Psychology 101
Fall 2015
Exam 3 Study Guide – Complete
This is intended to be a guide only. You are responsible for all of the lecture material and assigned reading
material.
Sleep and Dreams
1. What is N-REM sleep? What are its 3 stages? What happens in each stage?
2. What is REM sleep? What happens during REM sleep?
3. What are the effects of sleep deprivation?
Learning
4. What is associative learning?
5. What is classical conditioning?
6. How did Pavlov study classical conditioning?
7. What are the unconditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, and conditioned
stimulus?
8. What is acquisition?
9. What is second-order (higher-order) conditioning?
10. What is generalization?
11. What is extinction?
12. What is spontaneous recovery?
13. What is discrimination?
14. What is a conditioned aversion? How did John Garcia demonstrate conditioned aversions (see textbook)?
15. What was Watson and Raynor’s study with Little Albert?
16. What is counterconditioning?
17. What is operant conditioning?
18. What is Thorndike’s law of effect? How did Thorndike study learning?
19. How did Skinner study learning?
20. What is a Skinner box (operant chamber)?
21. What is shaping? What are successive approximations?
22. What are reinforcements and punishments?
23. What are negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, and positive punishment?
24. What are continuous and intermittent reinforcement?
What are the schedules of reinforcement (fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval)?
25. What are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation? What is the overjustification effect?
26. What is observational learning? What is modeling?
27. How did Bandura study observational learning?
28. Does exposure to media violence increase aggression?
What is the evidence for this?
What are the explanations for an increase in aggression following exposure to media violence?
29. Does exposure to prosocial models increase helping behavior? What is the evidence for this?
Ch. 8
a. What is habituation?
b. How does taste aversion save lives?
c. What is learned helplessness?
Memory
30. What are encoding, storage, and retrieval?
31. What are sensory, short-term (working), and long-term memory?
What are iconic and echoic memory?
How did Sperling study iconic memory?
32. What are anterograde and retrograde amnesia?
What happened to H.M.?
33. What are implicit and explicit memory?
34. What are declarative and procedural memory?
35. What are semantic and episodic memory?
36. What is rehearsal? What are maintenance and elaborative rehearsal?
37. What is chunking? What is the capacity of working memory?
38. What are mneumonics?
39. What are recall and recognition? What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?
40. What is context-dependent memory?
41. What is state-dependent memory?
42. What is the serial position effect? What are the primacy and recency effects?
43. Is eyewitness testimony reliable? What was found in Loftus’s (1975) studies?
44. What causes mistakes and misremembering in eyewitness testimony?
Ch. 9
a. What are flashbulb memories?
b. What is the method of loci?
Language and Cognition
45. What is weapon focus?
46. What is selective attention?
47. What is inattentional blindness?
48. What is change blindness?
49. What is the representativeness heuristic?
50. What is the base-rate fallacy?
51. What is the availability heuristic?
52. What is the simulation heuristic (counterfactual thinking)?
53. What are the cultural assimilation and pluralistic society models of approaches to bilingualism in schools?
54. What are bicultural education, total immersion, and two-way bilingual programs?
55. What are the benefits of being bilingual?
Ch. 10
a. What is lateralization?
b. What is subliminal perception?
c. What is the cocktail party effect?
d. What is confirmation bias?
Motivation
56. What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
57. What is self-actualization?
58. What is the affiliation motive?
59. What did Schachter find about stress and the need for affiliation (study in which experimental participants
were expecting electric shocks)?
60. What are the outcomes of social isolation and social exclusion?
