King Saud University

College of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department

Study of Using Induction Generator in Wind

Energy Applications

By

Naif Y. Al-Zahrani

Supervised by

Dr. Ali M. Eltamaly

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of

The requirement for the Bachelor's Degree
In Electrical Engineering Department,
College of Engineering, King Saud University
Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

December 2005
Abstract
Renewable energy is a very important topic to be study to find new sources of energy
to produce electricity. The main advantages of renewable energy are available, clean,
low cost, and continuous energy. This project investigates wind energy system in
general form which is a part of renewable energy. This project concentrates in
induction generator and how we can calculate the minimum terminal capacitance of
induction generator.
Abstract
Contents
Page
Chapter 1 Renewable Energy and Wind Energy System 1
1.1 Introduction to Renewable Energy Systems 1
1.2 Wind Energy System (WES) 3
1.3 Fixed Speed and Variable Speed WECS 9
1.4 Project Objectives 11
1.5 Project Organizing 11

Chapter 2 Induction Generator 12

2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 Induction Generator Operation 13
2.3 Interconnection for IG 14
2.4 Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Machine 15

Chapter 3 Minimum Capacitance Required for Induction Generator 18

3.1 Introduction 18
3.2 Calculating Minimum Capacitance 20

3.3 Nodal Analysis Method 22

3.4 Minimum Value of Terminal Capacitor 23

Chapter 4 Results 24

Chapter 5 Conclusion 37

Appendix

References
List of symbols

fa Actual or (generated) frequency, P*Na/120.

Na Actual or (generated) rational speed, 120 /P.

fr Rated frequency of induction generator , P*Nr/120.
Nr Rated speed of induction generator, 120 fr/P.
Nsa Synchronous speed corresponding to actual frequency.
Nsr Synchronous speed corresponding to rated frequency.
a Pu frequency
b Pu speed
s Slip of induction generator.
RL Load resistance.
XL Load inductance.
Xc Inductance of terminal capacitor.
Rs Stator resistance.
Xs Stator inductance.
Xm Magnetizing inductance.
Rr Rotor resistance.
Xr Rotor inductance.
Vt Terminal voltage.
Xmax Maximum value of magnetizing inductance.
Im Magnetizing current.
Z Loop impedance.
C Capacitance of the terminal capacitor.
Cmin Minimum capacitance of the terminal capacitor.
Chapter 1

Renewable Energy and Wind Energy System

١٫١ Introduction to Renewable Energy Systems

Renewable energy sources presently provide significant amount of energy in many countries.
Renewable energy sources currently supply about ١٠ % of the world energy demand [١].
These energy sources hold promise for a substantial potential contribution for the world, and
they will therefore become increasingly important in the future.

The major types of renewable energy sources can be summarized as follows:

• Wind Energy,
• Solar Energy,
• Hydro Energy,
• Tidal Energy,
• Biomass Energy,
• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) and,
• Geothermal Energy.

All renewable energy comes from the sun. The sun radiates ١٠٠ T watt hour of energy
to the earth per hour about ١ to ٢ percent of the energy coming from the sun is converted into
wind energy [٢].
The renewable energy is environmental friendly compared to current level of CO٢
emission associated with electricity generation. A ٣٠٪ contribution from renewable energy
sources by year ٢٠٢٠ as proposed in [١] could reduce the emission of CO٢. Such a
contribution from renewable energy systems would also reduce substantially the low level of
other pollutants that cause acid rain, smog and other local environmental hazards. The
renewable energy has many other benefits such as:

• Enhance diversity in energy supply markets and strengthen energy security.

• Make a major contribution to the reduction of global atmospheric emissions.
• Create significant new employment opportunities in energy infrastructure,
manufacturing, installation and etc.
• Contribute to the securing of long term, cost-effective environmentally
sustainable energy supplies.
• Offer low operating costs.
 ١٫٢ Wind Energy System (WES)

١٫٢٫١ History of Wind Energy Systems

Windmills have been existence for at least three thousand years, mainly for grinding
grain or pumping water [٣]. By the mid-ages, windmills were in wide spread use around the
Mediterranean Sea. These windmills were used for corn grinding. At the end of ١٨Th century,
about ١٠،٠٠٠ WTGs were in use in Netherlands only with the similar number in use in Britain
[٤].

However, it is until late ١٩th century, people have come out with the idea of using
windmills to generate electricity in domestic and industrial application. The western world
discovered windmills much later than other, but they are the one who improves the
technology of windmills to the wind turbine system today.

Denmark was the first country to use the wind for generating electricity in Paul la
Cour wind station. Paul la Cour who was the pioneer of modern electricity generating wind
turbine in ١٨٨١ [٥]. In the ١٩٤٠s, the largest wind turbine at the time began operating on a
Vermont hilltop known as Grandpa’s Knob. This ١٫٢٥ MW wind turbine, fed electric power
to the local utility network for several months during World War II.

In the ١٩٧٥an, the technology of wind turbine is mature enough to be use as

commercial purpose. Further, the oil skyrocketed also lead to worldwide interest in the wind
turbine generation. Development of rural area also leads the use of the wind turbine system in
widely. Following the National Energy Act of ١٩٧٨ in US, a market guarantee for
independently produced electricity, this boomed up the wind industry in California. Within
period of ١٩٨٠ – ١٩٩٥, about ١٧٠٠ MW of wind.
 ١٫٢٫٢ Wind Turbine Generator

The wind energy system is consisting of one or more units, operating electrically in parallel.
One of these units is shown in Fig.1.1 and Fig.1.2. This unit is consisting of the following
components:

• Wind tower,
• Two or three blades wind turbine,
• Yaw mechanism,
• Mechanical gear,
• Electrical generator and,
• Speed sensors and control.

In addition to modern wind energy system the following components are often included:

• Power electronics,
• Control electronics,
• Battery storage for improving the load availability in stand-alone configuration and,
• Transmission link for grid connection.
 Fig.1.1 Components of typical WTG.

Fig.١٫٢ Components of a wind turbine [٦].

A wind turbine obtains its power input by converting the force of the wind into torque
(turning force) acting on the rotor blades. The amount of energy which the wind transfers to
the rotor depends on the density of the air, the rotor area, and the wind speed. A typical ٦٠٠
kW wind turbine has a rotor diameter of ٤٣-٤٤ meters, i.e. a rotor area of some ١،٥٠٠ square
meters. The rotor area determines how much energy a wind turbine is able to harvest from the
wind. So, the rotor area increases with the square of the rotor diameter [٢].

For all wind energy systems, large or small, the ‘size’ usually refers to the rated power
of the wind turbine. This is the power output of the wind turbine at the ‘rated’ wind speed.
The rated wind speed is nominated by the turbine manufacturer, and is usually the wind speed
at which the turbine reaches its maximum output. Thus, more often than not, the ‘size’ of the
turbine is also the turbine maximum power output [٦].

Wind turbines are available in all sizes. Turbines used in typical wind farms today are
rated between ٥٠٠-٢،٠٠٠ kW. For domestic use, wind turbines rated from ١ kW to ٥ kW are
common. In general turbines are typically categorised as ‘small’ if they are less than ٢٠ kW.
 ١٫٢٫٣ Types of Wind Turbine Generators (WTG)
There are two main types of WTGs, which are:

Horizontal Axis WTGs (HA-WTGs)

This is the most famous type of WTGs. There are many configurations for this type, which
are shown in Fig.١٫٣. Modern HA-WTGs typically use two or three blades. The main
advantages of HA-WTGs are a self-starting, large variety of the rated output power (Suitable
for small WTGs as well as very large WTGs) and it has a comparatively low cost. The main
disadvantages of this type are, it must be reoriented as the wind changes its direction. The
second disadvantage is the generator and gearbox and control system are all located in the top
of the WTG tower, which make the maintenance, is a problem.

Vertical Axis WTGs (VA-WTGs)

VA-WTGs type are lower in number than the HA-WTGs due to some problems in design.
Where the VA-WTGs have a narrow range of rated output power, it need starting motor and it
have a high comparative cost. The main advantages of VA-WTGs, are no additional cost is
required to change the VA-WTGs direction when the wind direction changes and the gearbox
and generator and control system are in the ground level, then their maintenance is very
simple. Fig.١٫٤ Shows the VA-WTGs configurations.
Fig.١٫٣ The HA-WTG configurations [٧].

Fig.1.4 The VA-WTGs Configurations [7].

١٫٣ Fixed Speed and Variable Speed WECS

In general, the wind energy conversion systems today divided into two types of control, i.e.
fixed speed rotor control and variable speed. The fixed speed type means that the wind turbine
runs at constant speeds, since it is constant for the frequency and voltage, it is directly grid
connected. For a fixed speed machines, it is clear that there is only one wind velocity in the
turbine power curve as shown in Fig١٫٥. Otherwise, the wind turbine will always in the off
position. This is not the way to capture the maximum power from the wind. Although the
fixed speed WECS is easier to build than variable speed WECS, but it is wasting the available
energy anyway.

With indirect grid connection, the wind turbine generators runs in its own, separate
mini AC- grid, this is what we called as variable speed WESC. This type of grid is controlled
electronically using invertor, so that the frequency of the alternating current in the stator of
the generator may be varied. The generator may be either a synchronous generator or an
asynchronous generator. There are recently many type combination of variable speed WECS.
The different ways of combine generator, power electronics, gearboxes allow wide range of
combination, particularly when combined with the many available control scenarios. It is not
something newly developed in variable speed in wind turbine, however, the methods of
implementing variable speed in an electric generating environment is the one needed to be
concentrated on. Advantages, the main advantages is that gust of wind can be allowed to
make the rotor rotates faster, thus storing part of the excess energy as rotational energy until
the gust is over. Using electronic devices, it is possible to differentiate between gusts and
higher speed wind in general. Thus it will help to reduce the peak torque and also reduce the
fatigue loads on the tower and rotor blades. Lastly, variable speed gives advantages in term of
annual production, since it can capture maximum power in the different wind speed.

A plot of Pe versus u is shown in Fig.١٫٦ Pe varies as u between the cut-in and rated
wind speeds. It is then assumed to be a constant value between the rated and furling wind
speeds. At the furling wind speed uf the turbine is shut down to protect it from high winds.
Fig.١٫٥ Shaft power output in variable-speed operation.

Fig.١٫٦ Model wind turbine output versus wind speed.

 Project Objectives ١٫٤

• Discussing different types of renewable energy.

• Utilizing the wind energy to generate electricity.
• Finding the required capacitance to build up the voltage across terminal of induction
generator.
• Calculating minimum value of capacitor to produce reactive power.
• Making interconnection between wind turbine generator and AC-grid.

Project Organizing ١٫٥

In Chapter One, we discuss different types of renewable energy specially wind energy.

In Chapter Two, we talk about induction generator and obtaining the equivalent circuit of
it to use this of generator to transform the mechanical energy (wind energy) to electrical
energy.

In Chapter Three, we use the nodal method to find the minimum capacitance required for
self-excited induction generator.

In future, we will make real interconnection between induction generator and infinite bus.
Chapter 2

Induction Generator

٢٫١ Introduction

The generator is the unit of the wind turbine as shown in Fig.٢٫١ that transforms mechanical
energy into electrical energy. The blades transfer the kinetic energy from the wind into
rotational energy in the transmission system, and the generator is the next step in the supply
of energy from the wind turbine to the electrical grid.

Fig.٢٫١ Induction generator inside WES.

The reasons for choosing induction generator in WES are that it is very reliable, tends
to be comparatively inexpensive, light weight, and law maintenance. The generator also
has some mechanical properties which are useful for wind turbines. So, the induction
generator is the most common generator in wind energy system applications due to its
simplicity and ruggedness. The main drawbacks in induction generator are its lower
efficiency and the need for reactive power to build up the terminal voltage. However, the
efficiency can be improved by modern design and solid-state converters can be used to
supply reactive power required.
 ٢٫٢ Induction Generator Operation

The induction motor can also run as a generator. This simply happens when you, instead
of forcing the rotor to turn at a rotational speed lower than the synchronous speed, exceed
this synchronous speed by applying an outside energy source, such as a diesel motor or a
set of wind turbine rotor blades. Once again, the greater the difference between the rotating
magnetic field of the stator and the speed of the rotor, the greater the torque produced by the
rotor. When it is a working as a generator, the rotating field however acts as a brake in
slowing the rotor. The stator experiences a variable magnetic field from the rotor that 'drags'
its rotating magnetic field and thereby induces an electrical current in the stator. In
comparison to motor operation the induced currents in the rotor and stator will flow in the
opposite direction, which means that power will be sent to the grid. The faster the rotor turns
in relation to the rotating magnetic field of the stator, the greater the induction in the stator
and the greater the production of power.

In practice the difference between the speed of rotational magnetic field of the stator
and the rotational speed of the rotor is very little. A rotor will typically turn about ١٪ faster at
full power production. If the synchronous rotational speed is ١٫٥٠٠ rpm then the rotor
rotational speed at full power will be ١٫٥١٥ rpm. The interesting torque curve of the induction
electric motor, also operating as a generator, is shown below in Fig.٢٫٢. At speeds below the
synchronous rotational speed, the motor yields a positive torque.

Fig.٢٫٢ Induction machine characteristics.

 ٢٫٣ Interconnection for IG

For a wind energy conversion system that uses induction generator, a dc link converter is
essential for power conversion. The induction generator produces current at variable
frequency. This current is rectified onto the dc link using a converter with six active switches.
To convert the dc to a fixed frequency of the utility, a second converter with six switches is
needed. This results in many switches needed for wind energy conversion system. Hence a
new method that uses a six-switch current regulated pulse width modulated inverter and a
zero sequence filter is proposed to eliminate some of the switches used and still retaining the
original functionality of the system show Fig.2.3.

Fig.٢٫٣ Interfacing of IG to electric utility by using rectifier and inverter.

The study of induction generator steady state analysis and performance characteristics
is important due to the speed fluctuations of unregulated wind turbines, the terminal voltage
may increase to dangerously high levels which have been reported to cause capacitor failure
at wind farms. Over-voltages are the major cause of excitation capacitor failure. Using a
saturable transformer connected to the terminals of the induction generator will improve
voltage regulation and also protection against over-voltages.
2.4 Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Machine

2.4.1 Transformer Model of an Induction Machine

The per-phase equivalent circuit, representing the operation of induction machine is shown in
Fig.2.4.

Fig.2.4 The induction machine with rotor and stator connected by an ideal transformer.

Like any transformer, there is a certain resistance and self-inductance in the primary
(stator) windings, which must be represented in the equivalent circuit of the machine. The
stator resistance will be called R1 and the stator leakage reactance will be called X1. These
two components appear right at the input to the machine model. Like any transformer with an
iron core, the flux in the machine is related to the integral of the applied voltage E1.
2.4.2 Rotor Circuit Model

In an induction motor when the voltage is applied to the stator windings. A voltage is induced
in the rotor windings of the machine. In general, the greater the relative motions between the
rotor and the stator magnetic fields, the greater the resulting rotor voltage. The largest relative
motion occurs when the rotor is stationary, called the locked-rotor or blocked rotor condition,
so the largest voltage is induced in the rotor at that condition .The smallest voltage (OV)
occurs when the rotor moves at the same speed as the rotor magnetic field, resulting in no
relative motion. The voltage induced in the rotor at any speed between these extremes is
directly proportional to the slip of the rotor [8]. Therefore, if the induced rotor voltage at
locked-rotor conditions is called Ero, the induced voltage at any slip will be given by the
equation:

Er = sEro (2-1)

This voltage is induced in a rotor containing both resistance and reactance .The rotor
resistance Rr is a constant, independent of slip, while the rotor reactance is affected in a more
complicated way by slip.

The reactance of an induction motor rotor depends on the inductance of the rotor and
the frequency of the voltage and current in the rotor. With a rotor inductance of Lr, the rotor
reactance is given by:

Xr = sXro (2-2)
Where Xro is the blocked-rotor reactance.
The resulting rotor equivalent circuit is shown in Fig.2.5. The rotor current flow can be found
as:
E ro
Ir = (2-3)
Rr
+ jX ro
s

Fig.2.5 The rotor circuit model of an induction machine.

The equivalent rotor impedance from this point of view is:

Rr
Z r ,eq = + jX ro (2-4)
s

And the rotor equivalent circuit using this convention is shown in Fig.2.6.

Fig.2.6 The rotor circuit model with slip effects concentrated in resistance Rr.
2.4.3 Final Equivalent Circuit

It is necessary to refer the rotor part of the model over to the stator side. The rotor circuit
model that will be referred to the stator side is the model shown in Fig.2.7, which has all the
speed variation effects concentrated in the impedance term.

Fig.2.7 The per-phase equivalent circuit of induction machine.

Chapter 3

Minimum Capacitance Required for Self-Excited

Induction Generator

3.1 Introduction

Induction generator has a widely acceptance in using with wind energy conversion systems
for many reasons. Induction generator is very simple, very rugged, reliable, cheap,
lightweight, long lifetime (more than 50 years), produces high power per unite mass of
materials and requires very little maintenance. All above advantages are very important
especially in wind energy conversion systems where the generator is in the top of the tower
where the weight, maintenance and life time are very important aspects. Induction generator
can be used with stand alone as well as grid connected wind energy conversion systems. Also,
induction generator works with constant speed constant frequency systems as well as variable
speed constant frequency systems.

The main drawback of induction generator in wind energy conversion systems

applications is its need for leading reactive power to build up the terminal voltage and to
generate electric power. Using terminal capacitor across generator terminals can generate this
leading reactive power. The capacitance value of the terminal capacitor is not constant but it
is varying with many system parameters like shaft speed, load power and its power factor. If
the proper value of capacitance is selected, the generator will operate in self-excited mode.
The capacitance of the excitation capacitor can be changed by many techniques like switching
capacitor bank [9], thyristor controlled reactor [10] and thyristor controlled DC voltage
regulator [11]. In last decade many researches uses PWM technique to provide the desired
excitation by controlling the modulation index and the delay angle of the control waveform
[12].
3.2 Calculating Minimum Capacitance
There are several methods to calculate minimum capacitance for terminal of induction
generator. Many researches have been done to determine the minimum capacitor for self
excited Induction generator [13, 14, 15, 16, and 17]. Most of these researches use loop
equations in the analysis of induction generator equivalent circuit [14], [15]. Most of these
researches have much difficulty and it needs numerical iterative techniques to obtain the
minimum capacitance required. Some of these researches require several minutes of
computation by computer to obtain accurate value for the minimum capacitor required for this
reason it is impossible to uses these methods online [16].

The obtained circuit in chapter two as shown in Fig.3.1 can be used in steady state
operation. But, in case of varying operating frequency of the generator, this circuit can be
modified to be as the circuit shown in Fig.3.2. [18].

Let the rated frequency of the machine be designated fb and the corresponding speed ωs. Then
the ratio of driven speed of the generator to base synchronous speed is b:

ω
b= (3-1)
ωb

Similarly, the ratio of generated frequency to rated frequency as a:

f
a= (3-2)
fb

The synchronous speed varies with frequency also, and is given by a.ωB. the slip under
operating conditions is :

ωs − ω a − b
s= = (3-3)
ωs a
 Vt Rs jXs jXr

RL
Is Rr
-jXc s
jXm
jXL

Fig.3.1 The equivalent circuit of one phase of induction generator

YL YC Yin

Rs
Vt/a a Xs Xr

RL
Is
a JXc
a2 Rr
Xm
a-b
JXL

Fig.3.2 Modified equivalent circuit of induction generator.

3.3 Nodal Analysis Method
The proposed technique uses nodal analysis instead of loop analysis to obtain just one formula
for the minimum capacitance required for induction generator operation at different load and
speed conditions. In this technique, we used the real part of Yt=٠ to determine the frequency
due to the resultant equation does not contains XC and substituting this frequency in
imaginary part to calculate Cmin in a simple form as shown in (٣-١٠).

Applying the nodal analysis at the terminal voltage Vt of the circuit shown in Fig.٣٫٢
we get the following equation:-
N sa − N a
(٣-٤) s=
N sa
Divide equation (٣-٤) by Nsr then:
a−b
(٣-٥) s=
a
Vt
(٣-٦) Yt = 0
a

Where all these admittances are shown in Fig.٣٫٢

(٣-٧) Then, Real of Yt = ٠
(٣-٨) And Imaginary of Yt = ٠

After some algebraic operations we can get the following:-

١. From real part we get the following equation:-
(٣-٩) C 4 a 4 + C 3 a 3 + C 2 a 2 + C1 a + C 0 = 0
The Coefficients Cn, n=٠, ١, ٢, ٣, ٤ are shown in Appendix I. The coefficients of this
equation do not contain XC. The frequency can be obtained directly by solving (٣-٩) to
get the operating frequency. There are four roots; the positive real roots only have the
physical meaning. If there is no any positive real root, then there is no self-excitation.

٢. From the imaginary part we can drive a simple formula for the minimum value of
terminal capacitor as shown in (3-10).
1 X La M4
C min = ( + ) (3-10)
2π M 3 M 1 + M 2 2
2
 The coefficients M١, M٢, M٣ and M٤ of (٣-١٠) are shown in Appendix I.
This new formula can be used on line to calculate the minimum capacitor required for
induction generator to build up. This new formula does not require any numerical analysis
iteration.

٣٫٤ Minimum Value of Terminal Capacitor

To validate the above formula (3-10), we can use the same machine in [13] and [15]. The
data are:

Xm =3.23 pu, Rs =0.071 pu, Rr =0.0881 pu,

Xs = Xr =0.1813 pu, Zb=43.3 N=1800 rev/min,

fb =60Hz, RL=1 pu, XL=2 pu, b = 1 pu.

By using matlab program, we wrote a program as shown in appendix II contains nodal

analysis equations (3-9) and (3-10). We get same results in [13] and [15]:

Cmin = 42.95 uF

After that we use same program to calculate the minimum value of terminal capacitor at a
different cases as shown in Fig.3.1 up to Fig.3.24.
 Chapter ٤

Results
• Fig.4.1 shows variation of minimum capacitance required with rotational speed for
RL=0.5 and XL=0.
From this figure, increasing in speed will reduce the minimum capacitance and same
results for Fig.٤٫٣, Fig.٤٫٥, Fig.٤٫٧ and Fig.٤٫٩.

• Fig.4.2 shows variation of rotational speed with frequency. So, increasing in speed
will reduce frequency and same results for Fig.4.2, Fig.4.4, Fig.4.6 and Fig.4.10.

• From Fig.4.11 and Fig.4.21, increasing in load resistance requires decreasing in

minimum capacitance.

• From Fig.4.17 and Fig.4.23, increasing in load inductance requires decreasing in

minimum capacitance.
 300

RL=0.5 & XL=0

250

200
Capacitance (uF)

150

100

50

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫١ The relation between speed and capacitance.

90

RL=0.5 & XL=0

80

70

60
Frequency (Hz)

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫٢ The relation between speed and frequency.

 300
RL=0.75 & XL=0

250

200
Capacitance (uF)

150

100

50

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫٣ The relation between speed and capacitance.

120

RL=0.75 & XL=0

100

80
Frequency (Hz)

60

40

20

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫٤ The relation between speed and frequency.

 300
RL=1 & XL=0

250

200
Capacitance (uF)

150

100

50

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫٥ The relation between speed and capacitance.

120

RL=1 & XL=0

100

80
Frequency (Hz)

60

40

20

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫٦ The relation between speed and frequency.

 300
RL=2 & XL=0

250

200
Capacitance (uF)

150

100

50

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫٧ The relation between speed and capacitance.

120
RL=2 & XL=0

100

80
Frequency (Hz)

60

40

20

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫٨ The relation between speed and frequency.

 300
RL=inf & XL=0

250

200
Capacitance (uF)

150

100

50

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫٩ The relation between speed and capacitance.

120

RL=inf & XL=0

100

80
Frequency (Hz)

60

40

20

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫١٠ The relation between speed and frequency.

 120

RL=0.5
RL=0.75
100
RL=1
RL=2
RL=inf
80
Capacitance (uF)

60

40

20

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫١١ The relation between speed & capacitance at XL=٠.

120

RL=0.5
RL=0.75
100 RL=1
RL=2
RL=inf
80
Frequency (Hz)

60

40

20

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫١٢ The relation between speed & frequency at XL=٠.

 120
XL=0
XL=0.5
100 XL=1
XL=2
XL=inf

80
Capacitance (uF)

60

40

20

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫١٣ The relation between speed & capacitance at RL=٠٫٥

120
XL=0
XL=0.5
100 XL=1
XL=2
XL=inf
80
Frequency (Hz)

60

40

20

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫١٤ The relation between speed & frequency at RL=٠٫٥

 120
XL=0
XL=0.5
100 XL=1
XL=2
XL=inf

80
Capacitance (uF)

60

40

20

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫١٥ The relation between speed & capacitance at RL=١

120

XL=0
XL=0.5
100 XL=1
XL=2
XL=inf
80
Frequency (Hz)

60

40

20

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫١٦ The relation between speed & frequency at RL=١

 120
XL=0
XL=0.5
100 XL=1
XL=2
XL=inf

80
Capacitance (uF)

60

40

20

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫١٧ The relation between speed & capacitance at RL=٢

120

XL=0
XL=0.5
100 XL=1
XL=2
XL=inf
80
Frequency (Hz)

60

40

20

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫١٨ The relation between speed & frequency at RL=٢

 120
XL=0
XL=0.5
100 XL=1
XL=2
XL=inf

80
Capacitance (uF)

60

40

20

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫١٩ The relation between speed & capacitance at RL=inf

120
XL=0
XL=0.5
100 XL=1
XL=2
XL=inf
80
Frequency (Hz)

60

40

20

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Speed (rpm)

Fig.٤٫٢٠ The relation between speed & frequency at RL=inf

 90
speed=900rpm
speed=1800rpm
80 speed=2700rpm
speed=3600rpm

70
Capacitance (uF)

60

50

40

30

20
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Load Resistance

Fig.٤٫٢١ The relation between RL and Cmin at fixed XL=٠٫٥

90
speed=900rpm
speed=1800rpm
80 speed=2700rpm
speed=3600rpm

70
Capacitance (uF)

60

50

40

30

20
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Load Resistance

Fig.٤٫٢٢ The relation between RL and Cmin at fixed XL=١

 200
speed=900rpm
180 speed=1800rpm
speed=2700rpm
speed=3600rpm
160

140
Capacitance (uF)

120

100

80

60

40

20
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
XL

Fig.٤٫٢٣ The relation between Cmin and XL at fixed RL=٠

110
speed=900rpm
100 speed=1800rpm
speed=2700rpm
speed=3600rpm
90

80
Capacitance (uF)

70

60

50

40

30

20
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
XL

Fig.٤٫٢٤ The relation between Cmin and XL at fixed RL=٠٫٥

 Chapter ٥

Conclusion

The main advantages of renewable are available, clean, low cost and continuous energy.
The reasons for choosing induction generator in wind energy system are that its very
reliable tends to be comparatively inexpensive, light weight, and low maintenance. The
generator also has some mechanical properties which are useful for wind turbines. So, the
induction generator is the most common generator in wind energy system applications due
to its simplicity and ruggedness. The used formula to calculate the minimum capacitance
required for self-excited induction generator is simple and it doesn’t need numerical
iteration. For this reason, this formula helps to determine the minimum capacitance
required for self-excited induction generator on line. The formula gives typical results as
the results obtained from iterative technique without any iteration or divergence problem.
Appendix I
The coefficients of equation (3-9)

L1 = X s ( X r + X m ) + X r X m

L2 = X r + X m

L3 = X s + X m

2 2 2 2
C 4 = X L R r ( L2 L3 − L1 ) + X L R s L2 + R L L1

2 2 2 2
C 3 = X L Rr v( L1 − L2 L3 ) − 2v( X L Rs L2 + RL L1 )

2 2 2 2 2
C 2 = R L ( R r L 2 − R r L1 + R r L2 L3 ) + X L R s ( R r + L 2 v 2 ) + 2 R L R r R s ( L2 L3 − L1 ) +
2 2 2 2
R L ( L1 v 2 + R r L3 + R s L2 )

2 2
C1 = R L R r v( L1 − L2 L3 ) − 2vR L R s L2 ( R s + R L )

2 2
C 0 = ( R r + L2 v 2 ) R L R s ( R L + R s )

The coefficients of equation (3-10)

M 1 = Rs Rr − f ( f − v) L1

M 2 = Rr fL3 + Rs ( f − v) L2

2 2
M 3 = RL + X L f 2

M 4 = R r M 2 − L2 f ( f − v ) M 1

Appendix II
This program is used to calculate the minimum capacitor required for induction generator, it
will draw the relation between the speed and the minimum capacitor required and draw
relation between speed and frequency. We used this program to obtain fig.4.1 up to fig.4.18,
just changing RL and XL.

rr=0.0881;
zb=43.3;
rs=0.071;
xs=0.1813;
xr=0.1813;
xm=3.23;
rl=1;
xl=1;
fb=60;
fmax=0;
vv(1)=0;
for x=2:100;
vv(x)=vv(x-1)+0.02;
v=vv(x);
l1=xs*(xr+xm)+xr*xm;
l2=xr+xm;
l3=xm+xs;
c4=xl^2*rr*(l2*l3-l1)+xl^2*rs*l2^2+rl*l1^2;
c3=xl^2*rr*v*(l1-l2*l3)-2*v*(xl^2*rs*l2^2+rl*l1^2);
c2=rl^2*(rs*l2^2-rr*l1+rr*l2*l3)+xl^2*rs*(rr^2+l2^2*v^2)+2*rl*rr*rs*(l2*l3-
l1)+rl*(l1^2*v^2+rr^2*l3+rs^2*l2^2);
c1=rl^2*rr*v*(l1-l2*l3)-2*rl*rs*l2^2*v*(rl+rs)+2*rl*rs*rr*v*(l1-l2*l3);
c0=(rl+rs)*rl*rs*(rr^2+v^2*l2^2);
p=[c4 c3 c2 c1 c0];
r=roots(p);
cmin=1000000000000;
cmax=0;
for i=1:4;
f=r(i);
if angle(f)==0;
m1=rs*rr-f*(f-v)*l1;
m2=rr*f*l3+rs*(f-v)*l2;
m3=rl^2+xl^2*f^2;
m4=rr*m2-l2*f*(f-v)*m1;
yc=xl*f^2/m3+m4*f/(m1^2+m2^2);
xc=zb/yc;
c=1/(2*3.14*f*fb*xc)*10^6;
if c<cmin;
cmin=c;
fmax=f;
end
if c> cmax;
cmax=c;
fmin=f;
end
end
end
fmx(x)=fmax;
cmn(x)=cmin;
cmx(x)=cmax;
xc=1/(2*3.14*60*cmin*zb);
vt(x)=fmax;
end
y=(0:36:3599);
plot(y,cmn,y,cmn,'b');
axis([0,3600,0,300]);
xlabel('Speed (rpm)');
ylabel('Capacitance (uF)');
%title('The relation between speed & capacitance ');
legend('RL=0.5 & XL=0');
figure
freq=fmx*60;
plot(y,freq,y,freq,'b');
xlabel('Speed (rpm)');
ylabel('Frequency (Hz)');
%title('The relation between speed & frequency ');
legend('RL=1 & XL=1');

Appendix III
This program will draw the relation between load resistance and the minimum capacitor
required. We used this program to obtain fig.4.19 up to fig.4.22.
rr=0.0881;
zb=43.3;
rs=0.071;
xs=0.1813;
xr=0.1813;
xm=3.23;
xl=0.5;
fb=60;
fmax=0;
v=0;
for t=1:4;
vv(t)=v+0.5;
v=vv(t);
rl=0;
for x=1:20;
rrl(x)=rl+0.1;
rl=rrl(x);
l1=xs*(xr+xm)+xr*xm;
l2=xr+xm;
l3=xm+xs;
c4=xl^2*rr*(l2*l3-l1)+xl^2*rs*l2^2+rl*l1^2;
c3=xl^2*rr*v*(l1-l2*l3)-2*v*(xl^2*rs*l2^2+rl*l1^2);
c2=rl^2*(rs*l2^2-rr*l1+rr*l2*l3)+xl^2*rs*(rr^2+l2^2*v^2)+2*rl*rr*rs*(l2*l3-
l1)+rl*(l1^2*v^2+rr^2*l3+rs^2*l2^2);
c1=rl^2*rr*v*(l1-l2*l3)-2*rl*rs*l2^2*v*(rl+rs)+2*rl*rs*rr*v*(l1-l2*l3);
c0=(rl+rs)*rl*rs*(rr^2+v^2*l2^2);
p=[c4 c3 c2 c1 c0];
r=roots(p);
cmin=1000000000000;
cmax=0;
for i=1:4;
f=r(i);
if angle(f)==0;
m1=rs*rr-f*(f-v)*l1;
m2=rr*f*l3+rs*(f-v)*l2;
m3=rl^2+xl^2*f^2;
m4=rr*m2-l2*f*(f-v)*m1;
yc=xl*f^2/m3+m4*f/(m1^2+m2^2);
xc=zb/yc;
c=1/(2*3.14*f*fb*xc)*10^6;
if c<cmin;
cmin=c;
fmax=f;
end
if c> cmax;
cmax=c;
fmin=f;
end
end
end
resis(x)=rl
cap(x)=cmin;
end
if t==1;
cap1=cap;
end
if t==2;
cap2=cap;
end
if t==3;
cap3=cap
end
if t==4;
cap4=cap;
end
end
plot(resis,cap1,'k-*',resis,cap2,'g-o',resis,cap3,'r-',resis,cap4,'b--');
axis([0.4 2 20 90]);
xlabel('Load Resistance ');
ylabel('Capacitance (uF)');
legend('speed=900rpm','speed=1800rpm','speed=2700rpm','speed=3600rpm');
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