf = 1.86°C/m.)
Ans: C6H6O4
Category: Difficult Section: 12.6

85. Define solvation.

Ans: Solvation is the process in which an ion or a molecule is surrounded by solvent
molecules arranged in a specific manner.
Category: Easy Section: 12.2

86. Automobile radiators usually carry a sticker that indicates that they must contain an
antifreeze solution for proper operation, winter or summer. Why should you not use
ordinary water during the summer?
Ans: The antifreeze will lower the vapor pressure of the fluid or elevate the boiling point
of the radiator solution so that the cooling system of your car will be able to operate
at higher temperatures without generating excessive pressure.
Category: Medium Section: 12.6

87. A 100.-mL sample of water is taken from the Pacific Ocean, and the water is allowed to
evaporate. The salts that remain (mostly NaCl) have a mass of 3.85 g. Calculate the
original concentration of NaCl, in g per liter, in the water sample.
Ans: 38.5 g/L
Category: Easy Section: 12.3

88. A 100. mL sample of water is taken from the Great Salt Lake, and the water is allowed to
evaporate. The salts that remain (mostly NaCl) have a mass of 31.9 g Calculate the
original concentration of NaCl, in g per liter, in each water sample.
Ans: 319 g/L
Category: Easy Section: 12.3

89. The solubility of oxygen in water is about 4.5  10–2 g/L. The water portion of an adult's
total blood supply is about 5 liters. How many grams of oxygen could dissolve in 5 liters
of water?
Ans: 0.2 g
Category: Easy Section: 12.5

90. It has been suggested that gold might be recovered from seawater. If seawater contains
about 4.0  10–9 g/L of dissolved gold, how many liters of seawater would have to be
processed to get 1.00 ounce of gold? (1 oz = 28.4 g)
Ans: 7.1  109 L
Category: Medium Section: 12.3

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91. Explain the following, on the basis of osmosis or osmotic pressure: When sprinkled with
sugar, a dish of sliced fruit will form its own juice.
Ans: The water inside the fruit cells passes through cell membranes, trying to dilute the
sugar on the outside.
Category: Medium Section: 12.6

92. Explain the following, on the basis of osmosis or osmotic pressure: Meat that is salted
before cooking tends to dry out.
Ans: The water passes through the muscle cells to the outside, trying to dilute the salt.
Category: Medium Section: 12.6

93. Explain the following, on the basis of osmosis or osmotic pressure: In trees and plants
water is drawn from the soil up into the branches and leaves.
Ans: The water passes into the cells, which are more concentrated in solutes, and is
drawn up the tree by osmosis.
Category: Medium Section: 12.6

94. Explain the following, on the basis of osmosis or osmotic pressure: An effective way to
kill a snail or slug in your garden is to sprinkle it with salt.
Ans: The water leaves the snails cells to dilute the salt, and the snail becomes dehydrated
and dies.
Category: Medium Section: 12.6

95. Explain the following, on the basis of osmosis or osmotic pressure: Drinking salt water
actually dehydrates our tissues.
Ans: The water passes from cells, trying to dilute the salt water.
Category: Medium Section: 12.6

96. Maple syrup is mostly a solution of sucrose in water. Calculate the molality of the syrup
if a sample freezes at –0.50°C, assuming the solute is pure sucrose. [For water, Kf is
1.86°C/m.]
Ans: 0.27 m
Category: Medium Section: 12.6

97. Calculate the mass of solute in the following solution: 50.0 mL of 0.0300 M C12H22O11.
Ans: 0.513 g
Category: Medium Section: 12.3

98. Thyroxine, an important hormone that controls the rate of metabolism in the body, can be
isolated from the thyroid gland. If 0.455 g of thyroxine is dissolved in 10.0 g of benzene,
the freezing point of the solution is 5.144°C. Pure benzene freezes at 5.444°C and has a
Kf of 5.12°C/m. What is the molar mass of thyroxine?
Ans: 777 g/mol
Category: Difficult Section: 12.6

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99. When 20.0 grams of an unknown compound are dissolved in 500. grams of benzene, the
freezing point of the resulting solution is 3.77°C. The freezing point of pure benzene is
5.444°C, and the Kf for benzene is 5.12°C/m. What is the molar mass of the unknown
compound?
Ans: 120 g/mol
Category: Difficult Section: 12.6

100. The term "proof" is defined as twice the percent by volume of pure ethanol in solution. A
solution that is 95% ethanol is 190 proof. What is the molarity of ethanol in a 92-proof
ethanol/water solution? (Given: density of ethanol = 0.80 g/cm3; density of water = 1.0
g/cm3)
Ans: 8.0 M
Category: Difficult Section: 12.3

101. Some KCl is dissolved in water 25°C, where it completely dissociates. The vapor
pressure of pure water at 25°C is 28.3 mmHg. On the graph below, sketch the vapor
pressure above the salt solution as a function of the mole fraction of H2O, assuming that
Raoult's law is obeyed. Explain how you arrived at your graph.

Ans:
Pure water has a vapor pressure of 28.3 mmHg and pure KCl has a vapor pressure
of zero. Since Raoult's law is obeyed, the line is straight.
Category: Medium Section: 12.6

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102. Some KCl is dissolved in water 25°C, where it completely dissociates. The vapor
pressure of pure water at 25°C is 28.3 mmHg. Estimate the mass in grams of KCl needed
per liter of pure water to reduce the vapor pressure of water at 25°C by 5%.
Ans: 110 g
Category: Difficult Section: 12.6

103. Plasma is the fluid portion of blood. The concentration of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin,
C9H8O4, molar mass = 180. g/mol) in your plasma is found to be 2.99  10–4 M after you
take two tablets of aspirin. If the volume of your plasma is 5.85 L, how many grams of
aspirin are in your blood? (Assume that the density of plasma is 1.00 g/mL.)
Ans: 0.315 g
Category: Medium Section: 12.3

104. Plasma is the fluid portion of blood. The concentration of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin,
C9H8O4, molar mass = 180. g/mol) in your plasma is found to be 2.99  10–4 M after you
take two tablets of aspirin. If the volume of your plasma is 5.85 L, what is the molality,
m, of aspirin in your blood? (Assume density of plasma is 1.00 g/mL.)
Ans: 2.99  10–4 m
Category: Medium Section: 12.3

105. For dilute aqueous solutions, the concentration units molarity and molality have almost
the same values.
Ans: True Category: Medium Section: 12.3

106. To interconvert the concentration units molarity (M) and mass percent, you must also
know the density of the solution.
Ans: True Category: Medium Section: 12.3

107. To interconvert the concentration units molality (m) and mass percent, you must also
know the density of the solution.
Ans: False Category: Medium Section: 12.3

108. The solubility of gases in water always decreases with increasing temperature.
Ans: True Category: Easy Section: 12.4

109. For water Kf = 1.86°C/m. Therefore, the freezing points of 1.0 M aqueous KCl and
C2H5OH (ethanol) solutions are the same.
Ans: False Category: Medium Section: 12.6

110. The solubility of a solid always increases with increasing solvent temperature.
Ans: False Category: Medium Section: 12.4

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