8/28/2018 G.R. No.

84464

Today is Tuesday, August 28, 2018

Custom Search

Republic of the Philippines

FIRST DIVISION

G.R. No. 84464 June 21, 1991

SPOUSES JAIME AND TEODORA VILLANUEVA, petitioners,

Franco L. Loyola for petitioners.

CRUZ, J.:

The Regional Trial Court of Cavite dismissed a complaint for the annulment of a deed of sale, holding that it was not
spurious. It was reversed by the Court of Appeals, which found that the vendor's signature on the questioned
document had indeed been forged. The petitioners are now before us and urge that the decision of the trial court be
reinstated.

In her complaint below, herein private respondent Catalina Sanchez, claiming to be the widow of Roberto Sanchez,
averred that her husband was the owner of a 275 sq. meter parcel of land located at Rosario, Cavite, which was
registered without her knowledge in the name of the herein petitioners on the strength of an alleged deed of sale
executed in their favor by her late husband on February 7, 1968. Involving the report of a handwriting expert from
the Philippine Constabulary Criminal Investigation Service, who found that the signature on the document was
written by another person, she prayed that the deed of sale be annulled, that the registration of the lot in the name of
the petitioners be cancelled, and that the lot be reconveyed to her.1

In their answer, the petitioners questioned the personality of the private respondent to file the complaint, contending
that the late Roberto Sanchez was never married but had a common-law wife by whom he had two children. On the
merits, they claimed that Roberto Sanchez had deeded over the lot to them in 1968 for the sum of P500.00 in partial
settlement of a judgment they had obtained against him. They had sued him after he had failed to pay a P1,300.00
loan they had secured for him and which they had been forced to settle themselves to prevent foreclosure of the
mortgage on their property.2

On the petitioner's motion, the trial court required the examination of the deed of sale by the National Bureau of
Investigation to determine if it was a forgery. Trial proceeded in due time, with the presentation by the parties of their
testimonial and documentary evidence. On June 25, 1986, Judge Alejandro C. Silapan rendered judgment in favor
of the petitioners.

In his decision,3 the trial judge rejected the testimony of the handwriting experts from the PC and the NBI, who had
both testified that the standard signature of the late Roberto Sanchez and the one written on the alleged deed of
sale "were written by two different people." He cited Go Fay v. Bank of the Philippine Islands4 in support of his
action. Explaining the supposed differences between the signatures, he said that Roberto Sanchez was "under
serious emotional stress and intensely angry" when he reluctantly signed the document after he had lost the case to
them, "with the added fact that they only wanted to accept his lot for P500.00 and not for the settlement of the entire
obligation of P1,300.00." At that, he said there were really no fundamental differences between the signatures
compared. Moreover, the signatures examined were from 1970 to 1982 and did not include those written by Roberto
Sanchez in 1968.

The decision also noted that Roberto Sanchez did not take any step to annul the deed of sale although he had
knowledge thereof as early as 1968. He thus allowed his action to prescribe under Article 1431 of the Civil Code. As
for the contract of a marriage submitted by the private respondent, this should also be rejected because although
the document was dated September 21, 1964, the Torrens certificate issued to Roberto Sanchez over the subject
land on August 25, 1965, described his civil status as "single." It was also doubtful if she could bring the action for

https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1991/jun1991/gr_84464_1991.html 1/3
8/28/2018 G.R. No. 84464

reconveyance alone, even assuming she was the surviving spouse of Roberto Sanchez, considering that he left
illegitimate children and collateral relatives who were also entitled to share in his estate.

As earlier stated, the decision was reversed by the Court of Appeals,5 which held that the trial court did err, as
contended by the appellant, in holding that the deed of sale was not spurious; that the action to annul it had already
prescribed; that Catalina Sanchez was not the widow of Roberto Sanchez; and that she had no capacity to institute
the complaint.

Before us now, the petitioners fault the respondent court for: a) upholding the testimony of the expert witnesses
against the findings of fact of the trial court; b) annulling the deed of sale; c) declaring that the action to annul the
deed of sale had not yet prescribed; d) not declaring the private respondent guilty of estoppel; and e) not sustaining
the decision of the trial court.

We see no reason to disturb the judgment of the Court of Appeals. It is consonant with the evidence of record and
the applicable law and jurisprudence.

The Court notes at the outset that Catalina Sanchez has proved her status as the widow of Roberto Sanchez with
her submission of the marriage contract denominated as Exhibit "A."6 That evidence rendered unnecessary the
presumption that "a man and a woman deporting themselves as husband and wife have entered into a lawful
contract of marriage" and may also explain why Roberto Sanchez could not marry the woman by whom he
supposedly had two illegitimate children, assuming these persons did exist. It is strange that the trial court should
reject Exhibit "A" in favor of the Transfer Certificate of Title describing Roberto Sanchez as "single,"7 disregarding
the elementary principle that the best documentary evidence of a marriage is the marriage contract itself. A Torrens
certificate is the best evidence of ownership of registered land, not of the civil status of the owner.

As the surviving spouse of Roberto Sanchez, the private respondent could validly file the complaint for the recovery
of her late husband's property, without prejudice to the succession rights of his other heirs. Parenthetically, (and
curiously), although the supposed common-law wife and her illegitimate children were never presented at the trial,
their existence was readily accepted by the trial court on the basis alone of the petitioner's unsupported statements.

Coming now to the questioned signature, we find it significant that the examination by the NBI was requested by the
petitioners themselves but in the end it was the private respondent who presented the NBI handwriting expert as her
own witness.8 The explanation is obvious. The petitioners hoped to refute the findings of the PC handwriting expert
with the findings of the NBI handwriting expert, but as it turned out the findings of the two witnesses coincided. Both
PC Examiner Corazon Salvador and NBI Examiner Zenaida J. Torres expressed the informed view that the
signature on the deed of sale was not written by Roberto Sanchez.9

They did not conjure this conclusion out of thin air but supported it with knowledgeable testimony extensively given
on direct and cross-examination on the various characteristics and differences of the signatures they had examined
and compared.10 The trial judge said the testimony of PC Examiner Salvador was not reliable because her
examination of the document was "done under circumstance not so trustworthy before the action was instituted." But
he did not consider the fact that her findings were corroborated by NBI Examiner Torres, who conducted her own
examination at the instance of the petitioners themselves and after the action was instituted. It is worth noting that
the competence of the two expert witnesses was never assailed by the petitioners nor was it questioned by the trial
judge. The petitioners also did not present their own handwriting expert to refute the findings of the government
handwriting experts.

The Court has itself examined the signatures of Roberto Sanchez in the several instruments among the records of
this case, including those dating back to before 196811 and is inclined to accept the findings of the handwriting
experts. The case invoked by the petitioners is not applicable because the differences in the signatures compared in
the case at bar were, as the trial judge found, caused not by time but by the tension gripping Roberto Sanchez when
he signed the deed of sale.

Incidentally, the petitioners have not sufficiently established the reason for such tension, which appears to be a mere
conjecture of the trial judge. No proof was submitted about their filing of the complaint against Roberto Sanchez.
1avvphi1

Petitioner Jaime Villanueva himself admitted under oath that he did not read the decision in the case nor did he ask
his lawyer how much had been awarded against the defendant.12 Nobody testified about Roberto's state of mind
when he allegedly signed the document, and in Manila at that although the persons were residing in Cavite. Even
the witnesses to the Bilihan were not presented nor was any explanation for their absence offered.

The explanation given by the petitioners for their delay in registering the deed of sale is not convincing. That delay
lasted for all of thirteen years. The petitioners suggest they are simple peasants and did not appreciate the need for
the immediate transfer of the property in their name. They also say that they forgot. The evidence shows, however,
that they understood the need for registering their property for purposes of using it as collateral in case they wanted
to borrow money. It would appear that they thought of simulating the sale registering the subject lot when their own
lands were insufficient to secure a P100,000.00 loan their daughter wanted to borrow.

https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1991/jun1991/gr_84464_1991.html 2/3
8/28/2018 G.R. No. 84464

Concerning the question of prescription, we find that the applicable rule is not Article 1391 of the Civil Code but
Article 1410. Article 1391 provides that the action for annulment of a contract prescribes in four years in cases
where the vice consists of intimidation, violence, undue influence, mistake, fraud or lack capacity. The deed of sale
in question does not suffer from any of these defects. The supposed vendee's signature having been proved to be a
forgery, the instrument is totally void or inexistent as "absolutely simulated or fictitious" under Article 1409 of the Civil
Code. According to Article 1410, "the action or defense for the declaration of the inexistence of a contract does not
prescribe."

Finally, petitioners invoke Article 1431 of the Civil Code and contend that the respondent court erred in not declaring
the private respondent and her late husband estopped from questioning the deed of sale until after fourteen years
from its execution. The inference that Roberto Sanchez and the private respondent knew about the instrument from
that date has not been proved by the evidence of record. Moreover, we fail to see the applicability of Article 1431,
which provides that "through estoppel an admission or representation is rendered conclusive upon the person
making it and cannot be denied or disproved as against the person relying thereon." Neither the private respondent
nor her late husband has made any admission or representation to the petitioners regarding the subject land that
they are supposed to have relied upon.

Our own finding is that the petitioners have not proved the validity and authenticity of the deed of sale or even the
circumstances that supposedly led to its execution by the late Roberto Sanchez. On the contrary, we are convinced
from the testimonies of the handwriting experts that his signature had been forged on the questioned document and
that he had not conveyed the subject land to the petitioners. The deed of sale being a forgery, it was totally void or
inexistent and so could be challenged at any time, the action for its nullification being imprescriptible. The private
respondent, as the widow of Roberto Sanchez, has the capacity to sue for the recovery of the land in question and
is not estopped from doing so.

WHEREFORE, the petition is DENIED and the challenged decision is AFFIRMED, with costs against the petitioners.

SO ORDERED.

Narvasa, Griño-Aquino and Medialdea, JJ., concur.

Footnotes
1
Rollo, pp. 23-26.
2
Ibid., pp. 32-35.
3
Id., pp. 36-43.
4
46 Phil. 968.
5
Aldecoa, Jr., J., ponente; Tensuan and Victor, JJ., concurring.
6
Exhibits for the Plaintiff. p. 1.
7
Ibid., Exhibit B, p. 2.
6
TSN, February 17, 1986, pp. 24-25.
8
TSN, February 25, 1985, pp. 32-33;
9
TSN, February 25, 1985, pp. 32-33; TSN, February 17, 1986, p. 50
10
TSN, February 25, 1985, pp. 33-39; TSN, February 17, 1986, pp. 39-50; TSN, April 30, 1986, pp. 21-30.
11
Exhibit "A," Exhibits for the Plaintiff, p. 1; Exhibit 7, Exhibits for the Defendants, P. 167.
12
TSN, May 30, 1985, p. 43.

The Lawphil Project - Arellano Law Foundation

https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1991/jun1991/gr_84464_1991.html 3/3