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Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”

Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”

IS 1734-1 to 20 (1983): Methods of test for plywood [CED

20: Wood and other Lignocellulosic products]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”

है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 IS : 1734 (Parts 1 to 20) - 1983
(Reaffirmed 2003)

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
( Second Revision )

UDC 674-419.32

© BIS 2005

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

Price Group 13
 IS : 1734 (Parts 1 to 20) - 1983

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
( Second Revision )
Wood Products Sectional Committee, BDC 20
Chairman
SHRI A. C. SEKHAR
17-1-391/54, Subramanya Nagar,
Saidabad Colony, Hyderabad-500659

Members Representing
DR ARJUN DAS Central Building Research Institute (CSIR), Roorkee
SHRI L. K. AGARWAL ( Alternate )
SHRI P. R. CHANDRASEKHAR Directorate General of Civil Aviation, New Delhi
CHIEF CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS Forest Department, Government of Assam, Dispur
DIRECTOR Indian Plywood Industries Research Institute,
Bangalore
SHRI V. SIVANANDA ( Alternate )
SHRI L. N. DOKANIA Federation of Indian Plywood and Panel Industry,
New Delhi
SHRI M. R. MOYAYED ( Alternate )
SHRI D. P. GHOSH Ministry of Defence (DGI)
SHRI J. K. SINHA ( Alternate )
JOINT DIRECTOR STANDARDS Railway Board (Ministry of Railways)
(CARRIAGE) I
RESEARCH DESIGNS AND
STANDARDS ORGANIZATION,
LUCKNOW ( Alternate )
SHRI A. K. KADERKUTTY The Western India Plywood Ltd, Baliapatam
SHRI U. B. KANCHAN Ministry of Defence (R & D)
SHRI B. B. MEHTA ( Alternate )
SHRI K. S. LAULY Indian Plywood Manufacturing Co Ltd, Bombay
LT-COL G. B. SINGH ( Alternate )
SHRI J. S. MATHARU Directorate General of Technical Development,
New Delhi
SHRI P. V. MEHTA ( Alternate )
SHRI M. R. MOYAYED Plywood Manufacturers’ Association of West Bengal,
Calcutta
SHRI S. K. DUTTA ( Alternate )
DR A. N. NAYER In personal capacity ( C-59 Inderpuri, New Delhi )
DR A. PURUSHOTHAM Indian Academy of Wood Science, Dehra Dun
DR SATISH KUMAR ( Alternate )
( Continued on page 2 )

© BIS 2005
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act (XIV of 1957) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
IS : 1734 (Parts 1 to 20) - 1983
( Continued from page 1 )
Members Representing
SHRI A. K. RAMACHANDRA The South Indian Plywood Manufacturers’
Association, Trivandrum
SHRI S. PARMESWARAN ( Alternate )
DR R. S. RATRA National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
SHRI P. R. RIJHSINGHANI Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters
SHRI D. R. KOHLI ( Alternate )
SHRI S. K. SANGANARIA Assam Plywood Manufacturers’ Association,
Margherita
SHRI S. N. SANYAL Forest Research Institute & Colleges (Timber
Mechanics Branch), Dehra Dun
SECRETARY Indian Tea Association, Calcutta
SHRI SHARAN SINGH Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals,
New Delhi
SUPERINTENDING SURVEYOR OF Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
WORKS (NZ)
SURVEYOR OF WORKS (NZ) ( Alternate )
SHRI H. THOMSON Sitapur Plywood Manufacturers Ltd, Sitapur
SHRI G. RAMAN, Director General, ISI ( Ex-officio Member )
Director (Civ Engg)
Secretary
SHRI VIJAY RAJ
Assistant Director (Civ Engg), ISI

Wood Products Testing Subcommittee, BDC 20 : 7

Members
SHRI G. P. BOSE The Assam Railways and Trading Co Ltd, Margherita
SHRI D. R. TANDON ( Alternate )
DIRECTOR, DIRECTORATE OF Naval Headquarters
NAVAL CONSTRUCTION
WARSHIP PRODUCTION SUPER-
INTENDENT, BOMBAY ( Alternate )
SENIOR OFFICER, WARSHIP
OVERSEAING TEAM, CALCUTTA ( Alternate )
DIRECTOR Indian Plywood Industries Research Institute,
Bangalore
SHRI V. SIVANANDA ( Alternate )
DIRECTOR (TRACK) Railway Board (Ministry of Railways)
JOINT DIRECTOR, CE (T.M.) ( Alternate )
DR R. N. KUMAR The Western India Plywood Ltd, Baliapatam
SHRI T. K. RAJAGOPAL ( Alternate )
SHRI K. S. LAULY South Indian Plywood Manufacturers’ Association,
Trivandrum
SHRI S. PARMESWARAN ( Alternate )
SHRI A. K. RAMACHANDRAN Mafatlal Plywood Industries Ltd, Bangalore
SHRI S. K. RAMAMOORTHY ( Alternate )
D R. S. R
R ATRA National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
SHRI T. R. BHATIA ( Alternate )
S HRI F. C. S HARMA Directorate General of Civil Aviation, New Delhi
SHRI N. K. SHUKLA Forest Research Institute & Colleges (Timber
Mechanics Branch), Dehra Dun
SHRI V. K. GUPTA ( Alternate )
SHRI S. N. TRIPATHI Ministry of Defence (DGI)
SHRI GULAM ALAM ( Alternate )
(ii)
 IS : 1734 (Parts 1 to 20) - 1983
IS : 1734 Methods of test for plywood

Part 1 Determination of density and moisture content ( second revision )

Part 2 Determination of resistance to dry heat ( second revision )
Part 3 Determination of fire resistance ( second revision )
Part 4 Determination of glue shear strength ( second revision )
Part 5 Test for adhesion of plies ( second revision )
Part 6 Determination of water resistance ( second revision )
Part 7 Mycological test ( second revision )
Part 8 Determination of pH value ( second revision )
Part 9 Determination of tensile strength ( second revision )
Part 10 Determination of compressive strength ( second revision )
Part 11 Determination of static bending strength ( second revision )
Part 12 Determination of scarf joint strength ( second revision )
Part 13 Determination of panel shear strength ( second revision )
Part 14 Determination of plate shear strength ( second revision )
Part 15 Central loading of plate test ( second revision )
Part 16 Vibration of plywood plate test ( second revision )
Part 17 Long time loading test of plywood strips ( second revision )
Part 18 Impact resistance test ( second revision )
Part 19 Determination of nails and screw holding power ( second revision )
Part 20 Acidity and alkalinity resistance test ( second revision )

(iii)
 IS : 1734 (Parts 1 to 20) - 1983

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
( Second Revision )
0. F O R E W O R D
0.1 This Indian Standard (Parts 1 to 20) (Second Revision) was
adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 28 November 1983,
after the draft finalized by the Wood Products Sectional Committee
had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 Methods of test for evaluating physical and mechanical properties
of plywood, from the viewpoint of its use as an engineering material,
were first published in 1960. These were revised in 1972, when, for the
sake of convenience and as well as for keeping them up-to-date, these
were published as separate parts of the standard. Besides, a few more
methods were included. As a result of the experience gained by their
usage, over a decade, it was considered necessary to update them. As
such, the second revision has been prepared, wherein, while reviewing
these tests in general, major changes have been effected in tests for
density and moisture content, glue shear strength, compressive
strength, and long time loading test.
0.3 This edition incorporates Amendments issued to various parts,
details of which are indicated in each part as well as in the last cover
page. Side bar indicates modification of the text as the result of
incorporation of these amendments.
0.4 In reporting the results of a test or analysis made in accordance
with this standard, if the final value, observed or calculated, is to be
rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS : 2-1960*.

*Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ).

© BIS 2005
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
 IS : 1734 (Part 1) - 1983

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART I DETERMINATION OF DENSITY AND
MOISTURE CONTENT
( Second Revision )
UDC 674-419.32 : 531.754 + 543.812
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 1) covers the method of test for the determination
of density and moisture content of plywood by oven dry method.
2. OBJECT
2.1 The object of this test is to determine the density of plywood which
is an indicator of the properties of timber species. The determination of
moisture content is necessary since it has a bearing on several
important mechanical properties of plywood.
3. TEST SPECIMEN
3.1 Each test specimen shall be of the full thickness of the material
and 75 mm wide and 150 mm long. Smaller specimens may be used
when deemed necessary. The dimensions of the test specimens shall be
measured to an accuracy of not less than ± 0.3 percent.
4. APPARATUS
4.1 Oven — An oven that can be maintained at a temperature of
103 ± 2°C through the drying chamber for the time required to dry the
specimen to constant mass. It may require forced air circulation to
maintain uniform temperature. Oven shall be vented to allow the
evaporated moisture to escape.
4.2 Balance — A balance to weigh a specimen within ± 0.2 percent.
The accuracy and sensitivity of the weighing balance shall be checked
frequently.
5. PROCEDURE
5.1 The test specimen shall be weighed. The specimen shall then be
dried in an oven at a temperature of 103 ± 2°C until approximately
constant mass is obtained. The specimen shall be weighed to an
accuracy of not less than ± 0.2 percent.

© BIS 1984
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1734 (Part 1) - 1983
6. CALCULATION
6.1 The density shall be calculated as follows:
Mo
Density, in g/cm3 = -----------
Lwt
where
Mo = oven dry mass of specimen in g,
L = length of the specimen in cm,
w = width of the specimen in cm, and
t = thickness of the specimen in cm.
6.2 Moisture Content — The moisture content shall be calculated as
follows:
M1 – Mo
Moisture content, percent = ---------------------- × 100
Mo
where
M1 = initial mass of specimen, and
Mo = oven-dry mass of specimen.
7. PRECAUTIONS
7.1 Care shall be taken to prevent any change in moisture content
between the cutting of the sample and first weighing and also between
the removal from the oven and subsequent weighings. The specimen
may be wrapped in an aluminium foil or polyethylene film to prevent
moisture changes after cutting between consecutive weighings.
NOTE 1 — The moisture content and density, as determined by this method, are the
average values for the entire specimen. In plywood made up of thin veneers, that is,
less than 0.8 mm in thickness, the glue may constitute a significant part of the total
mass and as a result the calculated density and moisture content may vary
substantially from the true values for the veneers. In some instances, it may be
desirable to take this into account.
NOTE 2 — The density so obtained is based on the volume at test and mass when
oven-dry. If desired, the density may be obtained on an oven-dry mass and volume
basis. In each instance, the basis of the density value with respect to volume and
moisture conditions shall be stated.

8. REPORT
8.1 The density and moisture content of the specimen shall be
reported.

2
 IS : 1734 (Part 2) - 1983

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART 2 DETERMINATION OF RESISTANCE TO
DRY HEAT

( Second Revision )
UDC 674-419.32 : 620.193.5
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 2) covers the method of test for the
determination of resistance of plywood to dry heat.
2. OBJECT
2.1 This test is intended to evaluate the resistance of plywood to
delemination in storage under dry heat conditions.
3. TEST SPECIMEN
3.1 Each test specimen shall be of the full thickness of the material
and approximately 225 × 100 mm.
4. PROCEDURE
4.1 The test specimens shall be dried in an oven maintained at a
temperature of 103 ± 2°C for a period of 3 hours for boards up to 8 mm
in thickness. Boards over 8 mm in thickness shall be dried for
additional half-an hour for every additional 1.5 mm thickness. The test
specimens shall then be allowed to cool to room temperature and then
examined for signs of delamination at the edges of the veneers or
formation of blisters. The test specimens shall also be tested by
forcibly separating the veneers.
5. INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS
5.1 The test specimens shall be considered to have failed if they show
positive signs of delamination, that is, delamination not less than
6.5 mm in depth and not less than 50 mm in length or fail entirely in the
glue line on forcible separation of the veneers. The test specimens shall
also be considered to have failed if blisters appear on the surface.

© BIS 1984
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
 IS : 1734 (Part 3) - 1983
Edition 3.2
(1999-01)

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART 3 DETERMINATION OF FIRE RESISTANCE

( Second Revision )
(Incorporating Amendment Nos. 1 & 2)
UDC 674-419.32 : 620.193.5
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 3) covers the method of test for the
determination of fire resistance of plywood.
2. OBJECT
2.1 The following three fire resistance tests are intended to evaluate
the efficacy of the fire-proofing treatments accorded to plywood:
a) Flammability test,
b) Flame penetration test, and
c) Rate of burning test.
3. FLAMMABILITY TEST
3.1 Test Specimen — Each test specimen shall be of the full
thickness of the material and approximately 125 × 125 mm. The
specimen shall be preconditioned to a constant mass at a relative
humidity of 65 ± 5 percent and at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C.
3.2 Procedure — The test specimens are held vertical 15 mm apart,
one specimen being held 40 mm higher than the other ( see Fig. 1 ). An
ordinary bunsen burner having 3 mm bore is fixed horizontally so that
the flame plays against the lower end of the inner face of the lower
specimen. The axis of the burner is centrally disposed 22 mm above the
lower edge of the lower specimen, the end of the burner being 12 mm
away from the face of this specimen. Coal gas or LPG is fed to the
burner resulting in a blue flame which when unobstructed is 50 mm
long. The flame ignites the face of the lower specimen which in turn
ignites the opposite face of the higher specimen. The time taken for the

© BIS 2005
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1734 (Part 3) - 1983
higher specimen to be ignited after the ignition of the lower specimen is
recorded. This ignition is usually very distinct and capable of being
timed to a few seconds.
NOTE — The specimen is deemed to be ignited if the burning is uninterrupted for not
less than 50 seconds.

4. FLAME PENETRATION TEST

4.1 Test Specimen — Dimensions and details of the test specimen
shall be the same as for the flammability test ( see 3.1 ).
4.2 Procedure — The test specimen is held horizontally 50 mm above
the nozzle of a blow-pipe flame ( see Fig.2 ). The test specimen is rotated
in a horizontal plane at 75 rev/min in such a way that the centre of the
flame describes a circle of 25 mm diameter. The time taken for the
flame to penetrate the thickness of the plywood is recorded.
5. RATE OF BURNING TEST
5.1 Test Specimen — Each test specimen shall be of the full
thickness of the material and approximately 100 × 12.5 mm. The
specimen shall be preconditioned to a constant mass at a relative
humidity of 65 ± 5 percent and at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C.
5.2 Procedure — The test specimen is suspended in a fire tube and
adjusted at a height of 30 mm from the flame of the burner ( see Fig. 3 ).
The test specimen is ignited by a blue flame and time taken for each 10
percent loss in mass is recorded. The time taken from 30 to 70 percent
loss in mass is taken for the purpose of comparison.
6. INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS
6.1 The test panel shall be rated on the basis of combined test result of
all the three tests keeping in view the end use of the plywood.

2
 IS : 1734 (Part 3) - 1983

FIG. 1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR FLAMMABILITY TEST

3
IS : 1734 (Part 3) - 1983

FIG. 2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR FLAME PENETRATION TEST

FIG. 3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR RATE OF BURNING TEST

4
 IS : 1734 (Part 4) - 1983
Edition 3.3
(2005-08)

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART 4 DETERMINATION OF GLUE SHEAR STRENGTH

( Second Revision )
(Incorporating Amendment Nos. 1, 2 & 3)
UDC 674-419.32 : 668.3 : 620.176.2

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 4) covers the method of test for the determina-
tion of glue shear strength of plywood.

2. OBJECT
2.1 This test is intended to estimate the tenacity with which the
bonding material holds the veneers together.

3. TEST SPECIMEN
3.1 At least six specimens for each pair of glue lines shall be cut from
the panel from different locations.
3.2 The test pieces from 3-ply plywood shall be prepared by making
saw cuts ( see Fig. 1 ). When the number of plies exceeds three,
specimens shall be prepared to test all pairs of glue lines. Each test
specimen shall be cut so that the grain direction of the ply between the
glue lines under test is perpendicular to the length of the test
specimen. Method of preparation of specimens for 7-ply plywood is
shown in Fig. 1. The test specimens shall be prepared and saw cuts
made to allow the examination of each and every pair of glue lines in
the panel.

© BIS 2005
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1734 (Part 4) - 1983

All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 1 TEST SPECIMEN FOR GLUE ADHESION TEST

4
 IS : 1734 (Part 4) - 1983
4. PROCEDURE
4.1 Each test specimen shall be gripped symmetrically at two ends in
the jaws of a suitable testing machine, and shall be pulled apart. The
distance between the notches on the test specimen and the end of the
gripping jaws of the testing machine shall be between 10 mm and
20 mm. The pull should be, as far as possible, in the centre line of the
central veneer. The grain of the centre ply shall be perpendicular to
the direction of application of load. Measure the width of each
specimen and distance between the notches to nearest 0.025 cm to
determine the shear area.
4.2 During the test, the load shall be applied to the test specimens as
uniformly as possible, and so adjusted as to increase at a rate lying in
the range of 1 300 ± 500 N/min.
4.3 The maximum load at the time of complete failure of each
specimen shall be recorded. Record shall also be made as to failure
whether in wood or in glue by visual examination of the area under
shear. In case of wood failure the percentage wood failure shall also be
recorded.
NOTE — In case of dispute, measurement of wood failure shall be done with the help
of a graphical mesh of area 25 × 25 mm printed on a transparent material placed on
the sheared surface, the wood failure may be objectively and quantitatively
estimated.
4.4 Clause deleted
5. REPORT
5.1 Failing load and percentage of wood failure of the tested specimens
for each pair of glue lines determined in accordance with 4 shall be
straight averaged and compare with values given in appropriate
Indian Standard specification for plywood.
5.1.1 All the details shall be recorded under the following sub-heads:
a) Name of the manufacturer/source from whom the plywood is
procured,
b) Type and grade of plywood,
c) Construction of plywood in terms of the ratio of thickness of
individual plies,
d) Species of individual plies,
e) Adhesive used,

3
IS : 1734 (Part 4) - 1983

f) End use of plywood,

g) Specimen No./Reference,
h) Area of cross section of bonding surface under shear,
j) Average load for each and every pair of glue lines, and
k) Average percentage of wood failure for each and every pair of
glue lines.

4
 IS : 1734 (Part 5) - 1983

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART 5 TEST FOR ADHESION OF PLIES

( Second Revision )
UDC 674-419.32 : 620.179.4

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 5) covers test for adhesion of plies.
2. OBJECT
2.1 This test is intended to estimate the tenacity with which the
bonding material holds the adjacent plies together.
3. TEST SPECIMEN
3.1 The test specimen shall be of the full thickness of the material and
at least 250 × 250 mm. The specimen shall be preconditioned to a
contant mass at a relative humidity of 65 ± 5 percent and at a
temperature of 27 ± 2°C.
4. APPARATUS
4.1 The type of knife required to be used in the test is given in Fig. 1. It
may be made from a file. The cutting edge should be kept chiselsharp.
4.2 The test shall be carried out on a stout table to which is screwed a
wooden batten against which the edge of the test piece is placed as
indicated in Fig. 2.
5. PROCEDURE
5.1 The knife is inserted with its cutting edge parallel to the grain of the
outer veneer and worked into, or if possible, along a glue line and the
veneer is prised upward. A hard and dense species of plywood requires
considerable force to effect entry and to prise the veneer. In a soft
timber, the knife tends to follow an easy course through the wood in this
case it is essential that the knife be firmly guided along the glue line.
© BIS 1984
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1734 (Part 5) - 1983
5.2 Examples of cases when the bond just passes the requirements are
indicated in Fig. 3 and this is judged by the relative amounts of wood
fibre left on the core veneer, and the area prised off. The grading is
assessed chiefly on the appearance of the break, but it is a concomitant
requirement that force shall be needed to effect separation.
5.3 The bond is excellent, when it is difficult to find the glue line and
impossible to keep the tool within it for more than 3 to 6 mm without
cutting into adjacent wood. On prising upwards, the veneer usually
breaks off over a width only slightly greater than that of the tool.
Examples of excellent bond are illustrated in Fig. 4.
5.4 The bond is poor, when the knife meets little opposition in the glue
line and the prise results in the easy removal of almost all the veneers
from one side of the test piece. The separated veneers are usually almost
free from adherent fibre. Examples of poor bond are illustrated in Fig. 5.
NOTE — Interpretation of knife test results requires experience which can be
obtained with practice and a little help.

6. REPORTING OF TEST RESULTS

6.1 The results shall be reported as ‘minimum pass’, ‘excellent’, ‘poor’
( see Fig. 3, 4 and 5 ). All the details shall be recorded under the
following sub-heads:
a) Name of the manufacturer/source from whom the plywood is
procured,
b) Type and grade of plywood,
c) Construction of plywood in terms of the ratio of thickness of
individual plies,
d) Species of individual plies,
e) Adhesive used,
f) End use of plywood,
g) Specimen No./reference, and
h) Result — minimum pass/excellent/poor.

2
 .‘
3

IS : 1734 (Part 5) - 1983

FIG. 1 KNIFE FOR TESTING PLYWOOD FOR ADHESION OF PLIES
IS : 1734 (Part 5) - 1983

FIG. 2 METHOD OF TESTING FOR ADHESION

FIG. 3 EXAMPLE OF ‘MINIMUM PASS’ STANDARD

4
 IS : 1734 (Part 5) - 1983

FIG. 4 EXAMPLES OF ‘EXCELLENT’ ADHESION

5
IS : 1734 (Part 5) - 1983

FIG. 5 EXAMPLES OF ‘POOR’ ADHESION

6
 IS : 1734 (Part 6) - 1983
Edition 3.2
(2005-01)

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART 6 DETERMINATION OF WATER RESISTANCE

( Second Revision )
(Incorporating Amendment Nos. 1 & 2)
UDC 674-419.32 : 620.193.19
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 6) covers the methods of test for the determi-
nation of water resistance of plywood.
2. OBJECT
2.1 This test is primarily intended to determine the acceptability or
otherwise of plywood panel where it is subjected to alternate drying
and wetting or high humidity.
3. SPECIMEN
3.1 Specimen for Glue Shear Strength
Dimensions and details of the test specimen shall be same as given in
3 of IS : 1734 (Part 4)-1983
3.2 Specimen for Adhesion of Plies
From each board at least 4 test specimens each approximately
250 mm × 250 mm shall be cut from different positions in the board
such that the grain of the face veneer is parallel to the length of the
piece.
4. PROCEDURE
4.1 Clause deleted.
4.2 For the boiling water immersion tests, these specimens shall be
kept submerged in a pan of boiling water for a period as specified for
the particular grade of the plywood, for example, 72 hours for BWP

© BIS 2005
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1734 (Part 6) - 1983
and 8 hours for BWR. However, for moisture resistance test
(applicable to MR grade of plywood), the specimen shall be kept
immersed in warm water at 60 ± 2°C for a period of 3 hours. These test
pieces shall then be removed from the water and cooled down to room
temperature by plunging them in cold water. These wet pieces while
still in wet condition shall be tested for ‘glue shear strength’ and/or
‘adhesion of plies’ according to methods laid down in IS : 1734
(Part 4)-1983* and IS : 1734 (Part 5)-1983† respectively.
5. REPORT
5.1 All the details shall be recorded and reported as required in
IS : 1734 (Part 4)-1983* and/or IS : 1734 (Part 5)-1983†.
5.2 Visual examination shall also be made before carrying out ‘glue
shear strength’ and/or ‘adhesion of plies’ for any delamination, blister
formation, etc.
5.3 The plywood when tested as above shall comply with the standard
specified for its end use.

*Methods of test for plywood: Part 4 Determination of glue shear strength ( second
revision ).
†Methods of test for plywood: Part 5 Test for adhesion of plies ( second revision ).

2
 IS : 1734 (Part 7) - 1983
Edition 3.1
(2004-12)

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART 7 MYCOLOGICAL TEST

( Second Revision )
(Incorporating Amendment No. 1)
UDC 674-419.32 : 620.193.81
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 7) covers the mycological test for plywood.

2. OBJECT
2.1 This test is intended to evaluate the resistance of glue line
(adhesive) to attack by micro-organisms. It is not a test of the
durability of the species from which the plywood is manufactured.

3. TEST SPECIMEN
3.1 Dimensions and details of the test specimen shall be the same as
required under 3 of IS : 1734 (Part 4)-1983*.

4. PROCEDURE
4.1 A flat rectangular dish of enamelled iron, glass or porcelain (such
as a photographic developing dish), of a minimum depth of 50 mm,
shall be filled to a depth of about 25 mm with a layer of sawdust
obtained from the sapwood of a perishable timber, like semul ( Bombax
ceiba ) in its natural condition. The sawdust shall have previously been
moistened with water containing 15 g of sucrose (normally sugar may
be used; but if unavailable, 30 g of commercial malt extract may be
substituted) to a litre of water so that it is saturated with moisture,

*Methods of test for plywood: Part 4 Determination of glue shear strength ( second
revision ).

© BIS 2005
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1734 (Part 7) - 1983
but not so wet that free water is squeezed out of it by hand pressure.
To attain this condition with dry sawdust, it is usually necessary to
add three times its mass of water.
4.2 The saw dust shall then be charged with the spores of the
commonly occurring mould fungi like Aspergillus niger (Black mould),
Aspergillus sp. (Yellow mould), Pencillium sp. (Green or blue mould)
and loosely compacted. The test specimens shall be pressed down into
it so that their upper surfaces are in level with the top of the sawdust
layer.
4.3 The dish shall then be covered with a sheet of glass and the edges
of the dish sealed against the glass with modelling clay or a similar
suitable material so that the atmosphere round the test specimens
shall remain saturated with water vapour.
4.4 The dish and the contents shall be maintained at a temperature of
27 ± 2°C for a period of three weeks, after which the test pieces shall be
removed, washed in water at room temperature, and whilst still water-
soaked, shall be tested at room temperature for glue shear strength as
laid down in IS : 1734 (Part 4)-1983* for compliance to the minimum
requirement laid down in the relevant Indian Standard specification
for plywood.
5. REPORT
5.1 All the details shall be recorded and reported as required in
IS : 1734 (Part 4)-1983*.

*Methods of test for plywood: Part 4 Determination of glue shear strength ( second
revision ).

2
 IS : 1734 (Part 8) - 1983

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART 8 DETERMINATION OF pH VALUE

( Second Revision )
UDC 674-419.32 : 543-257.1

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 8) covers the method of test for the
determination of pH value.
2. OBJECT
2.1 This test is intended to evaluate the resistance of plywood to
deterioration upon normal ageing as the flexural, impact and shear
strength values of plywood may be affected by the pH value of the glue
used in the panels.
3. PREPARATION OF SPECIMEN AND TEST PROCEDURE
3.1 A sufficient portion of the wood adjacent to the glue line of the
plywood panel is ground in a mill to pass 425-µm IS Sieve. One gram of
the powder, accurately weighed, shall be placed in a clean vial or a small
heat resistant flask and 5 ml of freshly boiled, cooled distilled water
shall be added and thoroughly stirred. The glass container shall be kept
stoppered throughout the test except when pH determinations are being
made. The mixture shall be allowed to stand for 72 hours at 27 ± 2°C
after which time the mixture shall be stirred and the pH value
determined by a suitable pH meter. The determination of pH value shall
be repeated at intervals of 24 hours until difference between the
consecutive readings is not more than 0.05 pH units; the last reading
taken shall be regarded as the equilibrium pH value for the specimen.
NOTE — Alternatively pH be measured by MpH value as wood exerts buffering
action. This may be done by adding the wood powder to various solutions containing
free hydrogen ions and measuring the pH; where there is no pH change it is the
correct value of the wood. One gram of wood adjacent to the glue line is ground to fine
sawdust and suspended in 5 ml of hydrochloric acid of pH 4. The same is done to the
veneers where the pH of the plywood is lower than that of the veneers.

© BIS 1984
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1734 (Part 8) - 1983
4 REPORT
4.1 The pH value determined shall be reported. All the details shall be
recorded under the following sub-heads:
a) Name of the manufacturer/source from whom the plywood is
procured,
b) Type and grade of plywood,
c) Construction of plywood in terms of the ratio of thickness of
individual plies,
d) Species of individual plies,
e) Adhesive used,
f) End use of plywood,
g) Specimen No./reference, and
h) pH value.

2
 IS : 1734 (Part 9) - 1983

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART 9 DETERMINATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH

( Second Revision )
UDC 674-419.32 : 620.172

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 9) covers the method of test for the determina-
tion of tensile strength.
2. OBJECT
2.1 This test is intended to evaluate the ultimate tensile strength of
plywood.
3. TEST SPECIMEN
3.1 For the tensile strength test, specimens of Types A, B, C, D or E as
illustrated in Fig. 1 are particularly recommended, but specimens of
any other types that give equally satisfactory results may be used. The
grain direction of the face plies shall be parallel or perpendicular to the
length of the test specimen. The specimen shall be preconditioned to a
constant mass at a relative humidity of 65 ± 5 percent and at a
temperature of 27 ± 2°C.
3.2 When the evaluation of elastic properties as well as ultimate
tensile strength is required, the size and shape of the test specimen
shall be selected from Types A, B and C. The basis for selection shall
be the grain angle and the thickness of the material. If the grain of the
individual plies makes an angle of other than 0° or 90°, with the length
of the specimen, Type C shall be used regardless of the thickness of the
material. For grain angles individual ply of 0° or 90°, Type A shall be
used for material over 6 mm in thickness and Type B for material
6 mm or less in thickness. The specimen shall have a thickness equal
to that of the material and the thickness and the width of each
specimen at the critical section shall also be measured to an accuracy
of not less than ± 0.3 percent.

© BIS 1984
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1734 (Part 9) - 1983
3.3 When the evaluation of the ultimate tensile strength only is
required specimens of Types D and E may be used. Type D is designed
for specimens greater than 6 mm in thickness, and Type E for
specimens 6 mm or less in thickness. Measurements of each specimen
shall be made to an accuracy of not less than ± 0.3 percent.
3.4 The test specimens shall be properly shaped, using a template in
conjunction with a vertical-spindle woodworking shaper or any other
method that will give equally satisfactory results.
4. PROCEDURE
4.1 The load shall be applied continuously throughout the test at a
rate of traverse of the movable head of 1 mm/min. The specimen shall
be held in wedge-type self-tightening and self-aligning grips.
4.2 Data for load-deformation curves may be taken to determine the
modulus of elasticity and the tensile stress at proportional limit.
Increments of load shall be chosen so that not less than 12 and
preferably 15 or more readings of load and deformation are taken to
the proportional limit. The deformation measuring apparatus shall be
attached at the central portion of the length of the specimen at the
central portion of constant cross section. Deformation readings shall be
taken to the nearest 0.002 mm.
5. REPORT
5.1 Maximum tensile stress, the modulus of elasticity and the tensile
stress at proportional limit, if required, shall be reported. The
moisture content of the specimen and its temperature at the time of
test shall be recorded.
5.1.1 The details shall be recorded under the following sub-heads:
a) Name of the manufacturer/source from whom the plywood is
procured;
b) Type and grade of plywood;
c) Construction of plywood in terms of the ratio of thickness of
individual plies;
d) Species of individual plies;
e) Adhesive used;
f) End use of plywood;
g) Specimen No./reference and name of test;
h) Area of cross section;

2
 IS : 1734 (Part 9) - 1983

j) Gauge length;
k) Rate of loading;
m) Maximum load;
n) Moisture content, percent; and
p) Room temperature.
5.1.2 In addition, the following properties may also be recorded:
a) Load at proportional limit;
b) Deformation (elongation) at proportional limit;
c) Maximum tensile stress;
d) Modulus of elasticity;
e) Tensile stress at proportional limit; and
f) Density at the above moisture content (if determined otherwise).

All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 1 DETAILS OF PLYWOOD TENSILE TEST SPECIMENS — Contd

3
IS : 1734 (Part 9) - 1983

All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 1 DETAILS OF PLYWOOD TENSILE TEST SPECIMENS

4
 IS : 1734 (Part 10) - 1983

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART 10 DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

( Second Revision )
UDC 674-419.32 : 620.173

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 10) covers the method of test for the determi-
nation of compressive strength.
2. OBJECT
2.1 This test is intended to evaluate the compressive strength at
elastic limit as well as maximum compressive strength of plywood.
3. TEST SPECIMEN
3.1 The test specimen shall be rectangular. The thickness, width and
length of each specimen shall be measured to an accuracy of not less
than ± 0.3 percent. The grain direction of the face plies may be parallel
or perpendicular to the length of the test specimen. The specimen shall
be conditioned to a constant mass at a relative humidity of 65 ± 5 per-
cent and at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C.
3.2 When tests to evaluate both elastic and maximum compressive
strength properties are required ( see 4.1.1 ), the size of the specimen
shall be as follows:
a) For material over 6 mm in thickness, the specimen shall have a
thickness equal to the material and the width shall be a
minimum of 25 mm but not less than the thickness. The length
shall be not greater than seven times the least cross-sectional
dimension.
b) For material 6 mm or less in thickness, the specimen shall have a
thickness equal to that of the material and shall be 25 mm wide.
The length shall be 10 cm. Such specimen shall be supported
laterally throughout the test.

© BIS 1984
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1734 (Part 10) - 1983
3.3 When tests to evaluate maximum compressive strength alone are
required ( see 4.1.2 ) plywood specimens of 10 cm length shall be glued
together such that the total thickness is equal to the width and lies
between 20 mm and 40 mm.
3.4 Care shall be taken in preparing the test specimen to make the end
surfaces smooth and parallel to each other and at right angles to the
length.
4. TYPES OF TEST
4.1 The two types of compressive strength tests are as follows:
a) Method A, providing lateral support of the specimen when
needed. This shall be used when tests to evaluate both elastic and
maximum compressive strength properties are required; and
b) Method B may be used when tests to evaluate maximum com-
pressive strength only are required.
4.1.1 Method A — for Evaluation of Both Maximum Compressive
Strength and Elastic Properties
4.1.1.1 Test specimens 6 mm or less in thickness intended for use in
obtaining load deformation data shall be supported laterally to prevent
buckling during the test, but undue pressure shall not be exerted
against the sides of the specimen. This support shall not measurably
restrain the normal compressive deformation under load.
4.1.1.2 Procedure — The load shall be applied through a spherical
bearing block preferably of the suspended, self-aligning type. The load
shall be applied with a continuous motion of the movable head to maxi-
mum load at a rate of 0.003 cm/cm length of the specimen per minute
within a permissible variation of ± 25 percent. Data for load-deforma-
tion curves may be taken to determine the modulus of elasticity and
the proportional limit. Increments of load shall be chosen so that not
less than 12, but preferably 15 or more, readings of load and
deformation are taken to the proportional limit. The deformation shall
be read to the nearest 0.002 mm. Compressometers shall be attached
over the central portion of the length of the specimen and the points of
attachment shall be not less than 18 mm from the specimen ends.
4.1.2 Method B — for Evaluation of Maximum Compressive Strength
Only — Specimens shall be held together by suitable supports, and the
load shall be applied through a spherical bearing block of self-aligning
type with a continuous rate of cross-head movement of 0.5 mm per
minute till a failure is indicated. Maximum crushing stress shall be
calculated and reported with reference to the grain of the face veneer.

2
 IS : 1734 (Part 10) - 1983
5. REPORT
5.1 Maximum crushing stress, modulus of elasticity and crushing
stress at elastic limit, if required, shall be reported with reference to
the grain of the face veneer. Moisture content and temperature at the
time of test shall also be reported.
5.1.1 The details shall be recorded under the following sub-heads:
a) Name of the manufacturer/source from whom the plywood is
procured;
b) Type and grade of plywood;
c) Construction of plywood in terms of the ratio of thickness of
individual plies;
d) Species of individual plies;
e) Adhesive used;
f) End use of plywood;
g) Specimen No./reference;
h) Area of cross section;
j) Gauge length;
k) Rate of loading;
m) Maximum load;
n) Moisture content, percent; and
p) Room temperature.
5.1.2 In addition, the following properties may also be recorded:
a) Load at proportional limit;
b) Deformation (elongation) at proportional limit;
c) Maximum compressive stress;
d) Modulus of elasticity;
e) Compressive stress at proportional limit; and
f) Density at the above moisture content, if determined otherwise.

3
 IS : 1734 (Part 11) - 1983

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART 11 DETERMINATION OF STATIC BENDING
STRENGTH

( Second Revision )
UDC 674-419.32 : 620.174

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 11) covers the method of test for the determi-
nation of static bending strength of plywood as determined by central
loading method and two-point load method.

2. CENTRAL LOADING METHOD

2.1 Object — This test is intended to determine the strength
(modulus of rupture), stiffness (modulus of elasticity × moment of
inertia) and other properties related to flexural stress and is applicable
to material that is uniform with respect to elastic and strength
properties. Total deflection and modulus of elasticity computed from it,
include a relatively constant component attributable to shear
deformation. It is well suited to investigations of many variables that
influence properties uniformly throughout the panel in controlled
studies and to test small, defect-free specimens cut from large panels.
2.2 Test Specimen — The test specimen for plywood shall be rectan-
gular. The depth of the specimen shall be equal to the thickness of
material and the width shall be 2.5 cm for depths less than 6 mm and 5
cm for greater depths. When the grain direction of the face plies is
parallel to the span, the length of the specimen shall be 48 times the
depth plus 5 cm; when the grain direction of the face is perpendicular
to the span, the length of the specimen shall be 24 times the depth plus
5 cm. The specimen shall be preconditioned to a constant mass at a
relative humidity of 65 ± 5 percent and at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C.
The width and depth of each specimen shall be measured to an
accuracy of not less than ± 0.3 percent.

© BIS 1984
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1734 (Part 11) - 1983
2.3 Procedure
2.3.1 Span — The span shall be 48 times the nominal depth when the
grain direction of the face plies of the test specimen is parallel to the
span and 24 times the nominal depth when the grain direction of the
face plies is perpendicular to the span.
2.3.2 The load shall be applied through an appropriate loading block
for centre loading with a continuous motion of the movable head
throughout the test till a failure is indicated. The rate of application of
load shall be such that the unit rate of fibre strain is equal to 0.001 5
cm/cm of outer fibre length per minute within a permissible variation
of ± 25 percent. The rate of motion of moving head may be calculated
as follows:
2
zL
N = ----------
6d
where
N = rate of motion of moving head in cm/min,
z = unit rate of fibre strain in cm/cm of outer fibre length per
minute = 0.001 5,
L = span in cm, and
d = depth of beam in cm.
2.4 Report — Data for load deflection curves may be taken to deter-
mine the various characteristics using the formulae given below.
Deflection readings shall be recorded to the nearest 0.02 mm.
Increments of load shall be so chosen that not less than 12 and
preferably 15 or more readings of load and deflection are taken to the
proportional limit. The moisture content of the specimen and the
temperature at the time of test shall be recorded:
3PL
a) Fibre stress at proportional limit, N/mm2 = ---------------2
2 bh
3 P′L
b) Modulus of rupture, N/mm2 = ---------------2
2 bh
3
PL -
c) Modulus of elasticity, N/mm2 = ------------------
3
4 bh ∆
CA P ∆
d) Work to proportional limit, N mm/mm3 = ------------- = -----------------
L bh 2 Lbh

2
 IS : 1734 (Part 11) - 1983

CA′
e) Work to maximum load, N mm/mm3 = -------------
L bh
CA″
f) Total work, N mm/mm3 = -------------
L bh
3
g) Stiffness (EI) N mm2 L P-
= -----------
48 ∆
where
P = load in N at proportional limit;
L = span in mm;
b = width of the specimen in mm;
h = thickness of the specimen in mm;
P' = maximum load in N;
∆ = deflection at proportional limit in mm;
C = area constant, that is, the energy represented by one
square mm which is equal to load in N represented by one
mm ordinate multiplied by deflection in mm represented
by one mm abscissa;
A = area in mm2 of load deflection curve to proportional limit;
A' = area in mm2 up to maximum load; and
A'' = area in mm2 up to final reading.
2.4.1 All the details shall be recorded under the sub-heads indicated
below:
a) Name of the manufacturer/source from whom the plywood is
procured;
b) Type and Grade of plywood;
c) Construction of plywood in terms of the ratio of thickness of
individual plies;
d) Species of individual plies;
e) Adhesive used;
f) End use of plywood;
g) Specimen No./reference and name of test;
h) Length, width, thickness and mass;
j) Span;
k) Rate of loading;
m) Load at proportional limit;
n) Maximum load;

3
IS : 1734 (Part 11) - 1983

p) Deformation at proportional limit;

q) Flexural stress at proportional limit;
r) Modulus of rupture;
s) Modulus of elasticity;
t) Work to proportional limit;
u) Work to maximum load;
v) Total work;
w) Moisture content, percent; and
y) Density at the moisture content given in (w), if determined
otherwise.
3. TWO-POINT LOADING
3.1 Object — This method, like method described in 2, is suited to the
investigations of factors that influence strength and elastic properties
uniformly throughout the panel in controlled studies and testing small
clear and defect-free control specimens cut from large panels. This may
be used to determine the effects of finger joints, veneer joints and gaps
and other features which can be placed entirely between the load
points and whose effects can be projected readily to full panel width.
Deflection and modulus of elasticity obtained from this method are
related to flexural stress only and do not contain a shear component.
Significant errors in modulus of rupture can occur where nominal
moment is used.
3.2 Test Specimen — The test specimen shall be rectangular in
cross-section. The length shall exceed by 5 cm the span ( see 3.2.2 ) on
which it is to be tested. The depth of the specimen shall be equal to the
thickness of the plywood, and the width shall be 25 mm for thickness
less than 6 mm and 50 mm for thickness 6 mm and above. The
specimen shall be conditioned to a constant mass at a relative
humidity of 65 ± 5 percent and at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C. This
specimen thickness shall be measured at mid-span at two points near
each edge and the average recorded. Measurement shall be taken to
the nearest 0.02 mm or 0.3 percent. Width shall be measured at
mid-span to the nearest 0.3 percent.
3.2.1 When needed for interpretation of test results thickness of each
ply shall be measured nearest to 0.02 mm at mid-span at each edge
and the average shall be recorded.
3.2.2 Span — Span-depth ratio has relatively little influence on the
results of tests using two-point loading and the method measuring
deformation described for it in this standard. However, it is important
that the distance between load point and adjacent support be sufficient
to prevent rolling shear failures.

4
 IS : 1734 (Part 11) - 1983
3.2.2.1 Specimen tested for stiffness only shall have a span at least 48
times the nominal thickness if face grain is parallel to span and 24
times the nominal thickness if face grain is perpendicular to span.
3.2.2.2 It is recommended that two-point loading tests to failure be
made on a span at least equal to the spacing between load points plus
48 times the specimen thickness or 24 times the specimen thickness
for face grain parallel or perpendicular respectively. Material having
high rolling shear strength or having all its grain parallel to span may
use closer spacing between loads and supports.
3.3 Procedure — The ends of a small flexure specimen shall be
supported on special reaction bearings which, in turn, rest on the table
of a conventional testing machine. Two equal loads shall be applied to
the specimen equidistant from the supports by cylindrical surfaces
having a radius of curvature of at least one-and-a-half times the
specimen thickness wherever it may contact the specimen. The axes of
these surfaces shall remain parallel and at least one of them shall be
free to turn about its axis or be loaded through rollers to prevent the
application of friction forces to the surfaces of the specimen.
Construction of a satisfactory loading head is shown in Fig. 1. The
pivot point which equalizes the two loads shall be located near the
original neutral axis of the specimen, thus subjecting the middle half
of the specimen to conditions of nearly pure movement.
Load point shall be spaced sufficiently to provide a deflection which
can be adequately measured. A spacing of at least 24 and 12 times
specimen thickness is recommended for specimen with face grain
parallel and perpendicular to span respectively. The sum of two loads
shall be measured to an accuracy of at least 1 percent of indicated
value or 0.4 percent of full scale whichever is larger.
3.4 Speed of Test — Load shall be applied at a continuous rate of
motion of the load points with respect to the supports within a
permissible range of 25 percent of the rate determined by the following
formula:
Za
N = ------- ( 3 L – 4a )
3d
where
N = rate of motion in cm/min,
Z = unit rate of fibre strain in (cm/cm)/min,
a = distance from support to adjacent load in cm,
d = depth of beam in cm, and
L = span in cm.

5
IS : 1734 (Part 11) - 1983
3.5 Measurement and Deflection — Deflection on mid-span with
respect to a line between two points equidistant from mid-span and
just inside the two loading points shall be measured to an accuracy of
at least 1.5 percent of total deflection, if tested for stiffness only, or 1.5
percent of deflection at approximate proportional limit. All the three
points shall lie on the longitudinal axis of the specimen. Deflection
shall be measured with a dial gauge or transducer. A typical
equipment of the transducer type is illustrated in Fig. 1.
A dial gauge could replace the transducer for manual reading. If
individual gauge readings are taken, at least 12 and preferably 15 or
more load and deflection readings shall be taken below approximate
proportional limit or for determining specimen stiffness.
3.6 Report and Calculation — Modulus of rupture and stiffness
shall be calculated by the following formula:
Notations other than those given below shall have the same
meaning as given in 2.4.
3P ( L – L 1 )
Modulus of rupture (M of R) = ---------------------------------------, or
2
2 bh
P ( L – L1 ) c
= ----------------------------------------
-
4I
where
L1 = span between load points in mm,
c = distance from neutral axis to extreme fibre in mm,
I = moment of inertia in mm4, and
P = maximum load in N.
2
3P ( L – L 1 ) L 2
Modulus of elasticity, N/mm2 = ---------------------------------------------------
-
3
8 bh ∆
2
( L – L1 ) L 2
Stiffness (EI) = ------------------------------------------ × P
----
32 S
where
L2 = span between deflection measurement points in mm, and
S = deflection of mid-span relative to ends of span L2 in mm.

6
7

IS : 1734 (Part 11) - 1983

FIG. 1 TWO-POINT LOAD TEST FOR SMALL PLYWOOD FLEXURE SPECIMENS
 IS : 1734 (Part 12) - 1983

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART 12 DETERMINATION OF SCARF JOINT STRENGTH

( Second Revision )
UDC 674-419.32 : 674.028.11 : 620.17

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 12) covers the method of test for the
determination of scarf joint strength of plywood.
2. OBJECT
2.1 The two tests, namely, mandrel test and tensile strength test, are
prescribed to evaluate the strength of a scarf joint.
3. MANDREL TEST (BENDING TEST FOR SCARF JOINT FOR
PLYWOOD UP TO 3 mm IN THICKNESS)
3.1 Test Specimen — Each test specimen shall be approximately
38 × 2.5 cm and shall be cut in a direction at right angles to the line of
the scarf with the scarf approximately in the centre of the specimen.
The test specimen shall be preconditioned to a constant mass at a
relative humidity of 65 ± 5 percent and at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C.
3.2 Procedure — Test specimens are bent round a mandrel of a
diameter 200 times the thickness of plywood, in such a way that the
scarf is within the fully bent position and then examined for signs of
delamination or damage at the scarf joint.
Test specimens are then broken on a mandrel of smaller diameter
and distribution of adherent fibres examined and expressed as a
percentage of the whole area. The test shall be repeated with a
specimen of the same dimension but without the scarf joint.
NOTE 1 — A number of mandrels of progressively smaller diameters are to be tried
till the specimen breaks.
NOTE 2 — For aircraft plywood the mandrel test is employed as a quality control test.
In this case the diameter of the mandrel is only 100 times that of the thickness of

© BIS 1984
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1734 (Part 12) - 1983
plywood and the test is employed up to 5 mm thickness. Breakages or fractures of
more than 20 percent of all the specimens tested shall be considered as the cause for
the rejection of the whole lot.
3.3 Report — The percentage of wood failure for each test specimen
shall be reported.
3.3.1 The ratio of percentages of wood failure in the case of two types of
test specimens, namely, one with scarf joint and the other without
scarf joint shall also be reported.
4. TENSILE STRENGTH TEST OF THE SCARF JOINT (ALSO
KNOWN AS LONGITUDINAL TEST) (FOR PLYWOOD ABOVE
3 mm IN THICKNESS)
4.1 Test Specimen — Dimensions and details of the test specimens
shall be the same as for mandrel test ( see 3.1 ) except that the scarf
joint is exactly centrally disposed in a direction at right angles to the
length of the test specimen.
4.2 Procedure — The test specimens shall be tested in the same
manner as for the determination of tensile strength of plywood
[ see IS : 1734 (Part 9)-1983* ]. The test shall be repeated with a
specimen of the same dimensions but without the scarf joint.
4.3 Report — The load taken by both the test specimens shall be
reported separately together with the ratio of the loads of the piece
with the scarf joint to that without the scarf joint. The location of the
failure and the percentage of wood failure on the joints shall also be
reported. All the details shall be recorded under the following sub-
heads:
a) Name of the manufacturer/source from whom the plywood is
procured;
b) Type and grade of plywood;
c) Construction of plywood in terms of the ratio of thickness of
individual plies;
d) Species of individual plies;
e) Adhesive used;
f ) End use of plywood;
g) Specimen No./reference;
h) Thickness of specimen;

*Methods of test for plywood : Part 9 Determination of tensile strength ( second

revision ).

2
 IS : 1734 (Part 12) - 1983

j) Diameter of standard mandrel;

k) Visual examination of the specimen when bent round the
standard mandrel;
m) Diameter of the mandrel on which the specimen breaks;
n) Percentage of wood failure:
1) with scarf joint,
2) without scarf joint, and
3) ratio of above; and
p) Load taken by the specimen:
1) with scarf joint,
2) without scarf joint, and
3) ratio of above; and
q) Location of failure.

3
 IS : 1734 (Part 13) - 1983

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART 13 DETERMINATION OF PANEL SHEAR STRENGTH

( Second Revision )
UDC 674-419.32 : 620.176.2

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 13) covers the method of test for the determi-
nation of panel shear strength.
2. OBJECT
2.1 This test is intended to evaluate the panel shear strength of the
plywood.
3. METHOD A
3.1 Test Specimen — The grain direction of the individual plies shall
be at an angle of 0° or 90° with the edges of the panel. The dimensions
of the test specimen ( see Fig. 1 ) shall conform to the sizes prescribed
in Table 1 for the respective thickness of plywood used. The size and
thickness of reinforcing wooden blocks shall also conform to the values
prescribed in Table 1. The thickness, width and length of each
specimen shall be measured to an accuracy of not less than ± 0.3
percent. The specimen shall be preconditioned to a constant mass at a
relative humidity of 65 ± 5 percent and at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C.
3.2 Procedure
3.2.1 Size and Location of Pins — The sizes and location of the pins
used to load the panel shall be as prescribed in Table 1. Care shall be
taken in drilling the holes to make the surfaces smooth and the axes
perpendicular to the plane of the plywood.
3.2.2 Pins and Rollers — The pins shall be of a quality equal to that of
steel having a yield point of approximately 686 N/mm2 and an
ultimate tensile strength of approximately 862 N/mm2. The rollers
shall be the ball or roller bearing type of standard bearing sizes with
an inside diameter approximately 0.025 mm larger than the pin
© BIS 1984
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1734 (Part 13) - 1983
diameter. Where necessary, a sleeve bushing shall be pressed, into the
bearing to achieve this tolerance. For pin diameters in excess of 8-mm
double-row ball bearings or roller bearings of equivalent strength shall
be used. The outside bearing diameter shall be equal to that prescribed
in Table 1.
3.2.3 Loading Procedure — The load shall be applied by special steel
loading blocks which articulate with the rollers and pins attached to
the test specimen. The angle between faces of the loading block shall
be 90° and between each face and the base shall be 45°. A spherical
bearing block, preferably of the suspended self-aligning type, shall be
employed in the loading system. The load shall be applied continuously
throughout the test with a uniform motion of the movable head of the
testing machine equal to 0.005 cm/cm length of diagonal per minute
within a permissible variation of ± 25 percent until the maximum load
is reached.
3.2.4 Moisture and Density — After the test, a section shall be cut out
of the panel and used to determine the moisture content and density of
the specimen.
3 3 Calculation — The panel shear stress on the plywood panel shall
be calculated as follows:
0.707 P
Panel shear stress in N/mm2 = --------------------
-
Lt
where
P = total applied load in N,
L = side of square panel specimen in mm ( see Fig. 1 ), and
t = thickness of specimen in mm ( see Fig 1 ).

4. METHOD B
4.1 Test Specimen — The dimensions of the test specimen shall be as
shown in Fig. 2. The size and thickness of the reinforcing blocks shall
be as indicated. A jig for accurate location of the pads shall be used.
Material up to 1.25 cm in thickness requiring a total load of less than
44 kN may be tested by this method. The thickness of the specimen
shall be measured to an accuracy of not less than ± 0.3 percent. The
material shall be conditioned prior to gluing on the pads and then
conditioned again before testing. In general, the tests shall be made
with the face grain of the material parallel or perpendicular to the
sides of the loading rig. Tests may also be made with the grain inclined
to the sides.

2
 IS : 1734 (Part 13) - 1983
4.2 Procedure — The load shall be applied by compression across a
diagonal. The movement of the cross-head of the testing machine shall
be continuous at the rate of 2.0 mm/min ± 25 percent. A suitable test
apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. Shear stress calculations, moisture
content and density determinations shall be made as described in
Method A (3).
4.3 Report — The panel shear stress, the moisture content and
density of each specimen shall be reported. All the details shall be
recorded under the following sub-heads:
a) Name of the manufacturer/source from whom the plywood is
procured;
b) Type and grade of plywood;
c) Construction of plywood in terms of the ratio of the thickness of
individual plies;
d) Species of individual plies;
e) Adhesive used;
f ) End use of plywood;
g) Specimen No./reference;
h) Size of the specimen:
1) Thickness, and
2) Average side of the square panel;
j) Rate of loading;
k) Maximum load;
m) Panel shear stress;
n) Moisture content, percent; and
p) Density.

3
IS : 1734 (Part 13) - 1983

FIG. 1 TEST SPECIMEN AND APPARATUS FOR PANEL SHEAR TEST

All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 2 ALTERNATE TEST SPECIMEN AND ARRANGEMENT FOR
PANEL SHEAR TEST

4
 TABLE 1 DIMENSIONS OF PLYWOOD PANEL SHEAR SPECIMENS
( Clauses 3.1, 3.2.1, and 3.2.2, and Fig. 1 )
All dimensions in millimetres.
PLYWOOD MAXIMUM MINIMUM MINIMUM DIAMETER DIAMETER DIAMETER INNER EDGE END OF BLOCK
THICKNESS ALLOWABLE BLOCK BLOCK OF PINS OF PIN OF ROLLERS OF BLOCK TO CENTRE
PANEL SIZE WIDTH THICKNESS d HOLE D TO CENTRE LINE OF PIN
(BETWEEN W t LINE OF PIN HOLE
BLOCKS) HOLE b
a
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Group I Woods ( High Density Species )
1.27 to 2.54 25.40 25.40 6.35 6.35 6.35 32 6.35 9.52
2.54 to 5.08 50.80 25.40 9.52 9.94 9.92 30 7.94 13.50
5.08 to 7.62 76.20 38.10 14.29 14.90 15.08 35 11.91 13.50
7.62 to 10.16 101.60 50.80 19.05 19.90 20.24 47 15.87 17.46
5

10.16 to 12.70 127.00 63.50 23.81 24.90 25.00 62 19.84 23.81

12.70 to 15.24 152.40 76.20 28.57 30.00 30.16 72 23.81 27.00
Group II Woods ( Medium Density Species )
1.27 to 2.54 25.40 25.40 4.76 6.35 6.35 22 6.35 9.52

IS : 1734 (Part 13) - 1983

2.54 to 5.08 25.40 25.40 7.94 9.94 9.92 30 7.94 13.50
5.08 to 7.62 76.20 31.75 14.29 13.20 13.49 35 11.91 3.50
7.62 to 10.16 101.60 44.45 17.46 19.90 20.24 47 15.87 17.46
10.16 to 12.70 127.00 57.15 22.22 22.22 22.62 62 19.84 23.81
12.70 to 15.24 152.40 63.50 25.40 30.00 30.16 72 23.81 27.00
Group III Woods ( Low Density Species )
1.27 to 2.54 25.40 19.05 4.76 6.35 6.35 22 6.35 9.52
2.54 to 5.08 50.80 25.40 7.94 7.94 7.92 26 7.94 10.32
5.08 to 7.62 76.20 31.75 11.11 11.11 11.11 32 11.91 11.91
7.62 to 10.16 101.60 38.10 14.29 14.29 15.08 35 15.87 12.70
10.16 to 12.70 127.00 50.80 17.46 17.46 20.24 47 19.84 13.50
12.70 to 15.24 152.40 63.50 22.22 22.22 22.62 62 23.81 19.84
 IS : 1734 (Part 14) - 1983

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART 14 DETERMINATION OF PLATE SHEAR STRENGTH

( Second Revision )
UDC 674-419.32 : 620.176.2

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 14) covers the methods of tests for the determi-
nation of plate shear strength.
2. OBJECT
2.1 This test is intended to evaluate the shearing modulus of elasticity
of plywood.
3. TEST SPECIMEN
3.1 The grain direction of the individual plies shall be parallel or
perpendicular to the edges of the test specimen ( see Note ). The test
specimen shall be square with the thickness equal to the thickness of
the material and the length and width not less than 25 nor more than
40 times the thickness. The specimen shall be preconditioned to a con-
stant mass at relative humidity of 65 ± 5 percent and at a tempera-
ture of 27 ± 2°C. The thickness, length and width of each specimen
shall be measured to an accuracy of not less than ± 0.3 percent. Care
shall be taken to avoid obtaining test specimens with initial curvature.
NOTE — This method of test is primarily designed for material in which the grain of
the individual plies or laminations is parallel or perpendicular to the edge of the
specimen. It may be used, however, for specimens in which the grain is at 45° to the
specimen edges if a four-ply panel with the plies of the same thickness is used. The
controlling condition is that the value of EI (modulus of elasticity × moment of
inertia) along both diagonals shall be equal.
4. PROCEDURE
4.1 Loading — The test specimen shall be supported on rounded
supports having a radius of curvature not greater than 6 mm on the
opposite ends of a plate diagonal, and loaded in a similar manner on
the opposite ends of the other diagonal. In order that the loads may be

© BIS 1984
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1734 (Part 14) - 1983
applied at the corners, metal plates shall first be attached as shown in
Fig. 1. The loading and supporting frame shall be rigid. The load shall
be applied with a continuous and uniform motion of the movable head
at a rate of 0.003 times the length of the plate in cm expressed in
cm/min within a permissible variation of ± 25 percent.

FIG. 1 METHOD OF MAKING PLATE SHEAR STRENGTH TEST

4.2 Deformation Measurements — The deformation shall be

measured to the nearest 0.02 mm at two points on each diagonal
equidistant from the centre of the plate. These measurements shall
preferably be made at the quarter points of the diagonals, and if points
other than these are chosen, care shall be taken to avoid locations near
the plate corners to avoid the load and reaction effects. The plate shall
not be stressed beyond its elastic range, and increments of load shall
be chosen so that not less than 12 and preferably 15 load deformation
readings are taken. To eliminate the effects of slight initial curvature
two sets of data shall be obtained, the second set with the panel
rotated 90° about an axis through the centre of the plate and
perpendicular to the plane of the plies. The two results shall be
averaged to obtain the shear modulus for the plate.
4.3 After the test, a section shall be cut out of the plate and used to
determine the moisture content and density of the specimen.

2
 IS : 1734 (Part 14) - 1983
5. CALCULATIONS
5.1 The shearing modulus of elasticity shall be calculated as follows:
2
3u P
Shearing modulus, G, N/mm2 = ------------------
-
3
2 h w
where
u = distance from the centre of the plate to the point where
the deflection is measured in mm,
P = load applied to each corner in N,
h = thickness of the plate in mm, and
w = deflection relative to the centre in mm.
NOTE — The average value of P and w are generally taken from the slope of a plotted
load-deflection curve.

6. REPORT
6.1 The shearing modulus of elasticity, the moisture content and
density of each specimen shall be reported. All the details shall be
recorded under the following sub-heads:
a) Name of the manufacturer/source from whom the plywood is
procured;
b) Type and grade of plywood;
c) Construction of plywood in terms of the ratio of thickness of
individual plies;
d) Species of individual plies;
e) Adhesive used;
f ) End use of plywood;
g) Specimen No./reference;
h) Size of the specimen;
j) Rate of loading;
k) Average distance from the centre to the point where the
deflection is taken ( u );
m) Average value of load/deflection ( P/w ) taken from the slope of
the load-deflection curve;
n) Shear modulus of elasticity;
p) Moisture content, percent; and
q) Density, if calculated otherwise.

3
 IS : 1734 (Part 15) - 1983

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART 15 CENTRAL LOADING OF PLATE TEST

( Second Revision )
UDC 674-419.32 : 620.178.3

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 15) covers central loading of plate test for
plywood.
2. OBJECT
2.1 This test is intended to make a comparative estimate of flexural
rigidity (stiffness) of a plywood plate.
3. TEST SPECIMEN
3.1 The test specimen shall be of a square shape with side not less than
25 times, and not more than 40 times the thickness. The grain direction
of face ply shall be parallel to the edge. The thickness ( h ) and the sides
( a ) shall be measured to an accuracy up to 0.1 mm. The test specimen
shall be conditioned to a constant mass in a humidity chamber
maintained at a relative humidity of 65 ± 5 percent and at a temperature
of 27 ± 2°C. The mass may be determined to an accuracy of 0.01 g.
4. PROCEDURE
4.1 Loading — The specimen shall be held in a frame shown in Fig.
1A and 1B. This frame shall then be supported horizontally on 4
pillars at its corners. The load shall be applied vertically at the centre
on the top of plywood plate by means of a hemispherical steel ball of
diameter 10 times the thickness of plywood. Load shall be applied
continuously and uniformly at a rate of 0.003 times the length of the
plate expressed in cm/min.
4.2 Deflection Measurement — The deflection at the centre of the
plate shall be taken to the nearrst 0.02 mm at equal increments of load
by means of a dial gauge or scale fixed at the moving head of the
machine. The test shall be carried until maximum load is reached and
failure is indicated. The deflection shall be plotted against load, and
© BIS 1984
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1734 (Part 15) - 1983
maximum load P; load P and deflection d at elastic limit shall be
recorded.
4.3 Clamped Edges Test — If the plywood plate is required to be
tested under central loading with clamped edges (all the four sides
clamped) the specimen as described above shall be clamped firmly in a
frame shown in Fig. 1C and tested as mentioned in 4.1 and 4.2. In this
case a is the internal distance from edge to edge.
5. REPORT

2
5.1 The estimate of stiffness shall be calculated from the formula Pa
----------
dh 3
and reported for a particular type of the plywood.
5.2 All the details shall be recorded under the sub-heads indicated
below:
a) Name of the manufacturer/source from whom the plywood is
procured;
b) Type and grade of plywood;
c) Construction of plywood in terms of the ratio of thickness of
individual plies;

1A Frame for Holding Plywood Plate with ‘Simply Supported Edges’

FIG. 1 CENTRAL LOADING OF PLATE TEST — Contd

2
 IS : 1734 (Part 15) - 1983

1B Plywood Plate in the Frame for ‘Simply Supported Edges’

1C Plywood Plate in Frame Under ‘Clamped Edges’

FIG. 1 CENTRAL LOADING OF PLATE TEST

3
IS : 1734 (Part 15) - 1983

d) Species of individual plies;

e) Adhesive used;
f) End use of plywood;
g) Specimen No./reference;
h) Size of specimen;
1) Side,
2) Thickness;
j) Mass of specimen at 65 ± 5 percent relative humidity and at a
temperature of 27 ± 2°C;
k) Rate of loading;
m) Load at elastic limit P;
n) Deflection at elastic limit d;
p) Maximum load P; and

Pa 2- simply supported/clamped edges.

q) Stiffness factor ---------
dh 3

4
 IS : 1734 (Part 16) - 1983

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART 16 VIBRATION OF PLYWOOD PLATE TEST

( Second Revision )
UDC 674-419.32 : 620.178.53

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 16) covers vibration of plywood plate test.
2. OBJECT
2.1 This test provides a non-destructive method of estimating the
resonant characteristics of the material and the stiffness of a plywood
plate under dynamic conditions.
3. METHOD A
3.1 Test Specimen — The test specimen shall be of a square shape
with side not less than 25 times, and not more than 40 times the
thickness. The grain direction of face ply shall be parallel to the edge.
The thickness ( h ) and the sides ( a ) shall be measured to an accuracy
up to 0.1 mm. The test specimen shall be conditioned to a constant
mass in a humidity chamber maintained at a relative humidity of
65 ± 5 percent and at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C. The mass may be
determined to an accuracy of 0.01 g.
3.2 Procedure — A small thin soft iron piece shall be attached firmly
at the centre of the specimen plate by means of ordinary glue or lac.
The specimen shall then be held in the frame which will be held rigidly
in any rig. An electromagnetic driver shall be placed just below the
centre of the sample under the soft iron piece fixed to the sample. The
distance between soft iron piece and the electromagnet shall be
suitably adjusted to get free vibrations. The electromagnet shall be
energized by a calibrated oscillator and the sample shall be made to
vibrate. The vibrations shall be packed up by means of an
electromagnetic or piezoelectric pick-up and fed to a cathode ray
oscillograph or ac millivoltmeter. By varying the frequency of the
© BIS 1984
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1734 (Part 16) - 1983
oscillator, the specimen plate shall be made to vibrate to resonance as
may be indicated either in the input or in the output circuits. A
schematic diagram showing the arrangement for carrying out the
vibration of plywood test is shown in Fig. 1.

FIG.1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR VIBRATION OF PLYWOOD

PLATE TEST

3.3 Report — The resonant frequency N shall be reported along with

the other details of plywood under the sub-heads indicated below:
a) Name of the manufacturer/source from whom the plywood is
procured;
b) Type and grade of plywood;
c) Construction of plywood in terms of the ratio of thickness of
individual plies;
d) Species of individual plies;
e) Adhesive used;
f ) End use of plywood;
g) Specimen No. reference;
h) Size of specimen;
1) Side a, and
2) Thickness h;
j) Mass of specimen at 65 ± 5 percent relative humidity and at a
temperature of 27 ± 2°C;
k) Resonant frequency N; and
2
Na -
m) Stiffness of plywood plate S = ---------- .
h

2
 IS : 1734 (Part 16) - 1983
4. METHOD B
4.1 Procedure — Rectangular test specimen of size 70 × 30 cm shall
be supported at two points located at a distance from each end equal to
0.224 times its length with suitable end fixtures to simulate zero
displacement conditions and these shall be excited to a known
frequency through a variable frequency oscillator and a loudspeaker,
placed below the specimen at the middle or at one end. A suitable
pick-up shall be used above the surface or at the other end. The
resonant frequency shall be obtained using an oscilloscope, care shall
be taken to see that only the fundamental and not the higher
harmonies are recorded.
4.2 Calculation — The Young’s modulus of the specimen (in the grain
direction) shall be determined from the observed values of the
fundamental frequency by the following formula:
2 3
f f l mg
E = --------------------------
-
1 036 bd 3
where
E = dynamic modulus of elasticity in bending in N/mm2;
ff= fundamental resonant frequency in cycles per second (Hz);
m = specimen mass in kg;
l, b, d = length, width and the thickness of the specimen in mm;
and
g = acceleration due to gravity.

3
 IS : 1734 (Part 17) - 1983

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART 17 LONG TIME LOADING TEST OF PLYWOOD
STRIPS

( Second Revision )
UDC 674-419.32 : 620.178.3

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 17) covers long time loading test of plywood
strips to determine the creep behaviour of plywood and coefficient of
sustained loading. By using standard specimen construction and
constant loading this method may also be used to evaluate creep
behaviour of adhesives for use in plywood.
2. LONG TIME LOADING TEST OF PLYWOOD STRIPS
2.1 Object — The object of this test is to study the creep behaviour of
plywood as well as adhesives used in plywood.
2.2 Test Specimen — The specimen shall be rectangular and its
thickness shall be the thickness of the plywood. The width shall be 2.5
cm for thickness less than 6 mm and 5 cm for thickness 6 mm or more.
The length shall be 48 times the thickness plus 5 cm, and the grain
direction of the face plies shall be parallel to the length. The specimen
shall be conditioned to a constant mass at 65 ± 5 percent relative
humidity and at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C. The dimensions shall be
measured to an accuracy of 0.1 mm and mass shall be taken to an
accuracy of 0.01 g.
2.3 Procedure
2.3.1 The test specimen shall be simply supported on horizontal
parallel iron rollers having a radius of about 5 mm placed at a distance
centre-to-centre of 48 times the nominal thickness of the specimen.
Loading shall be done at the centre of the span and along a line
parallel to the end either by means of suitable lever arrangement
( see Fig. 1 ) or simply by means of an iron roller of about 5 mm
diameter and carrying a stirrup ( see Fig. 2 ). The total mass of the
© BIS 1984
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1734 (Part 17) - 1983
roller and stirrup shall not be more than 250 g. The position assumed
under this initial load after a period of 30 seconds shall be treated as
the zero condition.
2.3.2 When the test is to be conducted at an elevated temperature the
apparatus including specimen (preferably wrapped in polyethylene
sheet) shall be kept in the conditioning chamber maintained at the
desired temperature and humidity.
2.3.3 Additional weights such that the total load is equal to 30 percent
of maximum load, calculated according to IS : 1734 (Part 11)-1983* on
a similar type of specimen shall then be suspended from the stirrup
directly or by means of lever arrangements and instantaneous
deflection at the mid-point of the span (preferably at the neutral axis)
shall be noted by means of a cathetometer or dial gauge placed
suitably at the mid-point of the span. If the lever system shown in
Fig. 1 is used, the estimation of load is done as below:
WM + wB
P = ----------------------------- + p
A
where
P = load applied to specimen;
W = load, including mass of tray, applied at a distance M from
the pivot point;
w = mass of lever arm;
p = mass of loading plate and rod;
B = distance from pivot point to centre of gravity of the
loading arm; and
A = distance between pivot point and load point.
Deflection shall be measured correct to 0.01 mm. If the creep
behaviour is required to be studied at different loads, these shall be
expressed as percentage of maximum load calculated according to
IS : 1734 (Part 11)-1983*.
2.3.4 Deflection shall then be noted every 10 minutes for about
2 hours, then every half an hour for another 3 hours, then hourly for
another 5 hours and then twice daily for about a week or till failure
has occurred. A curve between deflection and time t shall be plotted.
Creep rate in millimetres per hour or millimetre per day shall be
calculated for any portion of the curve (beyond initial deflection).

*Methods of test for plywood : Part 11 Determination of static bending strength

( second revision ).

2
3

IS : 1734 (Part 17) - 1983

FIG. 1 DIAGRAM SHOWING ARRANGEMENT FOR LONG TIME LOADING TEST OF PLYWOOD STRIP
(LEVER ARRANGEMENT)
 IS : 1734 (Part 17) - 1983
4

FIG. 2 DIAGRAM SHOWING ARRANGEMENT FOR LONG TIME LOADING TEST OF PLYWOOD STRIP
(IRON ROLLER AND STIRRUP ARRANGEMENT)
 IS : 1734 (Part 17) - 1983
For comparison, creep may be expressed as percentage of initial
deflection.
dt – d0
- × 100
Creep percentage of instantaneous deflection = ---------------------
d0
where
dt = total deflection under constant load at time t, and
d0 = initial static deflection under the same load and the same
temperature.
dt – d 0
A plot of ---------------------
d0
- against time t also provides useful data.

2.3.5 If the creep data for longer periods is not required then the load
shall be removed after 24 hours and after the lapse of a further period
of 24 hours the residual deflection shall be noted.
2.4 Report — Creep rate or creep expressed as percentage of instant-
dt – d 0
aneous deflection or curve between ---------------------
d0
- and t or deflection after
24 hours under load and residual deflection 24 hours after removal of
load shall be reported with other details as below:
a) Name of the manufacturer/source from whom the plywood is
procured;
b) Type and grade of plywood;
c) Construction of plywood in terms of the ratio of thickness of
individual plies;
d) Species of individual plies;
e) Adhesive used;
f) End use of plywood;
g) Specimen No./reference;
h) Size of specimen;
1) Length,
2) Width, and
3) Thickness;
j) Mass of specimen at 65 ± 5 percent relative humidity and at a
temperature of 27 ± 2°C;
k) Span;
m) Temperature at which the test is done;
n) Mass of stirrup with roller (if loaded by dead loads);

5
IS : 1734 (Part 17) - 1983
*

p) Description of arrangement of lever (if loaded by means of lever);

q) Load added [expressed in percent of maximum load evaluated
according to IS : 1734 (Part 11)-1983*];
r) Deflection readings:
1) Immediately after placing the load,
2) 24 hours after placing the load,
3) Immediately after removal of load, and
4) 24 hours after removal of load;
s) Creep (percent of instantaneous deflection) ....... at time .......;
and
dt – d0
t) Observations on the curve between ---------------------- and t.
d0
3. DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF SUSTAINED
LOADING
3.1 Loading — Several percentages of the ultimate breaking load,
called here as instantaneous breaking load, determined according to
IS : 1734 (Part 10)-1983† shall be used as constant load values for
creep tests on a multiple testing fixture with several units as shown in
Fig. 1. At least 10 specimens shall be loaded in this fixture
simultaneously. This fixture shall be kept in a room where the
temperature and relative humidity do not fluctuate considerably over
the entire duration of the test for example, a basement room. Time
shall be measured from the instant of loading and the times taken for
the specimens to fail in creep under the action of the different constant
loads shall be noted. These times to failure shall be plotted against the
respective constant load values expressed as percentage of the
instantaneous breaking load. A curve which is known as the sustained
load shall be drawn through the points as shown in Fig. 3. An
asymptote to the sustained load curve intersects the load axis at a
value known as the limit of sustained loading.
The coefficient of sustained loading Ks is defined as the ratio of the
limit of sustained loading of plywood (σsust) to its instantaneous
breaking load (σbr)
σ sust
K s = -------------
σ br
The value of Ks shall be reported to the nearest second decimal
place.

*Methods of test for plywood : Part 11 Determination of static bending strength

( second revision ).
†Methods of test for plywood : Part 10 Determination of compressive strength
( second revision ).
6
 IS : 1734 (Part 17) - 1983

FIG. 3 SUSTAINED LOAD CURVE FOR PLYWOOD

7
 IS : 1734 (Part 18) - 1983

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART 18 IMPACT RESISTANCE TEST

( Second Revision )
UDC 674-419.32 : 620.178.7

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 18) covers impact resistance test on the
surface of plywood, and panel impact resistance.
2. OBJECT
2.1 This test affords a good means of quality assessment of resistance
of the surface of plywood to impact and total panel to breakages by
sudden blows.
3. IMPACT RESISTANCE ON SURFACE OF PLYWOOD
3.1 Equipment
3.1.1 Steel Ball — The ball required for dropping on the surface of
plywood shall be of 5 cm diameter and weighing 450 ± 25 g.
3.1.2 Dial Gauge — The dial gauge shall have least count of 0.01 mm
and shall be suitably fixed on a plane surface so as to measure
maximum indentation, that is, depression perpendicular to the plane
of the surface.
3.2 Test Specimen — The specimen of plywood shall be 20 × 20 cm in
size and shall be preconditioned to a constant mass at a relative
humidity of 65 ± 5 percent and at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C.
3.3 Procedure — The specimen shall be placed horizontally on a
plane smooth platform. The steelball shall be allowed to fall freely from
a height of 100 cm at any 5 different points on the surface of plywood. If
any indentation is noticed that shall be measured by the dial gauge.
3.4 Report — Maximum indentation shall be reported and any
cracking, tearing, etc, shall also be noted.
© BIS 1984
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1734 (Part 18) - 1983
4. PANEL IMPACT RESISTANCE TEST
4.1 Test Specimen — The specimen of plywood shall be 30 × 30 cm
with the face grain parallel and perpendicular to the sides. The
specimen shall be preconditioned to a constant mass at a relative
humidity of 65 ± 5 percent and at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C.
4.2 Apparatus — The test apparatus shall be as shown in Fig. 1. The
combined mass of the rod, cone and hemisphere shall be 5 kg. The
diameter of hemisphere shall be 5 cm.
4.3 Procedure — The panel shall be freely supported along all four
edges and the hemisphere shall be made to strike the centre of the
panel. The rod shall be dropped through heights increasing in
increments of 10 mm until fracture of the panel occurs. Fracture is
indicated when the hemispherical end has penetrated the panel and is
arrested by the flange of the cone.
4.4 The height of drop required to produce fracture shall be taken as
the panel impact strength.
4.5 In case, the specimen does not fail with 5 kg mass from height up
to 1 000 mm, the mass shall be increased to 10 kg and the test be
repeated from the height of 500 mm.

2
 IS : 1734 (Part 18) - 1983

FIG. 1 IMPACT TEST APPARATUS

3
 IS : 1734 (Part 19) - 1983

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART 19 DETERMINATION OF NAILS AND SCREW
HOLDING POWER
( Second Revision )
UDC 674-419.32 : 620.17 : 621.886.2 : 621.882.2

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 19) covers the method of test for the
determination of nails and screw holding power of plywood.
2. OBJECT
2.1 This test is intended to assess the nail and screw holding capacity
of the plywood.
3. EQUIPMENT
3.1 The test shall be conducted on a suitable testing machine with an
arrangement to pull the screw and nails so as to measure the
maximum load required for complete withdrawal.
3.2 Nails shall be 50 mm long and 2.5 mm shank and shall be bright,
galvanized, diamond pointed and shall have plain heads. These shall
conform to IS : 723-1972*.
3.3 Screws shall be of 4 mm size and 5 cm in length and shall be
galvanized gimlet pointed conforming to IS : 6761-1972†.
3.4 Each nail and screw shall be used only once.
4. TEST SPECIMEN
4.1 Plywood strips of 5 × 25 cm shall be glued one over the other as to
give total thickness of more than 5 cm. Grain direction of the face ply
shall be parallel to length. After conditioning the specimen to constant
mass at a relative humidity of 65 ± 5 percent and at a temperature of
27 ± 2°C, two nails and two screws mentioned in 3.2 and 3.3 shall be

*Specification for steel countersunk head wire nails ( second revision ).

†Specification for countersunk head screws with hexagon socket.

© BIS 1984
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1734 (Part 19) - 1983
driven to a total penetrative of 25 mm exactly at right angle to the
surface of the plywood specimen at a regular distance of 5 cm on the
middle line of the surface. In the case of screw a prebore of 2.5 mm
diameter shall be made.
5. PROCEDURE
5.1 The specimen shall be placed on the testing machine and the nail
or screw shall be withdrawn one at a time at a uniform rate of
2 mm/min until the nail or screw is pulled out completely. Maximum
load for complete withdrawal of nail or screw shall be recorded.
6. REPORT
6.1 The average maximum load for withdrawal of nail or screw shall be
reported for the particular type and grade of the plywood.

2
 IS : 1734 (Part 20) - 1983

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD
PART 20 ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY RESISTANCE TEST

( Second Revision )
UDC 674-419.32 : 620.193.25/.26

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part 20) covers acidity and alkalinity resistance
test.
2. OBJECT
2.1 The object of this test is to assess the resistance of plywood surface
against mild acidic or alkaline reaction of the material packed in
plywood containers.
NOTE — For testing plywood for use in containers to hold acids or alkalis, strength
tests are necessary. While wood is fairly resistant to acid having pH more than or
equal to 2, it is not so resistant to alkalis above pH of 11. So, if the containers are
made of the material for storing such chemicals then an appropriate protective
treatment shall be given.

3. PREPARATION OF SOLUTIONS FOR TEST

3.1 Dissolve 5 g of chemically pure glacial acetic acid in 100 g distilled
water in a clean beaker stirring by a glass rod. This solution shall be
termed as 5 percent acid solution.
3.2 Dissolve 1 g of pure sodium carbonate (anhydrous) in 100 g
distilled water in a clean beaker stirring by a glass rod. This solution
shall be termed as 1 percent alkaline solution.
4. TEST SPECIMEN
4.1 Four specimens of 7.5 cm square size shall be prepared from each
type of the plywood sheet. These shall be preconditioned to a constant
mass at a relative humidity of 65 ± 5 percent and at a temperature of
27 ± 2°C.

© BIS 1984
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1734 (Part 20) - 1983
5. PROCEDURE
5.1 All the 4 specimens shall be placed horizontally on separate tables.
On the surface of two specimens about 2 ml of acid solution and on the
surface of other two specimens about 2 ml of alkaline solution
mentioned in 3 shall be dropped. The wet part of the specimens shall
be covered by a watch-glass for 6 hours. After the lapse of 6 hours the
specimen shall be washed with water and dried at a room temperature
for 24 hours. Care shall be taken that the specimens are properly
marked for acidic and alkaline test. The affected surface shall be
examined under oblique light for any blister, delamination, crack,
softening and for any remarkable change in colour or lustre.
6. REPORT
6.1 Any visible damage, that is, blister, delamination, crack, softening
or any remarkable change in colour or lustre shall be reported
separately for acidic and alkaline tests.

2
Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of
goods and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any
form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course
of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade
designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also
reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates
that no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for
revision. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest
amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards : Monthly
Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed by Technical Committee : BDC 20 and amended by CED 20

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Parts No. Amend No. Date of Issue
Part 3 Amd. No. 1 October 1987
Part 3 Amd. No. 2 January 1999
Part 4 Amd. No. 1 December 1998
Part 4 Amd. No. 2 November 2002
Part 4 Amd. No. 3 August 2005
Part 6 Amd. No. 1 March 1992
Part 6 Amd. No. 2 January 2005
Part 7 Amd. No. 1 December 2004

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

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