PSYCHOTHERAPY REVIEWER  True Marks of Self-Awareness:

(Prelims) 1. Accept praises.

2. Stopped comparing yourself to
CHAPTER 1 others.
Self-Awareness
POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

Self-Awareness Theory Cognitive Reframing

- states that when we focus our attention on - change the way you see things
ourselves, we evaluate and compare our ***Chinese: crisis (breakdown)
current behavior to our internal standards opportunity (breakthrough)
and values.
In my younger and more vulnerable years - “When life gives you lemons, make
my father gave me some advice that I’ve lemonade”
been turning over in my mind ever since. - Mix with positive and joyful people
- “Surrounded by people who love life, you
“Whenever you feel like criticizing any love it too; surrounded by people who don't,
one,” he told me, “just remember that all you don't.” ~Mignon McLaughlin, The
the people in this world haven’t had the Second Neurotic's Notebook, 1966
advantages that you’ve had.”
“What went well” exercise
Deindividuation Theory List three things that went well to you each
- With this, one loses self-awareness. And day.
when one loses self-awareness, she loses her
self-regulation. Count your blessings
***CHANGES  Break traditional
 Set plays mindset
 Can’t be rigid Hostage mentality
 “If you use change as an opportunity Culture of mediocrity
to learn and grow, you will gain a Regular Exercise
sense of confidence and deepen your • Swimming
character” • Dancing
• Brisk walking
MY FEU EXPERIENCE • Cycling
 WAYS on how to enhance Self- Love what you do and do what you love
Awareness: SMILE
1. Accept compliments
2. Give compliments Strengthen and deepen your spiritual life
3. Separate your behavior from yourself. SERENITY PRAYER
4. Let people know how you want to be “God grant me the serenity
treated. To accept the things I cannot change;
Courage to change the things I can
And wisdom to know the difference”
 CHAPTER 2 8. It is okay to smile, to crack jokes,
and to get angry.
Counseling & Psychotherapy 9. Be unique.
10. Relationship in counseling is very
important.
Counselling and Psychotherapy
 Course Description: Corey:
 This course deals with the It is very good if you get to master all
introduction to the principles and the techniques in Counseling but the best
techniques of counseling intended technique is still YOU.
for individuals in assisting them to
function better, hence, achieving SELF- AWARENESS
their goals. It employs the various - open to your own personal
scientific procedures and approaches developmentand to address your personal
to individuals or groups with similar problems
problems. Discussions of the nature - The most powerful ways for you to teach
and procedures in psychotherapy your clients is by the behavior you model
based on different theories in relation and by the ways you connect with them.
to psychopathology or • Real-life homework assignments
maladjustment are also included. • Self-change programs
Different Psychotherapies:
 Psychoanalytic therapy PSYCHOTHERAPY
 Adlerian therapy Counseling versus Psychotherapy
 Existential therapy  All psychotherapies are methods of
 Person-centered therapy learning. All psychotherapies are
 Gestalt therapy intended to changes people: to make
 Reality therapy them think differently (cognition), to
 Behavior therapy make them feel differently
 Cognitive – behavior therapies (affection), and to make them act
 Feminist therapy differently (behavior).
 Family systems therapy
 Group therapy (1) Cognition
 Creative therapy  We learn directly by experience and
indirectly by symbols
Insights/Realizations:  Ways of learning in psychotherapy:
1. Listen, listen, listen. actively through self-analysis and
2. We don’t give advices. We facilitate. passively through being helped to
3. It is okay to make mistakes. understand the meaning of dream.
4. We can’t change people. But we can
change their perspectives.
5. Set Boundaries.
6. It is okay to ask for help.
7. You are being observed.
 (2) Behavior
 Learning can also occur through MECHANISMS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
action.
 The modality of treatment was Cognitive Factors
physical action. Some theorists  Universalization. Clients improve
believe that plain physical exercise is when they realize that they are not
psychotherapeutic. alone, that others have similar
 One argument for body therapies is problems, and that human suffering
the assertion that there is no mind. is universal.
 A contrary argument for body  Insight. Growth occurs as clients
therapies is that the mind does exist, increasingly come to understand
that conditions of the body affect the themselves and others and gain
mind, and that if we work from the different perspectives on their own
outside in, by changing the body we motives and behaviors.
can change the mind.
 Other examples of physical behavior Affective Factors
as psychotherapy include complex  Acceptance. This factor reflects the
physical activities, such as role sense of getting unconditional
playing, and doing therapeutic positive regard, especially from the
homework – that is, doing under therapist.
direction things that one would not  Altruism. Change can result from the
ordinarily do, such as asking for a recognition that one is the recipient
date or looking for a job. of the love and care of the
therapist or other members of the
(3) Affect group or from the sense of providing
 Emotions or feelings love and care to others and the
 The therapist who believes that this feeling that one is helping others.
modality will be most effective with  Transference. This factor identifies
a particular client or patient may do the emotional bond that forms
things to stir up the person: to raise between the therapist and the
the individual’s emotional state client or between clients in a group
through attempts to make him or her setting.
fearful, anxious, hopeful and so on.
 Emotions are an important part of Behavioral Factors
human psychology. However, we  Reality testing. Change becomes
cannot manipulate emotions in the possible when clients experiment
way we can manipulate thinking or with new behaviors in the safety of
behaving. the therapy hour, receiving support
 Some systems of psychotherapy are and feedback from the therapist and
intended to reduce or negate other group members.
emotions which are believed by these  Ventilation. This factor encompasses
therapists to undermine the those statements attesting to the
therapeutic process. value of “blowing off steam”
 through shouting, crying, or
displaying anger in a context in
which one can still feel accepted.
 Interaction. Clients improve when
they are able to openly admit to the
group that there is something wrong
with themselves or their behavior.

 Cognitive: Know yourself

 Affective: Love your neighbor
 Behavioral: Do good works

Survey
• Personnel: One counselor for entire
elementary school
• Tasks Performed: Disciplined
misbehaving students
• Services: Testing – Entrance exam
• Facilities: No guidance and
counseling facilities

Interview
• “The Guidance Counselor’s table
was inside the principal’s office.”
• “The Guidance Counselors were
holding sticks which they used to run
after students who were planning to
escape from their classes.”
• “One guidance counselor handles
2000 students.”
• “One guidance counselor handles
Elementary, High School, and
College students”
• “The Guidance Counselor did not
take up a course in Guidance and
Counseling or Psychology”
 4. Which of the following internal
CHAPTER 3 - Communication roadblocks to effective listening is
exemplified by the statement, “We’ve never
done it that way before?”
 The average worker spends 50 percent of A. Halo effect
his or her time communicating. B. Stereotyping
 Business success is 85 percent dependent C. Hearing only facts and not feelings
on effective communication and D. Resistance to change
interpersonal skills. E. Hearing only what is expected
 Forty-five percent of time spent 5. Communication is a one way process.
communicating is listening. A. True
 Writing represents nine percent of B. False
communication time.
 A remarkable 75 percent of  COMMUNICATION
communication is nonverbal. Comes from the Latin word communicare,
which means “to make common” or “to
1.In most cases of unsuccessful share”.
communication:  Is a learned skill that enables you to
A. The speaker is concerned with the get a message across, to express how
listener’s feelings. you feel, to receive feedback, and to
B. The speaker is focused only on his or listen without judging.
her own message.  The process of using messages to
C. The speaker is a good listener. generate meaning.
D. The listener is a good speaker.
E. The listener is not a good speaker. ***PROCESS:
>an activity, an exchange
2. Empathic listening is a part of active or a set of behaviors.
listening. > no beginning and no end,
A. True no fixed sequence of events
B. False > dynamic, not static

3. Communication is likely to increase in  Components of Communication

difficulty when there are significant The People
differences in the _______ of the speaker The Message
and audience. The Channel
A. Cultural backgrounds The Feedback
B. Elevation
C. Previous experiences The Code : Verbal and Nonverbal codes
D. B and C Encoding
E. A and C Decoding
Noise
 COMMUNICATION STYLES
 If you circled the G and D, you tend
toward being a Controller/Director.
 If you circled the O and D, you show
many qualities of a
Promoter/Socializer.
 If you circled the O and I, you’re
predominantly a Supporter/Relater.
 If you circled the G and I, you have
lots of

 SUPPORTER/RELATER
PRINCIPLES OF • Harmonizer
COMMUNICATION • Values acceptance and stability in
1. Begins with the self. circumstances
2. Involves others. • Slow with big decisions; dislikes change
3. Has both a content and a relational • Builds networks of friends to help do work
dimension. • Good listener; timid about voicing contrary
Content- describes the behavior that is opinions; concerned for others’ feelings
expected. • Easy-going; likes slow, steady pace
Relational Dimension- suggests how the • Friendly & sensitive; no person in
message should be interpreted. unlovable
4. Is Complicated. • Relationship Oriented
5. Cannot be Reversed.  ANALYZER/THINKER
6. Cannot be Repeated. • Assessor
7. Communication Quantity does not • Values accuracy in details & being right
increase communication quality. • Plans thoroughly before deciding to act
• Prefers to work alone
FORMS OF COMMUNICATION • Introverted; quick to think and slow to
1. Verbal Communication speak; closed about personal matters
2. Non-Verbal Communication • Highly organized; even plans spontaneity!
a. Body movements and Facial • Cautious, logical, thrifty approach
Expression • Thoughtful; no problem is too big to
b. Space ponder
c. Time • Idea Oriented
d. Touching
e. Vocal cues
f. clothing and artifacts
  PROMOTER/SOCIALIZER
• Entertainer
• Values enjoyment and helping others
• Full of ideas and impulsive in trying them
• Wants to work to be fun for everyone
• Talkative and open about self; asks others’
opinions; loves to brainstorm
• Flexible; easily bored with routine
• Intuitive, creative, spontaneous,
flamboyant approach
• Optimist; nothing is beyond hope
• Celebration Oriented

 CONTROLLER/DIRECTOR
• Commander
• Values getting the job done
• Decisive risk taker
• Good at delegating work to others
• Not shy but private about personal matters;
comes on strong in conversation
• Likes to be where the action is
• Take charge, enterprising, competitive,
efficient approach
• Fearless; no obstacle is too big to tackle
• Results Oriented

(More notes about

communication in the xerox
copy handout)
 CHAPTER 4 illuminate what we are getting from
helping others.
The Counselor / Therapist: • Self-exploration can help counselors
Person and Professional avoid the pitfalls of continually
giving to others yet finding little
personal satisfaction from their
Personal Characteristics of Effective efforts.
Counselors/Therapists • Being therapists forces us to
• Have an identity confront our unexplored blocks
• Respect and appreciate themselves related to loneliness, power, death,
• Able to recognize and accept their sexuality, our parents and so on.
own power.
• Open to change. The Counselor’s Values and the
• Make choices that shape their lives. Therapeutic Process
• Feel alive and have life-oriented • Counseling and therapy are not
choices. forms of indoctrination
• Authentic, sincere and honest. • A core issue is the degree to which
• Have a sense of humor. counselors’ values should enter into
• Make mistakes and are willing to a therapeutic relationship.
admit them. • The counselor’s role is to create a
• Generally live in the present. climate in which clients can examine
• Appreciate the influence of culture. their thoughts, feelings and actions
• Have a sincere interest in the welfare and eventually arrive at solutions that
of others. are best for them.
• Become deeply involved in their • Your job is to assist individuals in
work and derive meaning from it. finding answers that are most
• Are passionate congruent with their own values.
• Able to maintain healthy boundaries. • Your function as a counselor is not to
persuade or convince clients of the
Personal Counseling for the proper course to take but to help
Counselor them assess their behavior so that
• Personal counseling should be they can determine the degree to
viewed not as an end in itself but as which it is working for them.
a means to help a potential • Individuals seeking counseling are
counselor become a more the ones who need to wrestle with
therapeutic person clarifying their own values and
• Opportunities for self-exploration goals, making informed decisions,
can be instrumental in helping choosing a course of action, and
counselors-in-training assess their assuming the responsibility and
motivations for pursuing this accountability for the decisions they
profession. make.
• Examining our values, needs,
attitudes and experiences can
 • Therapy ought to begin with an ***For example, if you as the
exploration of the client’s counselor remain to be a firm
expectations and goals. believer of God in your spirituality
• Clients initially tend to have vague as a person but encounters a client
ideas of what they expect from who is an atheist/agnosticist, then
therapy. ethical standards suggest that you
• The client and counselor need to should refer the client to another
explore what they hope to obtain counselor before your clinical
from the counseling relationship, judgment becomes clouded by your
whether they can work with each subjective biases in your belief
others and whether their goals are
compatible. Issues Faced By Beginning Therapists
• Counselors should be willing to
express their values openly when Dealing with our Anxieties
they are relevant to questions that • A certain level of anxiety
come up in their sessions with demonstrates that we are aware of
clients. the uncertainties of the future with
• Clients deserve honest involvement our clients and of our abilities to
on the part of their counselor. really be there and stay with them.
• Our willingness to recognize and
• Ethical practice dictates that the deal with these anxieties is a mark of
counselors inform potential clients of courage.
those values that will certain • “When I was in college, I wanted to help
influence their interventions with others, and it was important for me to
them. change the world. As a child and adolescent
Reasons: I did not feel that my presence made that
1. Each individual’s philosophy on life is much difference. In college years I
different, unique, and unsuited to experienced some success and found some
adoption by another. positive routes to being recognized. Later,
2. All counselor cannot be expected to have when I began my teaching career, I began to
a fully developed, adequate philosophy see that I could make a difference. I also got
of life. personal satisfaction from knowing that I
3. An individual develops a code of ethics, was a useful person. In fact, I think that I
not from a single source or in short depended (and still do) to a large extent on
period of time, but over long time and my professional accomplishments for my
from many influences. sense of identity”.
4. No one ought to be prevented from • “In the beginning of my career, I did
developing her or his own unique not feel confident, and I often
philosophy since it will be more wondered whether I was suitable for
meaningful to her or him the field. I felt incompetent and
5. The client must have the right to refuse inexperienced next to my co-leader”.
to accept any ethic or philosophy of life. • “When I began as practicing
counselor….I remember progress
 being very slow, and it seemed that I Avoiding perfectionism
needed an inordinate amount of • Counselors do not have to know
immediate and positive feedback. everything and there is no disgrace in
When after several weeks a client revealing their lack of knowledge.
was still talking about feeling • They can always admit the truth and
anxious or depressed, I immediately then set out to find information of
felt my own incompetence as a answers.
helper. I did not know what to say or • It takes courage to admit
do in front of my so effective imperfections but there is a value in
supervisor”. being open about them.
• “I had no idea of what …my clients
were getting from our Being Honest about our
sessions…What I did not know at the Limitations
time was that clients need to struggle • We cannot realistically expect to
as a part of finding their own succeed with every client.
answers. My expectation was that • Be honest enough with yourself and
they should feel better quickly. I also with your client to admit that you
did not appreciate that clients often cannot work successfully with
began to feel worse as they give up everyone.
their defenses and open themselves
to pain” Understanding Silence
• “I was more inclined to accept • The client may be quietly thinking
clients who were bright, verbal, about some things that were
attractive, and willing to talk about discussed earlier or evaluating some
their problems than clients who insight just acquired
seemed depressed or unmotivated to • The client may be waiting for the
change…I learned in my supervision therapist to take the lead and decide
that working with depressed patients what to say next;
was difficult for me because of my • The therapist may be waiting for the
own reluctance to deal with my own client;
fears of depression. This experience • The client or the therapist may be
taught me the important lesson that I bored, distracted or preoccupied or
could not take clients in any may just not be have anything to say
direction that I had not been willing for the moment;
to explore in my own life” • The client may be feeling hostile
toward the therapist;
Being and Disclosing Ourselves • Both have some fear or hesitancy
• Therapist disclosures should have the about getting to a deeper level.
effect of encouraging clients to
deepen their level of self-exploration
or to enhance the therapeutic
relationship.
 Dealing with Demands from
Clients Sharing Responsibility with the
• One way of heading off these Client
demands is to make your • It is important to be alert to your
expectations and boundaries clear clients’ efforts to get you to assume
during the initial counseling session responsibility for directing their
or in the disclosure statement. lives.
• Client-initiated contracts and specific
Dealing with Clients who Lack assignments are helpful in keeping
Commitment the focus of responsibility on the
• Practitioners who work with client.
involuntary clients must begin by
openly discussing the nature of the Defining Your Role as a Counselor
relationship. • The central function of counseling is
• It is good practice to make clear the to help clients recognize their own
limits of confidentiality as well as strengths, discover what is
any other facts that may affect the preventing them from using their
course of therapy. strengths and clarify what kind of
person they want to be.
Tolerating Ambiguity • Counseling is a process by which
• The less anxious a counselor over his clients are invited to look honestly at
performance, the more he was able to their behavior and lifestyle and make
pay increasing attention both to the certain decisions about how they
client and to himself in the want to modify the quality of their
therapeutic relationship life.

Avoiding Losing Ourselves in our Learning to Use Techniques

Clients Appropriately
• The most therapeutic thing is to be as • Methods used by effective
fully present as we are able to be but counselors are carefully chosen as a
to let them assume the responsibility way to help clients make therapeutic
of their living and choosing outside progress.
of the session.

Developing a Sense of Humor

• It is important to recognize that
laughter or humor does not mean that
work is not being accomplished.
• There are times, of course, when
laughter is used to cover up anxiety
or to escape form the experience of
facing threatening material.
CHAPTER 5 - Ethics
The Ethical Standards
• 1. Informed Consent
• 2. Competence
• Ethics – philosophical discipline that • 3. Confidentiality
is concerned with human conduct • 4.Dual Relationships
and moral decision making. • 5. Sensitivity to Differences

• Professional ethics are beliefs about Confidentiality

behavior and conduct that guide • In Arab culture, issues of illness are
professional practices. dealt with as family matters. The
- between counselors and clients whether a patient is hospitalized, is
dependent not on what the patient
• Mandatory ethics wants himself or herself but on the
• Deals with the minimum estimation, need, or wish the f the
level of professional practice extended family.
• The norm is to convey the diagnostic
• Aspirational ethics information to the family first and
• Addresses doing what its in then leave it up almost entirely to the
the best interests of clients family to decide whether to inform
• Developed to guide and the patient.
inspire psychologists toward • Scandinavian culture: The key role
the very highest ethical ideals patient autonomy has been
of the profession increasingly emphasized in recent
years. A patient has the right to make
Beneficence (do good) decisions about his or her treatment
Nonmaleficence (avoid harm) without interference from family
Autonomy (support their clients’ • Morality involves judgment or
ability to think and act freely for evaluation of action. It is associated
themselves) with words as good, bad, right,
Fidelity (behave in a faithful, honest, wrong, ought, and should.
trustworthy manner) • Law is the precise codification of
Social Justice (promote fairness in governing standards that are
the community and established to ensure legal and moral
Clinical settings) justice.

• Positive ethics ***Legal but unethical:

• Approach taken by 1994 Helms-Smith Amendment to the
practitioners who want to do Elementary and Secondary
their best for clients rather Education Act, an attempt to cut off
than simply meet minimum funds to schools that provide
standards to stay out of counseling for gay and lesbian
trouble students.
 Role of Ethics Code as a
Prevalent forms of unethical Catalyst for Improving practice
behaviors in counseling:
• Educate counseling practitioners and
• Violation of confidentiality the general public about the
• Exceeding one’s level of responsibilities of the profession
professional competence • Provide a basis for accountability
• Negligent practice • Clients are protected from unethical
• Claiming expertise one does not practices
possess • Provide a basis for reflecting on and
• Imposing one’s values on a client improving your professional practice
• Creating dependency in a client
• Sexual activity with a client Conflicts Within and Among
• Dual or Multiple relationships Ethical Codes
• Questionable financial arrangements • 1. To act ethically counselors must
• Improper advertising be aware of ethical codes and be able
• plagiarism to differentiate an ethical dilemma
from other types of dilemmas – a
CASE EXAMPLE differentiation that is not always
After working for a mental health easy.
agency, Carl decided to go into Ex. A person may take a
private practice. His first few months stand on a controversial issue, such
were quite slow. In fact, he as gay rights, that he or she
wondered if he would have to quit seemingly supports with ethical
and go to work for an agency again. principles but in reality supports only
One day, however, he received two with personal beliefs or biases.
referrals for anger management.
Carl was mild-mannered and had not • 2. Sometimes different ethical
dealt with anger management cases principles in code offer conflicting
before. Nevertheless, considering his guidelines about what to do in a
financial situation, he accepted both given situation.
and made appointments for the next Ex. Confidentiality
day. That night he read everything he
could an anger management. Yet as • 3. Conflicts may occur when
the time drew near for the counselors belong to two or more
appointments, he felt uneasy. professional organizations whose
If you were Carl, what might you code of ethics differ.
consider besides the stability of your Ex. Psychologists do not
private practice? What ethical engage in sexually intimate
principles might Carl violate if he relationships with former clients for
actually sees clients with anger at least 2 years after cessation or
problems? termination of treatment.
 What do we need to be aware of?

• We all have certain blind spots and

distortions of reality
• We have responsibilities to work
actively toward expanding our own
self-awareness and to learn to
recognize areas of prejudice and
vulnerability
• Aware of our personal problems =
less projection
• Old conflicts of therapist = seek
personal therapy

Legal Issues Involved When

Counseling Minors

• Minors = children under the age of

18
• A minor can enter into a contract for
treatment in one of three ways:
1. with parental consent
2. involuntarily at a parent’s
insistence
3. by order of the juvenile
court
* With Informed consent
Informed ASSENT = informed
consent for minors